1
|
Cho MM, Song L, Quamine AE, Szewc F, Shi L, Ebben JD, Turicek DP, Kline JM, Burpee DM, Lafeber EO, Phillips MF, Ceas AS, Erbe AK, Capitini CM. CD155 blockade enhances allogeneic natural killer cell-mediated antitumor response against osteosarcoma. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.06.07.544144. [PMID: 37333207 PMCID: PMC10274782 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.07.544144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Background Allogeneic bone marrow transplant (alloBMT) is curative for hematologic malignancies through the graft-versus-tumor (GVT) effect but has been ineffective for solid tumors like osteosarcoma (OS). OS expresses CD155 which interacts strongly with inhibitory receptors TIGIT and CD96 but also binds to activating receptor DNAM-1 on natural killer (NK) cells. CD155 has never been targeted after alloBMT. Combining adoptively transferred allogeneic NK (alloNK) cells with CD155 blockade after alloBMT may enhance a GVT effect against OS. Methods Murine NK cells were activated and expanded ex vivo with soluble IL-15/IL-15Rα. AlloNK and syngeneic NK (synNK) cell phenotype, cytotoxicity, cytokine production, and degranulation against CD155-expressing murine OS cell line K7M2 were assessed in vitro. Mice bearing pulmonary OS metastases underwent alloBMT and alloNK cell infusion with anti-CD155 either before or after tumor induction, with select groups receiving anti-DNAM-1 pretreated alloNK cells. Tumor growth, GVHD and survival were monitored, and differential gene expression of lung tissue was assessed by RNA microarray. Results AlloNK cells exhibited superior cytotoxicity against CD155-expressing OS compared to synNK cells, and this activity was enhanced by CD155 blockade. CD155 blockade increased alloNK cell degranulation and interferon gamma production through DNAM-1. In vivo, CD155 blockade with alloNK infusion increased survival when treating OS that relapsed after alloBMT. No benefit was seen for treating established OS before alloBMT. Treatment with combination CD155 and anti-DNAM-1 pretreated alloNK ameliorated survival and tumor control benefits seen with CD155 blockade alone. RNA microarray showed mice treated with alloNK and CD155 blockade had increased expression of cytotoxicity genes and the NKG2D ligand H60a, whereas mice treated with anti-DNAM-1 pretreated alloNK cells resulted in upregulation of NK cell inhibitory receptor genes. Whereas blocking DNAM-1 on alloNK abrogated cytotoxicity, blocking NKG2D had no effect, implying DNAM-1:CD155 engagement drives alloNK activation against OS. Conclusions These results demonstrate the safety and efficacy of infusing alloNK cells with CD155 blockade to mount a GVT effect against OS and show benefits are in part through DNAM-1. Defining the hierarchy of receptors that govern alloNK responses is critical to translating alloNK cell infusions and immune checkpoint inhibition for solid tumors treated with alloBMT. WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ON THIS TOPIC Allogeneic bone marrow transplant (alloBMT) has yet to show efficacy in treating solid tumors, such as osteosarcoma (OS). CD155 is expressed on OS and interacts with natural killer (NK) cell receptors, such as activating receptor DNAM-1 and inhibitory receptors TIGIT and CD96 and has a dominant inhibitory effect on NK cell activity. Targeting CD155 interactions on allogeneic NK cells could enhance anti-OS responses, but this has not been tested after alloBMT. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS CD155 blockade enhances allogeneic natural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity against OS and improved event-free survival after alloBMT in an in vivo mouse model of metastatic pulmonary OS. Addition of DNAM-1 blockade abrogated CD155 blockade-enhanced allogeneic NK cell antitumor responses. HOW THIS STUDY MIGHT AFFECT RESEARCH PRACTICE OR POLICY These results demonstrate efficacy of allogeneic NK cells combined with CD155 blockade to mount an antitumor response against CD155-expressing OS. Translation of combination adoptive NK cell and CD155 axis modulation offers a platform for alloBMT treatment approaches for pediatric patients with relapsed and refractory solid tumors.
Collapse
|
2
|
Sugawara S, Hueber B, Woolley G, Terry K, Kroll K, Manickam C, Ram DR, Ndhlovu LC, Goepfert P, Jost S, Reeves RK. Multiplex interrogation of the NK cell signalome reveals global downregulation of CD16 signaling during lentivirus infection through an IL-18/ADAM17-dependent mechanism. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011629. [PMID: 37669308 PMCID: PMC10503717 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite their importance, natural killer (NK) cell responses are frequently dysfunctional during human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infections, even irrespective of antiretroviral therapies, with poorly understood underlying mechanisms. NK cell surface receptor modulation in lentivirus infection has been extensively studied, but a deeper interrogation of complex cell signaling is mostly absent, largely due to the absence of any comprehensive NK cell signaling assay. To fill this knowledge gap, we developed a novel multiplex signaling analysis to broadly assess NK cell signaling. Using this assay, we elucidated that NK cells exhibit global signaling reduction from CD16 both in people living with HIV-1 (PLWH) and SIV-infected rhesus macaques. Intriguingly, antiretroviral treatment did not fully restore diminished CD16 signaling in NK cells from PLWH. As a putative mechanism, we demonstrated that NK cells increased surface ADAM17 expression via elevated plasma IL-18 levels during HIV-1 infection, which in turn reduced surface CD16 downregulation. We also illustrated that CD16 expression and signaling can be restored by ADAM17 perturbation. In summary, our multiplex NK cell signaling analysis delineated unique NK cell signaling perturbations specific to lentiviral infections, resulting in their dysfunction. Our analysis also provides mechanisms that will inform the restoration of dysregulated NK cell functions, offering potential insights for the development of new NK cell-based immunotherapeutics for HIV-1 disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sho Sugawara
- Division of Innate and Comparative Immunology, Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Brady Hueber
- Division of Innate and Comparative Immunology, Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Griffin Woolley
- Division of Innate and Comparative Immunology, Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Karen Terry
- Division of Innate and Comparative Immunology, Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Kyle Kroll
- Division of Innate and Comparative Immunology, Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Cordelia Manickam
- Division of Innate and Comparative Immunology, Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Daniel R. Ram
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Lishomwa C. Ndhlovu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York City, New York, United States of America
| | - Paul Goepfert
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Stephanie Jost
- Division of Innate and Comparative Immunology, Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - R. Keith Reeves
- Division of Innate and Comparative Immunology, Center for Human Systems Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lee HY, Lee EH, Yi J, Ji KY, Kim SM, Choi HR, Yee SM, Kang HS, Kim EM. TREM2 promotes natural killer cell development in CD3 -CD122 +NK1.1 + pNK cells. BMC Immunol 2021; 22:30. [PMID: 33980160 PMCID: PMC8114489 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-021-00420-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2) signaling is considered to regulate anti-inflammatory responses in macrophages, dendritic cell maturation, osteoclast development, induction of obesity, and Alzheimer’s disease pathogenesis. However, little is known regarding the effect of TREM2 on natural killer (NK) cells. Results Here, we demonstrated for the first time that CD3−CD122+NK1.1+ precursor NK (pNK) cells expressed TREM2 and their population increased in TREM2-overexpressing transgenic (TREM2-TG) mice compared with that in female C57BL/6 J wild type (WT) mice. Both NK cell-activating receptors and NK cell-associated genes were expressed at higher levels in various tissues of TREM2-TG mice than in WT mice. In addition, bone marrow-derived hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) of TREM2-TG mice (TG-HSCs) successfully differentiated into NK cells in vitro, with a higher yield from TG-HSCs than from WT-HSCs. In contrast, TREM2 signaling inhibition by TREM2-Ig or a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor affected the expression of the NK cell receptor repertoire and decreased the expression levels of NK cell-associated genes, resulting in significant impairment of NK cell differentiation. Moreover, in melanoma-bearing WT mice, injection of bone marrow cells from TREM2-TG mice exerted greater antitumor effects than that with cells from WT control mice. Conclusions Collectively, our data clearly showed that TREM2 promoted NK cell development and tumor regression, suggesting TREM2 as a new candidate for cancer immunotherapy. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12865-021-00420-0.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hwa-Youn Lee
- Chemicals Registration & Evaluation Team, National Institute of Environmental Research, Hwangyeong-ro 42, Seo-gu, Incheon, 22689, Korea
| | - Eun-Hee Lee
- Medical Device Development Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation, 80 Cheombok-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu, 41061, Korea
| | - Jawoon Yi
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Kon-Young Ji
- Herbal Medicine Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 461-24 Jeonmin-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34054, Korea
| | - Su-Man Kim
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha-Rim Choi
- Department of Nursing, Nambu University, 23 Chumdan Jungang-ro, Gwangsan-gu, Gwangju, 62271, Korea
| | - Su-Min Yee
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Sik Kang
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea.
| | - Eun-Mi Kim
- Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34114, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sugawara S, Manickam C, Reeves K. TRIGGERED: could refocused cell signaling be key to natural killer cell-based HIV immunotherapeutics? AIDS 2021; 35:165-176. [PMID: 33116071 PMCID: PMC7775286 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000002743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are one of the critical innate immune effector cells that directly kill tumors and virus-infected cells, and modulate other immune cells including dendritic cells, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Signals from activating and inhibitory surface receptors orchestrate the regulatory and cytotoxic functions of NK cells. Although a number of surface receptors are involved, multiple signaling molecules are shared so that NK cell responses are synergistically regulated. Many pathogens and tumors evade NK cell responses by targeting NK cell signaling. Particularly in HIV/simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection, the NK cell repertoire is diminished by changes in subsets of NK cells, expression of activating and inhibitory receptors, and intracellular signaling molecules. However, in-depth studies on intracellular signaling in NK cells in HIV/SIV infections remain limited. Checkpoint blockade and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-NK cells have demonstrated enhanced NK cell activities against tumors and viral infections. In addition, targeting intracellular signaling molecules by small molecules could also improve NK cell responses towards HIV/SIV infection in vivo. Therefore, further understanding of NK cell signaling including identification of key signaling molecules is crucial to maximize the efficacy of NK cell-based treatments. Herein, we review the current state of the literature and outline potential future avenues where optimized NK cells could be utilized in HIV-1 cure strategies and other immunotherapeutics in PLWH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sho Sugawara
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Cordelia Manickam
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Keith Reeves
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Makaryan SZ, Finley SD. An optimal control approach for enhancing natural killer cells' secretion of cytolytic molecules. APL Bioeng 2020; 4:046107. [PMID: 33376936 PMCID: PMC7758091 DOI: 10.1063/5.0024726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are immune effector cells that can detect and lyse cancer cells. However, NK cell exhaustion, a phenotype characterized by reduced secretion of cytolytic models upon serial stimulation, limits the NK cell's ability to lyse cells. In this work, we investigated in silico strategies that counteract the NK cell's reduced secretion of cytolytic molecules. To accomplish this goal, we constructed a mathematical model that describes the dynamics of the cytolytic molecules granzyme B (GZMB) and perforin-1 (PRF1) and calibrated the model predictions to published experimental data using a Bayesian parameter estimation approach. We applied an information-theoretic approach to perform a global sensitivity analysis, from which we found that the suppression of phosphatase activity maximizes the secretion of GZMB and PRF1. However, simply reducing the phosphatase activity is shown to deplete the cell's intracellular pools of GZMB and PRF1. Thus, we added a synthetic Notch (synNotch) signaling circuit to our baseline model as a method for controlling the secretion of GZMB and PRF1 by inhibiting phosphatase activity and increasing production of GZMB and PRF1. We found that the optimal synNotch system depends on the frequency of NK cell stimulation. For only a few rounds of stimulation, the model predicts that inhibition of phosphatase activity leads to more secreted GZMB and PRF1; however, for many rounds of stimulation, the model reveals that increasing production of the cytolytic molecules is the optimal strategy. In total, we developed a mathematical framework that provides actionable insight into engineering robust NK cells for clinical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sahak Z Makaryan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | - Stacey D Finley
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and Department of Quantitative and Computational Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Raynaud A, Desrumeaux K, Vidard L, Termine E, Baty D, Chames P, Vigne E, Kerfelec B. Anti-NKG2D single domain-based antibodies for the modulation of anti-tumor immune response. Oncoimmunology 2020; 10:1854529. [PMID: 33457075 PMCID: PMC7781768 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2020.1854529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The natural killer group 2 member D (NKG2D) receptor is a C-type lectin-like activating receptor mainly expressed by cytotoxic immune cells including NK, CD8+ T, γδ T and NKT cells and in some pathological conditions by a subset of CD4+ T cells. It binds a variety of ligands (NKG2DL) whose expressions is finely regulated by stress-related conditions. The NKG2DL/NKG2D axis plays a central and complex role in the regulation of immune responses against diverse cellular threats such as oncogene-mediated transformations or infections. We generated a panel of seven highly specific anti-human NKG2D single-domain antibodies targeting various epitopes. These single-domain antibodies were integrated into bivalent and bispecific antibodies using a versatile plug-and-play Fab-like format. Depending on the context, these Fab-like antibodies exhibited activating or inhibitory effects on the immune response mediated by the NKG2DL/NKG2D axis. In solution, the bivalent anti-NKG2D antibodies that compete with NKG2DL potently blocked the activation of NK cells seeded on immobilized MICA, thus constituting antagonizing candidates. Bispecific anti-NKG2DxHER2 antibodies that concomitantly engage HER2 on tumor cells and NKG2D on NK cells elicited cytotoxicity of unstimulated NK in a tumor-specific manner, regardless of their apparent affinities and epitopes. Importantly, the bispecific antibodies that do not compete with ligands binding retained their full cytotoxic activity in the presence of ligands, a valuable property to circumvent immunosuppressive effects induced by soluble ligands in the microenvironment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adeline Raynaud
- Cancer Research Center of Marseille, INSERM, CNRS, Aix Marseille Université, Institut Paoli - Calmettes, Marseille, France.,Sanofi Oncology, Vitry-sur-Seine, France
| | | | | | - Elise Termine
- Cancer Research Center of Marseille, INSERM, CNRS, Aix Marseille Université, Institut Paoli - Calmettes, Marseille, France
| | - Daniel Baty
- Cancer Research Center of Marseille, INSERM, CNRS, Aix Marseille Université, Institut Paoli - Calmettes, Marseille, France
| | - Patrick Chames
- Cancer Research Center of Marseille, INSERM, CNRS, Aix Marseille Université, Institut Paoli - Calmettes, Marseille, France
| | | | - Brigitte Kerfelec
- Cancer Research Center of Marseille, INSERM, CNRS, Aix Marseille Université, Institut Paoli - Calmettes, Marseille, France
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Makaryan SZ, Finley SD. Enhancing network activation in natural killer cells: predictions from in silico modeling. Integr Biol (Camb) 2020; 12:109-121. [PMID: 32409824 PMCID: PMC7480959 DOI: 10.1093/intbio/zyaa008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are part of the innate immune system and are capable of killing diseased cells. As a result, NK cells are being used for adoptive cell therapies for cancer patients. The activation of NK cell stimulatory receptors leads to a cascade of intracellular phosphorylation reactions, which activates key signaling species that facilitate the secretion of cytolytic molecules required for cell killing. Strategies that maximize the activation of such intracellular species can increase the likelihood of NK cell killing upon contact with a cancer cell and thereby improve efficacy of NK cell-based therapies. However, due to the complexity of intracellular signaling, it is difficult to deduce a priori which strategies can enhance species activation. Therefore, we constructed a mechanistic model of the CD16, 2B4 and NKG2D signaling pathways in NK cells to simulate strategies that enhance signaling. The model predictions were fit to published data and validated with a separate dataset. Model simulations demonstrate strong network activation when the CD16 pathway is stimulated. The magnitude of species activation is most sensitive to the receptor's initial concentration and the rate at which the receptor is activated. Co-stimulation of CD16 and NKG2D in silico required fewer ligands to achieve half-maximal activation than other combinations, suggesting co-stimulating these pathways is most effective in activating the species. We applied the model to predict the effects of perturbing the signaling network and found two strategies that can potently enhance network activation. When the availability of ligands is low, it is more influential to engineer NK cell receptors that are resistant to proteolytic cleavage. In contrast, for high ligand concentrations, inhibiting phosphatase activity leads to sustained species activation. The work presented here establishes a framework for understanding the complex, nonlinear aspects of NK cell signaling and provides detailed strategies for enhancing NK cell activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sahak Z. Makaryan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Stacey D. Finley
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Xiang RF, Stack D, Huston SM, Li SS, Ogbomo H, Kyei SK, Mody CH. Ras-related C3 Botulinum Toxin Substrate (Rac) and Src Family Kinases (SFK) Are Proximal and Essential for Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase (PI3K) Activation in Natural Killer (NK) Cell-mediated Direct Cytotoxicity against Cryptococcus neoformans. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:6912-22. [PMID: 26867574 PMCID: PMC4807276 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.681544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The activity of Rac in leukocytes is essential for immunity. However, its role in NK cell-mediated anti-microbial signaling remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the role of Rac in NK cell mediated anti-cryptococcal killing. We found thatCryptococcus neoformansindependently activates both Rac and SFK pathways in NK cells, and unlike in tumor killing,Cryptococcusinitiated a novel Rac → PI3K → Erk cytotoxicity cascade. Remarkably, Rac was not required for conjugate formation, despite its essential role in NK cytotoxicity againstC. neoformans Taken together, our data show that, unlike observations with tumor cells, NK cells use a novel Rac cytotoxicity pathway in conjunction with SFK, to killC. neoformans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard F Xiang
- From the Departments of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases and the Snyder Institute for Chronic Disease, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Danuta Stack
- From the Departments of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases and the Snyder Institute for Chronic Disease, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Shaunna M Huston
- From the Departments of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases and the Snyder Institute for Chronic Disease, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Shu Shun Li
- From the Departments of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases and the Snyder Institute for Chronic Disease, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Henry Ogbomo
- From the Departments of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases and the Snyder Institute for Chronic Disease, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Stephen K Kyei
- From the Departments of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases and the Snyder Institute for Chronic Disease, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Christopher H Mody
- From the Departments of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases and the Snyder Institute for Chronic Disease, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada Internal Medicine and
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Hu Y, Xu Y, Lu W, Yuan Z, Quan H, Shen Y, Cao J. De novo assembly and transcriptome characterization: novel insights into the natural resistance mechanisms of Microtus fortis against Schistosoma japonicum. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:417. [PMID: 24886088 PMCID: PMC4073500 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microtus fortis is a non-permissive host of Schistosoma japonicum. It has natural resistance against schistosomes, although the precise resistance mechanisms remain unclear. The paucity of genetic information for M. fortis limits the use of available immunological methods. Thus, studies based on high-throughput sequencing technologies are required to obtain information about resistance mechanisms against S. japonicum. RESULTS Using Illumina single-end technology, a de novo assembly of the M. fortis transcriptome produced 67,751 unigenes with an average length of 868 nucleotides. Comparisons were made between M. fortis before and after infection with S. japonicum using RNA-seq quantification analysis. The highest number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) occurred two weeks after infection, and the highest number of down-regulated DEGs occurred three weeks after infection. Simultaneously, the strongest pathological changes in the liver were observed at week two. Gene ontology terms and pathways related to the DEGs revealed that up-regulated transcripts were involved in metabolism, immunity and inflammatory responses. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis showed that patterns of gene expression were consistent with RNA-seq results. CONCLUSIONS After infection with S. japonicum, a defensive reaction in M. fortis commenced rapidly, increasing dramatically in the second week, and gradually decreasing three weeks after infection. The obtained M. fortis transcriptome and DEGs profile data demonstrated that natural and adaptive immune responses, play an important role in M. fortis immunity to S. japonicum. These findings provide a better understanding of the natural resistance mechanisms of M. fortis against schistosomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jianping Cao
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH, Shanghai 200025, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Coupland LA, Chong BH, Parish CR. Beware of NK cells in pre-clinical metastasis models. Clin Exp Metastasis 2013; 30:945-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s10585-013-9582-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|