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Ahn DW, Jeong JB, Kang J, Kim SH, Kim JW, Kim BG, Lee KL, Oh S, Yoon SH, Park SJ, Lee DH. Fatty liver is an independent risk factor for gallbladder polyps. World J Gastroenterol 2020; 26:6979-6992. [PMID: 33311944 PMCID: PMC7701938 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v26.i44.6979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gallbladder polyps (GBPs) are known to be associated with obesity and metabolic diseases. However, to date, the relationship between GBPs and abnormal body fat distribution, such as fatty liver, visceral obesity, or sarcopenia, has not yet been established.
AIM To evaluate whether GBPs are associated with fatty liver, visceral obesity, or sarcopenia.
METHODS We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of subjects who underwent various laboratory tests, body composition measurement with a non-invasive body composition analyzer, and abdominal ultrasonography during health checkups. A total of 1405 subjects with GBPs were compared with 2810 age- and sex-matched controls.
RESULTS The mean age of the subjects was 46.8 ± 11.7 years, and 63.8% were male. According to multiple logistic regression analysis, the presence of fatty liver [odds ratio (OR) 1.413; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.218-1.638; P < 0.001] was an independent risk factor for GBP, together with low levels of alanine aminotransferase (OR 0.993; 95%CI 0.989-0.996; P < 0.001). Additionally, fatty liver showed both independent (OR 1.629; 95%CI, 1.335-1.988; P < 0.001) and dose-dependent (moderate to severe fatty liver; OR 2.137; 95%CI, 1.662-2.749; P < 0.001) relationship with large GBPs (≥ 5 mm). The presence of sarcopenia and high visceral fat area were not significantly associated with GBPs.
CONCLUSION Fatty liver was found to be closely associated with GBPs irrespective of sarcopenia and visceral obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Won Ahn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, South Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul Metropolitan Government Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul 07061, South Korea
| | - Ji Bong Jeong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, South Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul Metropolitan Government Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul 07061, South Korea
| | - Jinwoo Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, South Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul Metropolitan Government Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul 07061, South Korea
| | - Su Hwan Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, South Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul Metropolitan Government Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul 07061, South Korea
| | - Ji Won Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, South Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul Metropolitan Government Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul 07061, South Korea
| | - Byeong Gwan Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, South Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul Metropolitan Government Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul 07061, South Korea
| | - Kook Lae Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, South Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul Metropolitan Government Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul 07061, South Korea
| | - Sohee Oh
- Department of Biostatistics, Medical Research Collaborating Center, Seoul Metropolitan Government Seoul National University Boramae Medical Center, Seoul 07061, South Korea
| | - Soon Ho Yoon
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, South Korea
| | - Sang Joon Park
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, South Korea
| | - Doo Hee Lee
- Department of Research and Development, MEDICALIP Co. Ltd., Seoul 03127, South Korea
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Sterling SR, Bowen SA. The Potential for Plant-Based Diets to Promote Health Among Blacks Living in the United States. Nutrients 2019; 11:E2915. [PMID: 31810250 PMCID: PMC6949922 DOI: 10.3390/nu11122915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant-based diets are associated with reduced risks of various chronic diseases in the general population. However, it is unclear how these benefits translate to Blacks living in the United States, who are disproportionately burdened with heart disease, cancer, diabetes, obesity, and chronic kidney disease. The objectives of this study were to: (1) review the general evidence of plant-based diets and health outcomes; (2) discuss how this evidence translates to Blacks following a plant-based diet; and (3) provide recommendations and considerations for future studies in this area. Interestingly, although the evidence supporting plant-based diets in the general population is robust, little research has been done on Blacks specifically. However, the available data suggests that following a plant-based diet may reduce the risk of heart disease and possibly cancer in this population. More research is needed on cardiovascular disease risk factors, cancer subtypes, and other chronic diseases. Further, attention must be given to the unique individual, familial, communal, and environmental needs that Blacks who follow plant-based diets may have. Interventions must be culturally appropriate in order to achieve long-term success, and providing low-cost, flavorful, and nutritious options will be important.
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