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Kobeissi Y, Kobeissi H, Kallmes DF. Point: Rethinking live surgical broadcasts. J Neurointerv Surg 2023; 15:1169-1170. [PMID: 37652690 DOI: 10.1136/jnis-2023-020412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hassan Kobeissi
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - David F Kallmes
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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The Oncobiome in Gastroenteric and Genitourinary Cancers. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179664. [PMID: 36077063 PMCID: PMC9456244 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Early evidence suggests a strong association of microorganisms with several human cancers, and great efforts have been made to understand the pathophysiology underlying microbial carcinogenesis. Bacterial dysbiosis causes epithelial barrier failure, immune dysregulation and/or genotoxicity and, consequently, creates a tumor-permissive microenvironment. The majority of the bacteria in our body reside in the gastrointestinal tract, known as gut microbiota, which represents a complex and delicate ecosystem. Gut microbes can reach the pancreas, stomach and colon via the bloodstream. Oral bacterial translocations can also occur. In the stomach, pancreas and colon, low microbial diversity is associated with cancer, in particular with a bad prognosis. The urogenital tract also harbors unique microbiota, distinct from the gut microbiota, which might have a role in the urinary and female/male reproductive cancers’ pathogenesis. In healthy women, the majority of bacteria reside in the vagina and cervix and unlike other mucosal sites, the vaginal microbiota exhibits low microbial diversity. Genital dysbiosis might have an active role in the development and/or progression of gynecological malignancies through mechanisms including modulation of oestrogen metabolism. Urinary dysbiosis may influence the pathogenesis of bladder cancer and prostate cancer in males. Modulation of the microbiome via pre, pro and postbiotics, fecal or vaginal microbiota transplantation and engineering bacteria might prove useful in improving cancer treatment response and quality of life. Elucidating the complex host-microbiome interactions will result in prevention and therapeutic efficacy interventions.
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Chandrasekharam V, Babu R, Srinivas S, Rao NB, Kumar AN. Live Case Demonstrations are Essential for the Success of Pediatric Urology Meetings in India. J Indian Assoc Pediatr Surg 2021; 26:370-373. [PMID: 34912132 PMCID: PMC8637986 DOI: 10.4103/jiaps.jiaps_200_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: The purpose of the study was to survey the opinion of delegates attending national pediatric urology meeting regarding live case demonstrations (LCDs) to see whether these can be replaced with taped case demonstrations (TCDs) in future. Methods: A questionnaire-based survey was conducted at the end of the 3-day annual conference and live operative workshop in pediatric urology. Apart from general data such as age of the respondent and type of practice setting, four key questions on LCDs with yes/no responses included: would you have attended this meeting if there were no LCDs? Are unedited videos (TCDs) as effective as LCDs for teaching? Do you think LCDs should be continued? Would you allow your child to be operated in LCD by an expert? For question 3, the outcomes were compared between junior surgeons (<45-year-old) and senior surgeons (>45-year-old). Results: On analysis, 88/140 (62%) respondents (95% confidence interval [CI]: 54%–70%) said that they would not have attended the meeting if there were no LCDs; 70/139 (50%) respondents (95% CI: 42%–58%) felt that TCDs may be an effective alternative to LCDs; 129/144 (90%) respondents (95% CI: 83%–94%) felt that LCDs should be continued. For question 4, 101/129 (79%) said they would allow their child to be operated in LCD by an expert, while 28 (21%) did not agree for their child to be operated in LCD. There was no significant difference between junior and senior surgeons regarding support for LCDs (P = 0.15). Conclusions: In the Indian scenario, LCDs were favored as an essential part of pediatric urology meeting, attract more participation, and are likely to be important for the success of the meeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vvs Chandrasekharam
- Pediatric Surgery, Pediatric Urology & MAS, Ankura Hospitals for Women and Children, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Ramesh Babu
- Pediatric Urology, SRIHER, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S Srinivas
- Pediatric Surgery, Gandhi Medical College, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | | | - A Narendra Kumar
- Pediatric Surgery, Niloufer Hospital, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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Matsubara S, Matsubara D, Takei Y. Live surgery "at home" is as safe as non-live surgery when performed by a surgeon who can do it safely under such conditions. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2021; 100:2303. [PMID: 34704262 DOI: 10.1111/aogs.14284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shigeki Matsubara
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Koga Red Cross Hospital, Koga, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Daisuke Matsubara
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Yuji Takei
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
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Roman H, Prosszer M, Marabha J, Merlot B, Forestier D, Noailles M, Marpeau L, Tuech JJ. Live surgery of colorectal endometriosis broadcasted from a surgeon's routine operating theater is not associated with higher complications rate. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2021; 100:2176-2185. [PMID: 34546562 DOI: 10.1111/aogs.14264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although live surgeries are routinely included in surgical congress programs, they are the subject of an ongoing debate in terms of patient safety and teaching value. The goal of our study was to assess the risk of postoperative complications related to live surgery broadcast from the surgeon's routine theater, in patients managed for deep endometriosis infiltrating the digestive tract. MATERIAL AND METHODS We report a retrospective comparative study, enrolling women managed for colorectal endometriosis by a gynecologic surgeon, from September 2013 to March 2020 in two referral centers. We compared the rate of postoperative bowel fistula in women managed during live surgery in the routine operating theater, with that observed in women for whom surgery was not broadcast. RESULTS Among 813 women, 33 (4.1% of cases) underwent surgical procedures transmitted live to various conference rooms located outside the hospital and were compared with 780 patients who underwent non-broadcast surgery. Women's age, body mass index, past surgical and obstetrical history, and major preoperative complaints were comparable. Cases presented with impaired constipation score, more frequent sciatic pain, and infiltration of the vagina, whereas overall revised American Fertility Society classification scores were more severe in controls. The rate of rectal nodules over 3 cm in size was comparable between the two groups (72.7% in cases vs. 72.1% in controls). Operative time was also comparable (153 ± 52 minutes vs. 148 ± 79 minutes). Cases were more frequently managed by disk excision of rectal nodules (63.7% vs. 30.3%), and more frequently involved the sacral plexus (18.2% vs. 7.3%). Postoperative complications were comparable between the two groups, in terms of bowel fistula (3% in the live surgery group vs. 4.1% in controls), pelvic abscess requiring secondary laparoscopy (3% vs. 4.9%), or bladder dysfunction requiring self-catheterization after discharge (6.1% vs. 5.3%). CONCLUSIONS Performing laparoscopic management of colorectal endometriosis with live transmission of surgery from a surgeon's routine operating theater, is not related to a higher risk of major postoperative complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Horace Roman
- IFEMEndo, Endometriosis Center, Clinique Tivoli-Ducos, Bordeaux, France.,Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Maria Prosszer
- IFEMEndo, Endometriosis Center, Clinique Tivoli-Ducos, Bordeaux, France
| | - Jamil Marabha
- IFEMEndo, Endometriosis Center, Clinique Tivoli-Ducos, Bordeaux, France
| | - Benjamin Merlot
- IFEMEndo, Endometriosis Center, Clinique Tivoli-Ducos, Bordeaux, France
| | - Damien Forestier
- IFEMEndo, Endometriosis Center, Clinique Tivoli-Ducos, Bordeaux, France
| | - Myriam Noailles
- IFEMEndo, Endometriosis Center, Clinique Tivoli-Ducos, Bordeaux, France
| | - Loïc Marpeau
- Expert Center in the Diagnosis and Multidisciplinary Management of Endometriosis, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
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Infant Robot-assisted Laparoscopic Pyeloplasty: Outcomes at a Single Institution, and Tips for Safety and Success. Eur Urol 2021; 80:621-631. [PMID: 34247895 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2021.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since its first description, multiple reports proved efficacy and safety of the robotic platform. Further progress has been made allowing for the application of robotic surgery to smaller patients, including infants. Despite the early favorable results, the use of robot surgery in infants is still controversial and more studies are needed to confirm its benefits. OBJECTIVE To our knowledge, we present the largest single-institution case series of robot-assisted laparoscopic pyeloplasty (RAL-P) in infants, aiming to contribute to the current literature with a guide for key technical steps and safety tips for infant RAL-P. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS We performed a retrospective review of a prospectively maintained database. The study protocol was approved by the institutional review board. SURGICAL PROCEDURE Only infants (≤12 mo of age) with a diagnosis of congenital ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO) undergoing primary robotic dismembered pyeloplasty were included in the study. MEASUREMENTS We critically reviewed the clinical outcomes, described the main steps of the operation, and shared tips for a safe approach. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS From January 2012 to August 2019, 44 infants underwent RAL-P for UPJO--33 (75%) males and 11 (25%) females. All robotic cases were completed successfully, with no laparotomic conversions. The median age and weight were 4 (1-12) mo and 6.8 (3.8-10.5) kg, respectively. The mean operative time was 142 (±25) min. The mean estimated blood loss was 7 (±3.6) ml, and no intraoperative complications occurred. The mean length of hospital stay (LOS) was 1.4 (±0.7) d. Seven (15.6%) patients had postoperative complications-one (2%) ileus (Clavien-Dindo grade [CDG] I), four (9%) urinary tract infections (CDG II), and two (4.5%) port-site hernias (CDG III). At a median follow-up of 19 mo, the success rate was 100%. CONCLUSIONS Given the successful outcomes, benefits of decreased LOS, and improved cosmesis, RAL-P is an appealing management option for UPJO in infants. Market release of new systems, further miniaturization of instruments, and more affordable costs will hopefully be shedding light on more complex applications. PATIENT SUMMARY Infants (≤12 mo of age) diagnosed with ureteropelvic junction obstruction undergoing primary robotic dismembered pyeloplasty were selected and included in this study. No intraoperative complications or conversion to an open approach occurred. Seven patients (16%) developed postoperative complications-one (2%) postoperative ileus, four (9%) urinary tract infections, and two (4.5%) port-site hernias. At a median follow-up of 19 (7-66) mo, the success rate was 100%.
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Risks and Benefits of Live Surgical Broadcast: A Systematic Review. Eur Urol Focus 2021; 8:870-881. [PMID: 34148861 DOI: 10.1016/j.euf.2021.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Live surgical broadcast (LSB), also known as live surgery, has become a popular format for many types of surgical education meetings. However, concerns have been raised in relation to patient safety, ethical issues, and the actual educational value of LSB. OBJECTIVE To summarize current evidence on LSB with a focus on the risks of complications and the educational impact. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION We performed a systematic review of the literature according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines to identify studies up to December 2020. We identified original articles reporting on patient outcomes, educational value, current use, and development of LSB. We also interrogated surgical society guidelines for position statements on LSB. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS Our literature search identified 46 studies spanning six surgical specialties, with urology being the most frequent. Approximately half of the studies reported on outcomes of surgical procedures during LSB. In urology, the few comparative studies available did not suggest higher complication rates in LSB, whereas data for other surgical fields highlighted evidence of worse outcomes. Four studies assessed the educational value of LSB via survey administration, for which the evidence is limited and of low quality. Thirteen guidelines and position statements on live surgery were identified among major surgical societies, including the European Association of Urology (EAU). Some surgical societies have expressly prohibited the use of LSB at their major meetings. The perspective of surgeons performing and/or attending live surgical sessions was evaluated in six studies, and four studies looked at urologists' perception of LSB compared to semi-LSB. Limitations of this systematic review include the limited number of studies available, the low quality of the evidence, and data heterogeneity. CONCLUSIONS Evidence regarding outcomes of LSB is limited. Almost all the studies do not show a higher risk of complications or worse outcomes for patients undergoing a procedure during LSB. Only one study on gastrointestinal surgery reported that LSB outcomes were worse. Ongoing concerns have led to specific guidelines by several scientific societies, including the EAU, with the ultimate aim of minimizing surgical risks and maximizing patient safety. PATIENT SUMMARY Live surgery events are often part of surgical conferences. Data in the literature show mixed outcomes for operations performed during live surgery events, but with no increase in complication rates. Safety and ethical concerns remain. Other educational tools, such as prerecorded videos and live surgery transmission from the home institution of the operating surgeon might become preferred options in the future. This review was prospectively registered on the PROSPERO website (www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO, registration number CRD42020194023).
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Cho MJ, Hong JP. The emergence of virtual education during the COVID-19 pandemic: The past, present, and future of the plastic surgery education. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2021; 74:1413-1421. [PMID: 33541826 PMCID: PMC7797168 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjps.2020.12.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since the global outbreak of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), plastic surgeons were forced to transition from traditional didactics to virtual lectures to practice "social distancing." As this method of education continues to be widely used, understanding the current trend of its usage is critical. In this study, we performed a survey study of virtual lecture attendees and presenters to determine current usage and general consensus on virtual lectures in plastic surgery education. METHODS An electronic survey was sent to attendees and presenters of virtual lectures using Google Forms. Demographic data, webinar usage patterns, and views on virtual lectures were collected. RESULTS A total of 417 surveys were received. Prior to the COVID-19 era, 39.1percent of attendees did not use virtual lectures and 45.6percent of presenters did not give webinars at all. Both groups reported that the lack of opportunities and need were the most common cause of no use of lectures or webinars. After the outbreak, 35.4percent of attendees now use virtual lectures daily and 51.4percent of presenters give lectures weekly. Over 90percent of the study population reported a positive experience with the virtual lectures due to increased interaction, convenience, outreach, and usability. Finally, over 75percent stated that virtual lectures might replace classroom lectures in the future. CONCLUSION Our study shows that a majority of plastic surgeons have begun to use and give virtual lectures daily after the COVID-19 outbreak. Virtual education is a powerful and versatile tool that has great potentials, and it may continue to serve as a part of surgical training in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Jeong Cho
- Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Joon Pio Hong
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan, College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-ro 43gil, Seoul 05505, South Korea.
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Somani B, Liatsikos E, Mottrie A, Gözen AS, Breda A, Knoll T, Bianchi G, Sarica K, Bedke J, Rassweiler J. Outcomes of EAU-endorsed Live Surgical Events over a 5-year Period (2015-2020) and Updated Guidelines from the EAU Live Surgery Committee. Eur Urol 2021; 80:592-600. [PMID: 34020827 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2021.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Live surgery events (LSEs) have been used in all surgical fields for education and training and to demonstrate new techniques. The European Association of Urology (EAU) live surgery guidelines were established in 2014. OBJECTIVE To review the compliance of outcomes for procedures performed at EAU-affiliated LSEs with the 2014 guidelines and to establish updated guidelines for LSEs and semi-LSEs. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION Patients from EAU-affiliated LSEs were included for all surgical procedures carried out between January 2015 and January 2020. All these events were pre-evaluated by the EAU Live Surgery Committee and met the criteria for an EAU LSE, with outcomes recorded and submitted to the registry. Data were collected for the type of procedure and for intraoperative and short- and long-term complications. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS A total of 246 procedures were performed across 18 LSEs, with an annual volume ranging from 19 to 74 procedures. These included 109 (44.3%) robot-assisted procedures, 21 (8.5%) laparoscopic procedures, 10 (4%) transurethral bladder procedures, 11 (4.4%) prostate enucleation procedures, 72 (29.2%) endourological procedures, and 23 (9.3%) andrology or reconstruction procedures. A total of 77 different surgical techniques and variations for 55 different types of surgery were performed as LSEs over the past 5 yr. There were 44 (17.8%) short-term complications and 11.3% (nine/79) long-term complications observed, with Clavien grade III/IV complications seen in 5.2% and 7.5% of cases over short- and long-term follow-up, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The 5-yr outcomes for EAU LSEs show that they are safe and follow previous guidelines set by the panel. It seems likely that the fine balance between patient safety and educational value might be best achieved if LSEs are performed by local surgeons in their parent hospital with patients and staff they know, and that technological advances will make live streaming a seamless process. The current EAU Live Surgery Committee has updated the guidelines on LSEs and provided new guidelines for semi-live events. PATIENT SUMMARY We reviewed 5-year outcomes for live surgery events endorsed by the European Association of Urology. We found that the operations carried out at these events were safe and followed the guidelines previously set. We have updated the guidelines and provided new guidelines for semi-live events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhaskar Somani
- University Hospital Southampton NHS Trust, Southampton, UK; KMC Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India; University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
| | - Evangelos Liatsikos
- University of Patras, Patras, Greece; Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Institute for Urology and Reproductive Health, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexandre Mottrie
- OLV Ziekenhuis Aalst-Asse-Ninove, Aalst, Belgium; Intuitive Surgical, Aubonne, Switzerland; ORSI Academy, Melle, Belgium
| | - Ali S Gözen
- Trakya Tip Fak Hospital, Edirne, Turkey; Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, SLK Kliniken Heilbronn, Teaching hospital of Heidelberg University, Germany
| | - Alberto Breda
- Fundació Puigvert, Barcelona, Spain; Autónoma University of Barcelona, Spain
| | - Thomas Knoll
- Mannheim University Hospital, Mannheim, Germany; Sindelfingen Medical Center, University of Tübingen, Sindelfingen, Germany
| | | | - Kemal Sarica
- Department of Urology, Biruni University Medical School, Turkey
| | - Jens Bedke
- Department of Urology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jens Rassweiler
- Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, SLK Kliniken Heilbronn, Teaching hospital of Heidelberg University, Germany
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Schuettfort VM, Ludwig TA, Marks P, Vetterlein MW, Maurer V, Fuehner C, Janisch F, Soave A, Rink M, Riechardt S, Engel O, Fisch M, Dahlem R, Meyer CP. Learning benefits of live surgery and semi-live surgery in urology-informing the debate with results from the International Meeting of Reconstructive Urology (IMORU) VIII. World J Urol 2020; 39:2801-2807. [PMID: 33140166 PMCID: PMC8332562 DOI: 10.1007/s00345-020-03506-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To analyze the perceived learning opportunities of participants of the International Meeting on Reconstructive Urology (IMORU) VIII for both live surgery demonstrations (LSD) and semi-live surgery demonstrations (SLSD). Safety and educational efficacy of LSD and SLSD at live surgery events (LSE) have been debated extensively, however, objective data comparing learning benefits are missing. Methods We conducted a detailed survey, which employed the Kirkpatrick model, a well-established assessment method of training models, to investigate participants preferences as well as the learning benefit of LSE. Furthermore, we employed an audience response system and the Objective Structured Assessment of Technical Skills (OSATS), a well-established assessment method of surgery skills, to let our participants rate the perceived learning opportunity of LSD and SLSD. Results Of 229 participants at the IMORU VIII, 39.7% returned our questionnaires. 90% stated that they prefer LSD. On all levels of Kirkpatrick’s training evaluation model, the IMORU received high ratings, suggesting a high learning benefit. For the assessment of OSATS, a total of 23 surgical cases were evaluable. For all six utilized items, LSD scored significantly better ratings than SLSD. Conclusion Our study suggests that there is still a rationale for LSD, as participants attributed a statistically significant higher learning benefit to LSD over SLDS. Evaluation of the survey showed that for LSE such as the IMORU VIII, a high learning benefit can be expected. Considering that most of our participants are active surgeons with high caseloads, their opinion on the educational value of LSE is of high relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor M Schuettfort
- Department of Urology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Tim A Ludwig
- Department of Urology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Phillip Marks
- Department of Urology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Malte W Vetterlein
- Department of Urology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Valentin Maurer
- Department of Urology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Constantin Fuehner
- Department of Urology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Florian Janisch
- Department of Urology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Armin Soave
- Department of Urology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Rink
- Department of Urology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Silke Riechardt
- Department of Urology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Engel
- Department of Urology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Margit Fisch
- Department of Urology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Roland Dahlem
- Department of Urology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian P Meyer
- Department of Urology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwangsung Park
- Department of Urology, Chonnam National University Medical School, 160 Baekseo-ro, Dong-gu, Gwangju 61469, Korea
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