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Kim YC, Ahn JH, Jin H, Yang MJ, Hong SP, Yoon JH, Kim SH, Gebre TN, Lee HJ, Kim YM, Koh GY. Immaturity of immune cells around the dural venous sinuses contributes to viral meningoencephalitis in neonates. Sci Immunol 2023; 8:eadg6155. [PMID: 37801517 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.adg6155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
High neonatal susceptibility to meningitis has been attributed to the anatomical barriers that act to protect the central nervous system (CNS) from infection being immature and not fully developed. However, the mechanisms by which pathogens breach CNS barriers are poorly understood. Using the Armstrong strain of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) to study virus propagation into the CNS during systemic infection, we demonstrate that mortality in neonatal, but not adult, mice is high after infection. Virus propagated extensively from the perivenous sinus region of the dura mater to the leptomeninges, choroid plexus, and cerebral cortex. Although the structural barrier of CNS border tissues is comparable between neonates and adults, immunofluorescence staining and single-cell RNA sequencing analyses revealed that the neonatal dural immune cells are immature and predominantly composed of CD206hi macrophages, with major histocompatibility complex class II (MHCII)hi macrophages being rare. In adults, however, perivenous sinus immune cells were enriched in MHCIIhi macrophages that are specialized for producing antiviral molecules and chemokines compared with CD206hi macrophages and protected the CNS against systemic virus invasion. Our findings clarify how systemic pathogens enter the CNS through its border tissues and how the immune barrier at the perivenous sinus region of the dura blocks pathogen access to the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Chan Kim
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Center for Vascular Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hoon Ahn
- Center for Vascular Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hokyung Jin
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Center for Vascular Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Jin Yang
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Center for Vascular Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon Pyo Hong
- Center for Vascular Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Hui Yoon
- Center for Vascular Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hoon Kim
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Tirhas Niguse Gebre
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuek Jong Lee
- Center for Vascular Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - You-Me Kim
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Gou Young Koh
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Center for Vascular Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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Volland A, Lohmüller M, Heilmann E, Kimpel J, Herzog S, von Laer D. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans serve as alternative receptors for low affinity LCMV variants. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009996. [PMID: 34648606 PMCID: PMC8547738 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the Old World Arenaviruses primarily utilize α-dystroglycan (α-DAG1) as a cellular receptor for infection. Mutations within the glycoprotein (GP) of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) reduce or abrogate the binding affinity to α-DAG1 and thus influence viral persistence, kinetics, and cell tropism. The observation that α-DAG1 deficient cells are still highly susceptible to low affinity variants, suggests the use of an alternative receptor(s). In this study, we used a genome-wide CRISPR Cas9 knockout screen in DAG1 deficient 293T cells to identify host factors involved in α-DAG1-independent LCMV infection. By challenging cells with vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), pseudotyped with the GP of LCMV WE HPI (VSV-GP), we identified the heparan sulfate (HS) biosynthesis pathway as an important host factor for low affinity LCMV infection. These results were confirmed by a genetic approach targeting EXTL3, a key factor in the HS biosynthesis pathway, as well as by enzymatic and chemical methods. Interestingly, a single point mutation within GP1 (S153F or Y155H) of WE HPI is sufficient for the switch from DAG1 to HS binding. Furthermore, we established a simple and reliable virus-binding assay, using directly labelled VSV-GP by intramolecular fusion of VSV-P and mWasabi, demonstrating the importance of HS for virus attachment but not entry in Burkitt lymphoma cells after reconstitution of HS expression. Collectively, our study highlights the essential role of HS for low affinity LCMV infection in contrast to their high affinity counterparts. Residual LCMV infection in double knockouts indicate the use of (a) still unknown entry receptor(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- André Volland
- Institute of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- * E-mail: (AV); (DVL)
| | - Michael Lohmüller
- Division of Developmental Immunology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Emmanuel Heilmann
- Institute of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Janine Kimpel
- Institute of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sebastian Herzog
- Division of Developmental Immunology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Dorothee von Laer
- Institute of Virology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- * E-mail: (AV); (DVL)
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