Pueraria candollei var. mirifica-Induced CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 expression in human choriocarcinoma bewo cells

Impact of Pineapple Juice on Expression of CYP3A4, NAT2, SULT1A1 and OATP1B1 mRNA in HepG2 Cells

<b>Background and Objective:</b> Pineapple (<i>Ananas comosus</i>) is a popular fruit worldwide with natural antioxidant properties. This study examined how pineapple modified the expression of drug-metabolizing enzymes (CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP3A4, UGT1A6, NAT2 and SULT1A1) and a drug transporter (OATP1B1) in human hepatocarcinoma (HepG2) cells. <b>Materials and Methods:</b> HepG2 cells (2.5×10<sup>5</sup> cells/well in a 24-well plate) were incubated with pineapple juice extract (125-1,000 μg mL<sup>1</sup>) for 48 hrs in phenol red-free medium. Resazurin reduction, ROS, AST and ALT assays were performed. The mRNA expression of target genes was determined by RT/qPCR. <b>Results:</b> Pineapple juice slightly reduced HepG2 cell viability to 80% of the control, while ROS, AST and ALT levels were not changed. Pineapple juice did not alter the expression of CYP1A2, CYP2C9 and UGT1A6 mRNA. All tested concentrations of pineapple juice suppressed CYP3A4, NAT2 and OATP1B1 expression, while SULT1A1 expression was induced. <b>Conclusion:</b> Though pineapple juice slightly decreased the viability of HepG2 cells, cell morphology and cell function remained normal. Pineapple juice disturbed the expression of phase I (CYP3A4) and phase II (NAT2 and SULT1A1) metabolizing genes and the drug transporter OATP1B1. Therefore, the consumption of excessive amounts of pineapple juice poses a risk for drug interactions.

Dill Shows Potential for Herb-Drug Interactions via Up-Regulation of CYP1A2, CYP2C19, SULT1A1, NAT2 and ABCB1 in Caco-2 Cells

<b>Background and Objective:</b> Dill<i> </i>(<i>Anethum graveolens</i> L.) has the potential to develop as a new alternative medicine due to its pharmacological activities. However, studies into its safety regarding herb-drug interactions have been neglected. This study investigated the risk of dill-induced herb-drug interactions (HDI) by examining its effect on the expression of phase I and II drug-metabolizing enzyme and transporter genes in Caco-2 cells. <b>Materials and Methods:</b> Caco-2 cells (5×10<sup>5</sup> cells/well) were treated with 10 μM ketoconazole, 20 μM rifampicin or dill extract (60-240 μg mL<sup>1</sup>) for 72 hrs. Cell viability was assessed using the resazurin assay and reactive oxygen species (ROS) content was determined with 2 ,7 -dichlorofluorescein diacetate. Aspartate (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels were measured using L-aspartate and L-alanine with α-ketoglutarate as substrate. Expression of phase I (<i>CYP1A2</i>, <i>CYP2C19</i>, <i>CYP2D6</i>, <i>CYP2E1 </i>and <i>CYP3A4</i>) and II (<i>UGT1A6</i>,<i> SULT1A1</i>,<i> NAT1</i>,<i> NAT2 </i>and<i> GSTA1/2</i>) metabolizing genes and transporters (<i>ABCB1</i>,<i> ABCC2</i>,<i> ABCG2 </i>and <i>SLCO1B1</i>) were determined by RT/qPCR. <b>Results:</b> All tested concentrations of dill did not affect cell viability or AST and ALT levels. The highest concentration of dill extract (240 μg mL<sup>1</sup>) significantly lowered the ROS level. Expression of <i>CYP1A2</i>, <i>CYP2C19</i>, <i>SULT1A1</i>, <i>NAT2 </i>and <i>ABCB1 </i>mRNA was significantly up-regulated by dill extract. <b>Conclusion:</b> Dill extract did not directly damage Caco-2 cells but prolonged use of dill may increase the risk of HDI via the up-regulation of the drug-metabolizing genes <i>CYP1A2</i>, <i>CYP2C19</i>, <i>SULT1A1</i>, <i>NAT2 </i>and the transporter <i>ABCB1</i>.

Plumbagin and Plumbago indica Differentially Modulated Cytochrome P450 and Transporter Profiles in BeWo and HepG2 Cells

<b>Background and Objective:</b> The medicinal herb <i>Plumbago indica</i> (PI) and its major constituent plumbagin have reported pharmacological properties but there is a lack of information about their herb-drug interactions. The effects of methanolic (PI-MeOH) and ethanolic (PI-EtOH) crude extracts of PI and plumbagin on the expression of cytochrome P450s (<i>CYP1A2</i>, <i>CYP2E1</i> and <i>CYP3A4</i>) and transporters (<i>ABCC1</i>, <i>ABCG2</i> and <i>SLC22A11</i>) were investigated in BeWo and HepG2 cells. <b>Materials and Methods:</b> BeWo or HepG2 cells were treated with 0.5-5 μM plumbagin or 25-500 μg mL<sup>1</sup> of PI-MeOH or PI-EtOH for 24 hrs. Total RNA was extracted and mRNA expression of CYPs and transporters were determined using RT-qPCR. <b>Results:</b> PI and plumbagin affected mRNA expression differently in the two tested cell types. In BeWo cells, all concentrations of PI-MeOH induced <i>CYP2E1</i>, 100 and 500 μg Ml<sup>1</sup> PI-MeOH and PI-EtOH up-regulated <i>CYP1A2</i>, <i>CYP3A4 </i>and <i>ABCG2 </i>and 500 μg mL<sup>1</sup> PI-EtOH induced <i>ABCG2</i> expression. Plumbagin suppressed <i>CYP1A2</i> and induced <i>SLC22A11 </i>expression at the highest concentration, 5 μM. In HepG2 cells, 5 μM plumbagin and 500 μg Ml<sup>1</sup> PI-EtOH suppressed <i>CYP3A4 </i>expression and 500 μg mL<sup>1</sup> PI-MeOH and PI-EtOH up-regulated <i>CYP1A2</i> and <i>CYP2E1 </i>expression. <i>ABCC1</i> expression was induced by all treatments while <i>ABCG2</i> and <i>SLC22A11 </i>were induced only by 500 μg mL<sup>1</sup> PI-MeOH and PI-EtOH. <b>Conclusion:</b> The use of PI or plumbagin supplements in large quantities or for long periods should be carefully considered due to the risk of herbal drug interactions via modulated expression of CYPs and transporters.

Differential Impacts of Phenol Red on Benzo[a]pyrene and Dexamethasone-Modified Cytochrome P450s in Human Cancer Cells

<b>Background and Objective:</b> Phenol red, the pH indicator in cell culture media, influences the expression of cytochrome P450s (CYPs) in cell lines. This study aimed to examine how phenol red modified CYP induction by benzo[<i>a</i>]pyrene and dexamethasone in human hepatocarcinoma (HepG2), colorectal adenocarcinoma (Caco-2) and choriocarcinoma (BeWo) cells. <b>Materials and Methods:</b> The cells (1×10<sup>5</sup> cells/well in a 24-well plate) were incubated with benzo[<i>a</i>]pyrene (0.1, 1 and 10 μM) or dexamethasone (1, 5 and 10 μM) in either phenol red or phenol red-free media for 24 hrs. The mRNA expression of CYPs was determined by Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT/qPCR). <b>Results:</b> Phenol red enhanced expression of benzo[<i>a</i>]pyrene-induced CYP1A2 inHepG2 and BeWo cells and suppressed benzo[<i>a</i>]pyrene-induced CYP2A6 expression in HepG2 and Caco-2 cells, benzo[<i>a</i>]pyrene induced CYP2B6 expression in HepG2 cells and benzo[<i>a</i>]pyrene- and dexamethasone-induced CYP3A4 expression in HepG2 and Caco-2 cells. The expression of CYP3A5 was affected differently in HepG2 and Caco-2 cell lines. Phenol red enhanced benzo[<i>a</i>]pyrene- and dexamethasone-induced CYP3A5 expression in Caco-2 cells but suppressed benzo[<i>a</i>]pyrene- and dexamethasone-induced CYP3A5 expression in HepG2 cells. <b>Conclusion:</b> Phenol red differentially influenced expression of benzo[<i>a</i>]pyrene- and dexamethasone-induced CYP1A2, CYP2A6, CYP2B6, CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 mRNAs in HepG2, Caco-2 and BeWo cells. Therefore, the inclusion of phenol red in cell culture media is of concern in studies of drug and xenobiotic metabolism via CYPs in human cell line models.

Impact of Pineapple on Mitochondrial Permeability Transition and Drug Metabolizing Genes in Caco-2 Cells

<b>Background and Objective:</b> Pineapple (<i>Ananas comosus</i> L.) has antioxidant and other pharmacological properties. This study examined how pineapple modified mitochondrial permeability transition and expression of drug-metabolizing enzymes, i.e., CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP3A4, UGT1A6, NAT2 and the drug transporter OATP1B1 in human colorectal adenocarcinoma (Caco-2) cells. <b>Materials and Methods:</b> Caco-2 cells (2.5×10<sup>5</sup> cells well<sup>1</sup> in 24-well plates) were incubated with pineapple (125 to 1,000 μg mL<sup>1</sup>) for 48 hrs in a phenol red-free medium. Mitochondrial permeability transition, resazurin cell viability and AST and ALT levels were investigated. The mRNA expression of target genes was determined by RT/qPCR. <b>Results:</b> Pineapple significantly reduced depolarized mitochondria, slightly decreased cell viability and did not change AST and ALT levels. Pineapple did not modify the mRNA expressions of CYP1A2, CYP2C9 and CYP3A4 but markedly induced UGT1A6 expression. The highest tested concentration of pineapple (1,000 μg mL<sup>1</sup>) significantly suppressed NAT2 and OATP1B1 expression. <b>Conclusion:</b> Although pineapple slightly decreased cell viability to ~80% of control, the morphology and functions of the cells were unaffected. Pineapple showed a beneficial effect to reduce depolarized mitochondria, which consequently decreased reactive oxygen species production. Pineapple did not modify the expression of CYPs, whilst it altered the expression of phase 2 metabolizing genes UGT1A6 and NAT2 and the transporter OATP1B1. Therefore, the consumption of large amounts of pineapple is of concern for the risk of drug interaction via alteration of UGT1A6, NAT2 and OATP1B1 expression.