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Jiang M, Zhang Y. Clinical features and outcomes analysis of Gallbladder neuroendocrine carcinoma. J Cancer Res Ther 2023; 19:910-916. [PMID: 37675716 DOI: 10.4103/jcrt.jcrt_1959_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Gallbladder neuroendocrine carcinoma (GB-NEC) is an uncommon and highly malignant tumor. This research aimed to investigate the clinical characteristics and prognostic factors of GB-NEC. Materials and Methods Our survey of case reports from January 2000 to May 2022 screened a total of 84 patients with complete data who received surgical resection for gallbladder NEC. Log-rank generated survival curves using the Kaplan-Meier method for univariate survival analysis. To identify GB-NEC independent prognostic indicators for overall survival (OS), univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazard analyses were conducted. Results These patients consisted of 25 men and 59 women, with an average age of 60 (range 29-85). Patients under 60 years old made up 44% of the population, while patients over 60 made up 56%. Fifty-three tumors were advanced pathologic TNM stage III and IV. After surgery, 44 patients underwent chemotherapy or radiotherapy. The median OS of 84 patients with GB-NEC was 16.8 months. In univariate and multivariate analysis, tumor size (diameter ≥5 cm), TNM tumor stage, and the receipt of postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy are independent factors influencing the prognosis of patients with GB-NEC. Conclusion Tumor size (diameter ≥5 cm) and TNM tumor stage were independently related to a shorter OS. An enhanced OS was independently linked to receiving postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Jiang
- Department of Geriatric Gastroenterology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yijing Zhang
- Department of Geriatric Gastroenterology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
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Cattaneo L, Centonze G, Sabella G, Lagano V, Angerilli V, Pardo C, Bertani E, Spada F, Prinzi N, Pusceddu S, Fassan M, Fazio N, Milione M. Digestive MiNENs: Could histological classification and molecular characterization drive clinical outcome and therapeutic approach? Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2023:104044. [PMID: 37268174 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2023.104044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Mixed neuroendocrine-non-neuroendocrine neoplasms (MiNENs) are epithelial neoplasms in which neuroendocrine and non-neuroendocrine discrete components are combined, each of which constitutes ≥ 30% of the neoplasm. The finding of an additional neuroendocrine component seems to characterize the tumor's biological behavior. Few studies have proved MiNENs histogenetic and molecular characterization, and the development of molecular markers for more accurate classification of MiNENs represents a clinical need. However, a common origin of the neuroendocrine and non-neuroendocrine components from a pluripotent cancer stem cell could be suggested. The optimal clinical management of MiNENS is largely unknown. Whenever feasible, curative-intent resection should be performed for localized disease; in advanced disease, the treatment should be targeted to the component responsible for the metastatic spreading. This paper provides a revision of the current knowledge on MiNENs, focusing on available evidence about their molecular characterization to suggest a prognostic stratification of these rare forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Cattaneo
- Pathology First Division, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS - Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Centonze
- Pathology First Division, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS - Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy; Department of Research, Fondazione IRCCS - Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanna Sabella
- Pathology First Division, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS - Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Lagano
- Pathology First Division, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS - Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Angerilli
- Department of Medicine - DIMED, University of Padua, Padua, Italy; Veneto Institute of Oncology, IOV-IRCCS, Padua, Italy
| | - Carlotta Pardo
- Pathology First Division, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS - Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Emilio Bertani
- Division of Gastrointestinal Surgery, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Spada
- Division of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology and Neuroendocrine Tumors, European Institute of Oncology (IEO) IRCCS, Milan
| | - Natalie Prinzi
- Medical Oncology and Hematology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Pusceddu
- Medical Oncology and Hematology Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Fassan
- Department of Medicine - DIMED, University of Padua, Padua, Italy; Veneto Institute of Oncology, IOV-IRCCS, Padua, Italy
| | - Nicola Fazio
- Division of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology and Neuroendocrine Tumors, European Institute of Oncology (IEO) IRCCS, Milan
| | - Massimo Milione
- Pathology First Division, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS - Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy.
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Park HK, Kwon GY. Comparison of Metastatic Patterns Among Neuroendocrine Tumors, Neuroendocrine Carcinomas, and Nonneuroendocrine Carcinomas of Various Primary Organs. J Korean Med Sci 2023; 38:e85. [PMID: 36942393 PMCID: PMC10027546 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2023.38.e85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) and neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs) exhibit neuroendocrine differentiation and are classified as neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs). NECs and nonneuroendocrine neoplasms (non-NENs), such as adenocarcinoma, have similar mutational profiles. The purpose of this study was to identify differences in metastatic patterns and to identify the key factor causing these differences by simultaneously comparing the metastatic patterns of NETs, NECs and non-NENs from various primary organs. METHODS We retrieved data for 4,223 patients with NENs and 41,637 patients with non-NENs arising at various primary sites from an institutional database and then compared NET, NEC, and non-NEN metastatic patterns. RESULTS NETs and NECs showed generally similar metastatic patterns. Most NEN patients had a higher liver organotrophic metastasis rate, lower lung organotrophic metastasis rate, and lower pleural/peritoneal organotrophic metastasis rate than non-NEN patients. Some differences were characteristics of specific organs. Some of these site-specific differences were not caused by NENs but by non-NENs, including a higher bone organotrophic metastasis rate for medullary thyroid carcinoma and a lower bone organotrophic metastasis rate for pulmonary NEN. Other differences were probably caused by NENs, including a higher bone organotrophic metastasis rate for colorectal NETs. Uterine cervical NEC showed unique patterns of metastasis compared to NEN from other sites. CONCLUSION Significant differences between the metastatic patterns of NENs and non-NENs were detected. The multigene program that causes neuroendocrine differentiation might be associated with organotropic metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung Kyu Park
- Department of Pathology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, Korea.
| | - Ghee Young Kwon
- Department of Pathology and Translational Genomics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Ren X, Jiang H, Sun K, Qin X, Qu Y, Xia T, Chen Y. Mixed neuroendocrine-non-neuroendocrine neoplasm of the gallbladder: case report and literature review. Diagn Pathol 2022; 17:51. [PMID: 35715834 PMCID: PMC9206291 DOI: 10.1186/s13000-022-01231-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mixed neuroendocrine–non-neuroendocrine neoplasms (MiNENs) of the gallbladder are rare malignancies. Here we presented two cases and reviewed the related literature. Case presentation Our two patients were postoperatively diagnosed with gallbladder MiNENs, which pathologically consisted of a large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma and papillary adenocarcinoma. After cholecystectomy, one patient had a survival time of 30 months, while the other remained alive through 12 months of follow-up. In the literature, a total of 72 cases of gallbladder MiNENs were identified, and with our two patients included, we calculated a male-to-female ratio of 0.22 and a mean age of 64.5 years for the 74 reported cases. About one-half of these patients were found to have gallstones and presented with abdominal pain or discomfort in a relatively early stage. The preoperative diagnosis of these 74 cases mainly relied on abdominal ultrasound, contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) scanning, and magnetic resonance imaging or positron emission tomography/CT. However, the final diagnosis was established based upon the pathological evidence and expression of synaptophysin (Syn) and/or chromogranin A identified by immunohistochemical staining or neurosecretory granules detected by electron microscopy. Fifty-eight patients (78.4%) underwent various operations including simple cholecystectomy (n = 14), en bloc cholecystectomy (n = 9), standard or non-standard radical cholecystectomy (n = 25), or extended radical cholecystectomy (n = 6). The mean size of the resected gallbladder masses was 50.8 ± 36.1 mm (n = 63) with regional lymph node metastasis in 37 patients (52.1%), liver invasion or staging greater than T3 in 33 patients (45.8%), and hepatic metastasis in 26 patients (35.1%). The postoperative median survival time was 36 ± 11.42 months (95% confidence interval, 13.62 to 58.38 months). The log-rank analysis did not find that postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy contributed to a longer survival time relative to that among the patients who did not receive chemotherapy (numbers of patients, 15 versus 43; survival times, 36 months versus 30 months, p > 0.05). Conclusions Our two cases and the cases in the literature suggest that MiNENs of the gallbladder predominantly occur in women; are associated with early lymph node metastasis, local hepatic invasion, and hepatic metastasis; and can be managed by various surgeries as well as chemotherapy combined with somatostatin analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Ren
- Digestive Hospital of Heilongjiang Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Harbin University of Technology, No. 405, Guogeli Street, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang, China.
| | - Hong Jiang
- Department of Pathology, Heilongjiang Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Harbin University of Technology, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Kan Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Heilongjiang Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Harbin University of Technology, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Xufu Qin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Heilongjiang Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Harbin University of Technology, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Yongping Qu
- Digestive Endoscopy Center, Heilongjiang Provincial Hospital of Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Tian Xia
- Digestive Hospital of Heilongjiang Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Harbin University of Technology, No. 405, Guogeli Street, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Hospital Information Center of Heilongjiang Province Affiliated to Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, Heilongjiang Province, China
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Primary mixed large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma and adenocarcinoma of the gallbladder: A case report and literature review. Asian J Surg 2022; 45:2336-2338. [DOI: 10.1016/j.asjsur.2022.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Wang P, Chen J, Jiang Y, Jia C, Pang J, Wang S, Chang X. Neuroendocrine Neoplasms of the Gallbladder: A Clinicopathological Analysis of 13 Patients and a Review of the Literature. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2021; 2021:5592525. [PMID: 34122537 PMCID: PMC8166508 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5592525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Mixed neuroendocrine-non-neuroendocrine neoplasms (MiNENs) are rare gallbladder neuroendocrine neoplasms (GB-NENs). This study is aimed at investigating the clinicopathological features of GB-NENs and identifying prognostic factors related to overall survival (OS) of GB-MiNENs. METHODS The clinical data and pathological features of 13 patients with GB-NENs in our hospital were retrospectively reviewed. Additionally, 41 GB-MiNENs cases reported in English literature were reviewed and survival analysis was performed. RESULTS The mean age of thirteen patients (6 males and 7 females) with GB-NENs was 57.2 years (range: 35-75 years). Two patients were diagnosed with NET grade 1 (G1), two patients with NEC (large cell/small cell = 1/1), and nine patients with MiNENs. Of these 9 patients with MiNENs, 8 had composite tumors and 1 had amphicrine carcinoma. Microscopically, the adenocarcinoma component was located in the surface mucosa, and the neuroendocrine component was in the area of deep invasion, liver infiltration, and lymph node metastasis. Total analysis of 41 GB-MiNENs showed that patients were mainly elderly women (female/male ratio, 2.4 : 1.0; median age, 60 years). Kaplan-Meier's analysis demonstrated that liver metastasis and TNM stage III-IV were associated with decreased OS (P < 0.05), whereas age, sex, tumor size, grade of the neuroendocrine component, lymph node metastasis, and adjuvant chemotherapy were not significantly prognostic indicators of OS. Multivariate analysis identified liver metastasis (hazard ratio = 4.262, 95%confidence interval = 1.066-17.044, P = 0.040) as an independent unfavorable prognostic factor. CONCLUSIONS GB-MiNENs were the most common type of GB-NENs in our case series, and neuroendocrine components exhibited more aggressive lymph node metastasis and local invasion than adenocarcinoma. Liver metastasis was a poor prognostic indicator in GB-MiNENs patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengyan Wang
- Department of Pathology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Jingci Chen
- Department of Pathology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Ying Jiang
- Department of Pathology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Congwei Jia
- Department of Pathology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Junyi Pang
- Department of Pathology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Shan Wang
- Department of Pathology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Xiaoyan Chang
- Department of Pathology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100730, China
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Alawad M, Gupta R, Haseeb MA, Brunicardi FC. Clinicopathologic and Molecular Features of Mixed Neuroendocrine Non-Neuroendocrine Neoplasms of the Gallbladder. Gastroenterology Res 2020; 13:269-278. [PMID: 33447306 PMCID: PMC7781272 DOI: 10.14740/gr1323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroendocrine neoplasms of the gallbladder are rare, comprising 0.5% of all neuroendocrine cancers and about 2% of gallbladder cancers. These neoplasms can also be found along with other malignant neoplasms of epithelial origin, mostly adenocarcinomas. Herein, we describe an unusual finding of a three-component mixed neuroendocrine non-neuroendocrine neoplasm (MiNEN) of the gallbladder. We also review the literature on 29 similar cases and summarize key features. We report on a 62-year-old woman who presented with right upper quadrant pain with a positive Murphy’s sign. A clinical diagnosis of neoplasia was entertained and she underwent cholecystectomy. Gross examination of the specimen revealed a 5-cm exophytic mass at the gallbladder fundus. Histopathologic examination of the mass showed an infiltrating squamous cell carcinoma, an adjacent neuroendocrine carcinoma (each of these two components composed more than 30% of the neoplasm), and a superficial adenocarcinoma (composing 10% of the neoplasm). Gallbladder MiNENs present with similar symptoms and in the same age group as do carcinomas; however, their prognosis is often poor. Specific management and treatment guidelines have not been established since MiNENs are very rare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mouyed Alawad
- Department of Pathology, State University of New York, Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA
| | - Raavi Gupta
- Department of Pathology, State University of New York, Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA.,Department of Cell Biology, State University of New York, Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA
| | - M A Haseeb
- Department of Pathology, State University of New York, Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA.,Department of Cell Biology, State University of New York, Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA
| | - F Charles Brunicardi
- Department of Surgery, State University of New York, Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA
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Sciarra A, Missiaglia E, Trimech M, Melloul E, Brouland JP, Sempoux C, La Rosa S. Gallbladder Mixed Neuroendocrine-Non-neuroendocrine Neoplasm (MiNEN) Arising in Intracholecystic Papillary Neoplasm: Clinicopathologic and Molecular Analysis of a Case and Review of the Literature. Endocr Pathol 2020; 31:84-93. [PMID: 31981075 DOI: 10.1007/s12022-020-09605-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mixed neuroendocrine-non-neuroendocrine neoplasms (MiNENs) of the gallbladder are generally composed of adenocarcinoma and neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEC). Rare cases associated with intracholecystic papillary neoplasm (ICPN) have been reported. Although recent molecular data suggest that the different components of digestive MiNENs originate from a common precursor stem cell, this aspect has been poorly investigated in gallbladder MiNENs. We describe the clinicopathologic and molecular features of a MiNEN composed of ICPN, adenocarcinoma, and NEC. A 66-year-old woman presented with severe abdominal pain. She underwent radical cholecystectomy and an intracholecystic mass was found. Histologically, it was composed of ICPN associated with adenocarcinoma and large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC). The three components were positive for DNA repair proteins and p53. EMA was positive in the ICPN and adenocarcinoma components, while it was negative in the LCNEC. Heterogeneous expression of Muc5AC, cytokeratin 20, and CDX2 was only observed in the ICPN component. Cytokeratin 7 was diffusely positive in both adenocarcinoma and LCNEC components, while it was heterogeneously expressed in the ICPN. The copy number variation analysis showed overlapping results between the adenocarcinoma and LCNEC components with some minor differences with the ICPN component. The three tumor components showed the same mutation profile including TP53 mutation c.700T > C (p. Tyr234His), without mutations in other 51 genes known to be frequently altered in cancer pathogenesis and growth. This finding may support the hypothesis of a monoclonal origin of the different tumor components. We have also performed a review of the literature on gallbladder MiNENs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amedeo Sciarra
- Institute of Pathology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, 25 rue du Bugnon, CH-1011, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Edoardo Missiaglia
- Institute of Pathology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, 25 rue du Bugnon, CH-1011, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mounir Trimech
- Institute of Pathology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, 25 rue du Bugnon, CH-1011, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Emmanuel Melloul
- Department of Visceral Surgery, Lausanne University Hospital, 46 rue du Bugnon, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Philippe Brouland
- Institute of Pathology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, 25 rue du Bugnon, CH-1011, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christine Sempoux
- Institute of Pathology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, 25 rue du Bugnon, CH-1011, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Stefano La Rosa
- Institute of Pathology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, 25 rue du Bugnon, CH-1011, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Skalický A, Vištejnová L, Dubová M, Malkus T, Skalický T, Troup O. Mixed neuroendocrine-non-neuroendocrine carcinoma of gallbladder: case report. World J Surg Oncol 2019; 17:55. [PMID: 30902091 PMCID: PMC6429764 DOI: 10.1186/s12957-019-1598-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mixed neuroendocrine-non-neuroendocrine tumors (MINEN) of the gallbladder are extremely rare; indeed, the English expert literature reports a mere handful of case reports and case series on this topic. According to the WHO classification of 2010, MINEN are considered to be tumors consisting of two major components, neuroendocrine and non-neuroendocrine, each of which hosts at least 30% of the total cellular population. To date, the etiology and pathogenesis of MINEN have not been precisely determined and the non-specific symptoms generally result in late diagnosis (mainly in the terminal stages of the condition) and contribute to the generally poor prognosis. As far as the management of the disease is concerned, radical surgery plays a crucial role; however, the significance of surgical debulking and biological therapy applying somatostatin analogues has not yet been determined. Case presentation A 56-year-old female was referred to our department for a rapidly progressing tumor in the subhepatic area along with the infiltration of S5 and S6 liver segments. With regard to preoperative findings, the tumor appeared as operable, although, during the surgery, an extensive involvement of the hepatoduodenal ligament by the tumor through the lymph nodes was revealed. Due to acute perioperative bleeding from the necrotic tumor, we decided to perform modified resection. Histologically, the tumor was confirmed as MINEN of gallbladder, where the neuroendocrine component was dominant over the non-neuroendocrine component. Six weeks after the discharge, the patient underwent a follow-up CT revealing large recurrence of the disease. Thereafter, the patient was started on systemic therapy with etoposide and carboplatin in combination with somatostatin analogues. Thirteen months after the surgery, the patient is in good clinical condition, and while a recently performed PET/MRI scan revealed a hepatic lesion and hilar lymphadenopathy in full regression, there was a spread of small peritoneal and pleural metastases. The patient remains in the follow-up care. Conclusions The occurrence of mixed neuroendocrine-non-neuroendocrine neoplasms is extremely rare. Radical surgery remains the only potentially effective approach to the cure of this disease. The role of biological therapy and debulking in the management of the disease has not yet been precisely defined. In our experience, both of these methods have the potential to positively influence overall survival rates and the postoperational quality of life of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Skalický
- Department of Surgery and Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital in Pilsen, Charles University in Prague, 304 60, Pilsen, Czech Republic.
| | - Lucie Vištejnová
- Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, 304 60, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Magdaléna Dubová
- Šikl's Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital in Pilsen, Charles University, 305 99, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Malkus
- Department of Imaging Methods, University Hospital in Pilsen, 304 60, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Skalický
- Department of Surgery and Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital in Pilsen, Charles University in Prague, 304 60, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Troup
- Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, 301 00, Pilsen, Czech Republic
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