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Twort VG, Laine VN, Field KA, Whiting-Fawcett F, Ito F, Reiman M, Bartonicka T, Fritze M, Ilyukha VA, Belkin VV, Khizhkin EA, Reeder DM, Fukui D, Jiang TL, Lilley TM. Signals of positive selection in genomes of palearctic Myotis-bats coexisting with a fungal pathogen. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:828. [PMID: 39227786 PMCID: PMC11370307 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-10722-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Disease can act as a driving force in shaping genetic makeup across populations, even species, if the impacts influence a particularly sensitive part of their life cycles. White-nose disease is caused by a fungal pathogen infecting bats during hibernation. The mycosis has caused massive population declines of susceptible species in North America, particularly in the genus Myotis. However, Myotis bats appear to tolerate infection in Eurasia, where the fungal pathogen has co-evolved with its bat hosts for an extended period of time. Therefore, with susceptible and tolerant populations, the fungal disease provides a unique opportunity to tease apart factors contributing to tolerance at a genomic level to and gain an understanding of the evolution of non-harmful in host-parasite interactions. To investigate if the fungal disease has caused adaptation on a genomic level in Eurasian bat species, we adopted both whole-genome sequencing approaches and a literature search to compile a set of 300 genes from which to investigate signals of positive selection in genomes of 11 Eurasian bats at the codon-level. Our results indicate significant positive selection in 38 genes, many of which have a marked role in responses to infection. Our findings suggest that white-nose syndrome may have applied a significant selective pressure on Eurasian Myotis-bats in the past, which can contribute their survival in co-existence with the pathogen. Our findings provide an insight on the selective pressure pathogens afflict on their hosts using methodology that can be adapted to other host-pathogen study systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- V G Twort
- Finnish Museum of Natural History, BatLab Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - V N Laine
- Finnish Museum of Natural History, BatLab Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - K A Field
- Department of Biology, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, PA, USA
| | - F Whiting-Fawcett
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - F Ito
- Finnish Museum of Natural History, BatLab Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - M Reiman
- Finnish Museum of Natural History, BatLab Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - T Bartonicka
- Dept. Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, Brno, 611 37, Czech Republic
| | - M Fritze
- Zoological Institute and Museum, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- German Bat Observatory, Berlin, Germany
- Competence Center for Bat Conservation Saxony Anhalt, in the South Harz Karst Landscape Biosphere Reserve, Südharz, Germany
| | - V A Ilyukha
- Papanin Institute for Biology of Inland Waters, Russian Academy of Sciences, Borok, Russia
| | - V V Belkin
- Institute of Biology, Karelian Research Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, Petrozavodsk, Russia
| | - E A Khizhkin
- Institute of Biology, Karelian Research Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences, Petrozavodsk, Russia
| | - D M Reeder
- Department of Biology, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, PA, USA
| | - D Fukui
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo Fuji Iyashinomori Woodland Study Center, The University of Tokyo, Yamanakako, Japan
| | - T L Jiang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - T M Lilley
- Finnish Museum of Natural History, BatLab Finland, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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Wang F, Tekle YI. Variation of natural selection in the Amoebozoa reveals heterogeneity across the phylogeny and adaptive evolution in diverse lineages. Front Ecol Evol 2022; 10:851816. [PMID: 36874909 PMCID: PMC9980437 DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.851816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolution and diversity of the supergroup Amoebozoa is complex and poorly understood. The supergroup encompasses predominantly amoeboid lineages characterized by extreme diversity in phenotype, behavior and genetics. The study of natural selection, a driving force of diversification, within and among species of Amoebozoa will play a crucial role in understanding the evolution of the supergroup. In this study, we searched for traces of natural selection based on a set of highly conserved protein-coding genes in a phylogenetic framework from a broad sampling of amoebozoans. Using these genes, we estimated substitution rates and inferred patterns of selective pressure in lineages and sites with various models. We also examined the effect of selective pressure on codon usage bias and potential correlations with observed biological traits and habitat. Results showed large heterogeneity of selection across lineages of Amoebozoa, indicating potential species-specific optimization of adaptation to their diverse ecological environment. Overall, lineages in Tubulinea had undergone stronger purifying selection with higher average substitution rates compared to Discosea and Evosea. Evidence of adaptive evolution was observed in some representative lineages and in a gene (Rpl7a) within Evosea, suggesting potential innovation and beneficial mutations in these lineages. Our results revealed that members of the fast-evolving lineages, Entamoeba and Cutosea, all underwent strong purifying selection but had distinct patterns of codon usage bias. For the first time, this study revealed an overall pattern of natural selection across the phylogeny of Amoebozoa and provided significant implications on their distinctive evolutionary processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wang
- Department of Biology, Spelman College, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Yonas I Tekle
- Department of Biology, Spelman College, Atlanta, GA, United States
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3
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Aspergillus fumigatus versus Genus Aspergillus: Conservation, Adaptive Evolution and Specific Virulence Genes. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9102014. [PMID: 34683335 PMCID: PMC8539515 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9102014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus is an important fungal genus containing economically important species, as well as pathogenic species of animals and plants. Using eighteen fungal species of the genus Aspergillus, we conducted a comprehensive investigation of conserved genes and their evolution. This also allows us to investigate the selection pressure driving the adaptive evolution in the pathogenic species A. fumigatus. Among single-copy orthologs (SCOs) for A. fumigatus and the closely related species A. fischeri, we identified 122 versus 50 positively selected genes (PSGs), respectively. Moreover, twenty conserved genes of unknown function were established to be positively selected and thus important for adaption. A. fumigatus PSGs interacting with human host proteins show over-representation of adaptive, symbiosis-related, immunomodulatory and virulence-related pathways, such as the TGF-β pathway, insulin receptor signaling, IL1 pathway and interfering with phagosomal GTPase signaling. Additionally, among the virulence factor coding genes, secretory and membrane protein-coding genes in multi-copy gene families, 212 genes underwent positive selection and also suggest increased adaptation, such as fungal immune evasion mechanisms (aspf2), siderophore biosynthesis (sidD), fumarylalanine production (sidE), stress tolerance (atfA) and thermotolerance (sodA). These genes presumably contribute to host adaptation strategies. Genes for the biosynthesis of gliotoxin are shared among all the close relatives of A. fumigatus as an ancient defense mechanism. Positive selection plays a crucial role in the adaptive evolution of A. fumigatus. The genome-wide profile of PSGs provides valuable targets for further research on the mechanisms of immune evasion, antimycotic targeting and understanding fundamental virulence processes.
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Sondhi Y, Ellis EA, Bybee SM, Theobald JC, Kawahara AY. Light environment drives evolution of color vision genes in butterflies and moths. Commun Biol 2021; 4:177. [PMID: 33564115 PMCID: PMC7873203 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-01688-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Opsins, combined with a chromophore, are the primary light-sensing molecules in animals and are crucial for color vision. Throughout animal evolution, duplications and losses of opsin proteins are common, but it is unclear what is driving these gains and losses. Light availability is implicated, and dim environments are often associated with low opsin diversity and loss. Correlations between high opsin diversity and bright environments, however, are tenuous. To test if increased light availability is associated with opsin diversification, we examined diel niche and identified opsins using transcriptomes and genomes of 175 butterflies and moths (Lepidoptera). We found 14 independent opsin duplications associated with bright environments. Estimating their rates of evolution revealed that opsins from diurnal taxa evolve faster-at least 13 amino acids were identified with higher dN/dS rates, with a subset close enough to the chromophore to tune the opsin. These results demonstrate that high light availability increases opsin diversity and evolution rate in Lepidoptera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yash Sondhi
- Department of Biology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA.
| | - Emily A Ellis
- McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Seth M Bybee
- Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Jamie C Theobald
- Department of Biology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Akito Y Kawahara
- McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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5
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Allio R, Nabholz B, Wanke S, Chomicki G, Pérez-Escobar OA, Cotton AM, Clamens AL, Kergoat GJ, Sperling FAH, Condamine FL. Genome-wide macroevolutionary signatures of key innovations in butterflies colonizing new host plants. Nat Commun 2021; 12:354. [PMID: 33441560 PMCID: PMC7806994 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20507-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The mega-diversity of herbivorous insects is attributed to their co-evolutionary associations with plants. Despite abundant studies on insect-plant interactions, we do not know whether host-plant shifts have impacted both genomic adaptation and species diversification over geological times. We show that the antagonistic insect-plant interaction between swallowtail butterflies and the highly toxic birthworts began 55 million years ago in Beringia, followed by several major ancient host-plant shifts. This evolutionary framework provides a valuable opportunity for repeated tests of genomic signatures of macroevolutionary changes and estimation of diversification rates across their phylogeny. We find that host-plant shifts in butterflies are associated with both genome-wide adaptive molecular evolution (more genes under positive selection) and repeated bursts of speciation rates, contributing to an increase in global diversification through time. Our study links ecological changes, genome-wide adaptations and macroevolutionary consequences, lending support to the importance of ecological interactions as evolutionary drivers over long time periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémi Allio
- CNRS, IRD, EPHE, Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095, Montpellier, France.
| | - Benoit Nabholz
- CNRS, IRD, EPHE, Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095, Montpellier, France
| | - Stefan Wanke
- Institut für Botanik, Technische Universität Dresden, Zellescher Weg 20b, 01062, Dresden, Germany
| | - Guillaume Chomicki
- Department of Bioscience, Durham University, Stockton Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
| | | | - Adam M Cotton
- 86/2 Moo 5, Tambon Nong Kwai, Hang Dong, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Anne-Laure Clamens
- CBGP, INRAE, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, Univ. Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Gaël J Kergoat
- CBGP, INRAE, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, Univ. Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Felix A H Sperling
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2E9, AB, Canada
| | - Fabien L Condamine
- CNRS, IRD, EPHE, Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095, Montpellier, France.
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2E9, AB, Canada.
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Davydov II, Salamin N, Robinson-Rechavi M. Large-Scale Comparative Analysis of Codon Models Accounting for Protein and Nucleotide Selection. Mol Biol Evol 2019; 36:1316-1332. [PMID: 30847475 PMCID: PMC6526913 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msz048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
There are numerous sources of variation in the rate of synonymous substitutions inside genes, such as direct selection on the nucleotide sequence, or mutation rate variation. Yet scans for positive selection rely on codon models which incorporate an assumption of effectively neutral synonymous substitution rate, constant between sites of each gene. Here we perform a large-scale comparison of approaches which incorporate codon substitution rate variation and propose our own simple yet effective modification of existing models. We find strong effects of substitution rate variation on positive selection inference. More than 70% of the genes detected by the classical branch-site model are presumably false positives caused by the incorrect assumption of uniform synonymous substitution rate. We propose a new model which is strongly favored by the data while remaining computationally tractable. With the new model we can capture signatures of nucleotide level selection acting on translation initiation and on splicing sites within the coding region. Finally, we show that rate variation is highest in the highly recombining regions, and we propose that recombination and mutation rate variation, such as high CpG mutation rate, are the two main sources of nucleotide rate variation. Although we detect fewer genes under positive selection in Drosophila than without rate variation, the genes which we detect contain a stronger signal of adaptation of dynein, which could be associated with Wolbachia infection. We provide software to perform positive selection analysis using the new model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iakov I Davydov
- Department of Computational Biology, Biophore, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Ecology and Evolution, Biophore, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Salamin
- Department of Computational Biology, Biophore, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marc Robinson-Rechavi
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Biophore, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Torres-Sánchez M, Gower DJ, Alvarez-Ponce D, Creevey CJ, Wilkinson M, San Mauro D. What lies beneath? Molecular evolution during the radiation of caecilian amphibians. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:354. [PMID: 31072350 PMCID: PMC6507065 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5694-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Evolution leaves an imprint in species through genetic change. At the molecular level, evolutionary changes can be explored by studying ratios of nucleotide substitutions. The interplay among molecular evolution, derived phenotypes, and ecological ranges can provide insights into adaptive radiations. Caecilians (order Gymnophiona), probably the least known of the major lineages of vertebrates, are limbless tropical amphibians, with adults of most species burrowing in soils (fossoriality). This enigmatic order of amphibians are very distinct phenotypically from other extant amphibians and likely from the ancestor of Lissamphibia, but little to nothing is known about the molecular changes underpinning their radiation. We hypothesised that colonization of various depths of tropical soils and of freshwater habitats presented new ecological opportunities to caecilians. Results A total of 8540 candidate groups of orthologous genes from transcriptomic data of five species of caecilian amphibians and the genome of the frog Xenopus tropicalis were analysed in order to investigate the genetic machinery behind caecilian diversification. We found a total of 168 protein-coding genes with signatures of positive selection at different evolutionary times during the radiation of caecilians. The majority of these genes were related to functional elements of the cell membrane and extracellular matrix with expression in several different tissues. The first colonization of the tropical soils was connected to the largest number of protein-coding genes under positive selection in our analysis. From the results of our study, we highlighted molecular changes in genes involved in perception, reduction-oxidation processes, and aging that likely were involved in the adaptation to different soil strata. Conclusions The genes inferred to have been under positive selection provide valuable insights into caecilian evolution, potentially underpin adaptations of caecilians to their extreme environments, and contribute to a better understanding of fossorial adaptations and molecular evolution in vertebrates. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-019-5694-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Torres-Sánchez
- Department of Biodiversity, Ecology and Evolution, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain. .,Present address: Department of Neuroscience, Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center & Ambystoma Genetic Stock Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA.
| | - David J Gower
- Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, London, SW7 5BD, UK
| | | | - Christopher J Creevey
- Institute for Global Food Security, Queen's University Belfast, University Road, Belfast, BT7 1NN, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Mark Wilkinson
- Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, London, SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Diego San Mauro
- Department of Biodiversity, Ecology and Evolution, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
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Marcionetti A, Rossier V, Roux N, Salis P, Laudet V, Salamin N. Insights into the Genomics of Clownfish Adaptive Radiation: Genetic Basis of the Mutualism with Sea Anemones. Genome Biol Evol 2019; 11:869-882. [PMID: 30830203 PMCID: PMC6430985 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evz042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Clownfishes are an iconic group of coral reef fishes, especially known for their mutualism with sea anemones. This mutualism is particularly interesting as it likely acted as the key innovation that triggered clownfish adaptive radiation. Indeed, after the acquisition of the mutualism, clownfishes diversified into multiple ecological niches linked with host and habitat use. However, despite the importance of this mutualism, the genetic mechanisms allowing clownfishes to interact with sea anemones are still unclear. Here, we used a comparative genomics and molecular evolutionary analyses to investigate the genetic basis of clownfish mutualism with sea anemones. We assembled and annotated the genome of nine clownfish species and one closely related outgroup. Orthologous genes inferred between these species and additional publicly available teleost genomes resulted in almost 16,000 genes that were tested for positively selected substitutions potentially involved in the adaptation of clownfishes to live in sea anemones. We identified 17 genes with a signal of positive selection at the origin of clownfish radiation. Two of them (Versican core protein and Protein O-GlcNAse) show particularly interesting functions associated with N-acetylated sugars, which are known to be involved in sea anemone discharge of toxins. This study provides the first insights into the genetic mechanisms of clownfish mutualism with sea anemones. Indeed, we identified the first candidate genes likely to be associated with clownfish protection form sea anemones, and thus the evolution of their mutualism. Additionally, the genomic resources acquired represent a valuable resource for further investigation of the genomic basis of clownfish adaptive radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Marcionetti
- Department of Computational Biology, Génopode, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Victor Rossier
- Department of Computational Biology, Génopode, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Natacha Roux
- Observatoire Océanologique de Banyuls-sur-Mer, UMR CNRS 7232 BIOM, Sorbonne University, Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
| | - Pauline Salis
- Observatoire Océanologique de Banyuls-sur-Mer, UMR CNRS 7232 BIOM, Sorbonne University, Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
| | - Vincent Laudet
- Observatoire Océanologique de Banyuls-sur-Mer, UMR CNRS 7232 BIOM, Sorbonne University, Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
| | - Nicolas Salamin
- Department of Computational Biology, Génopode, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
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Lazzeroni ME, Burbrink FT, Simmons NB. Hibernation in bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) did not evolve through positive selection of leptin. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:12576-12596. [PMID: 30619566 PMCID: PMC6308895 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Temperature regulation is an indispensable physiological activity critical for animal survival. However, relatively little is known about the origin of thermoregulatory regimes in a phylogenetic context, or the genetic mechanisms driving the evolution of these regimes. Using bats as a study system, we examined the evolution of three thermoregulatory regimes (hibernation, daily heterothermy, and homeothermy) in relation to the evolution of leptin, a protein implicated in regulation of torpor bouts in mammals, including bats. A threshold model was used to test for a correlation between lineages with positively selected lep, the gene encoding leptin, and the thermoregulatory regimes of those lineages. Although evidence for episodic positive selection of lep was found, positive selection was not correlated with lineages of heterothermic bats, a finding that contradicts results from previous studies. Evidence from our ancestral state reconstructions suggests that the most recent common ancestor of bats used daily heterothermy and that the presence of hibernation is highly unlikely at this node. Hibernation likely evolved independently at least four times in bats-once in the common ancestor of Vespertilionidae and Molossidae, once in the clade containing Rhinolophidae and Rhinopomatidae, and again independently in the lineages leading to Taphozous melanopogon and Mystacina tuberculata. Our reconstructions revealed that thermoregulatory regimes never transitioned directly from hibernation to homeothermy, or the reverse, in the evolutionary history of bats. This, in addition to recent evidence that heterothermy is best described along a continuum, suggests that thermoregulatory regimes in mammals are best represented as an ordered continuous trait (homeothermy ← → daily torpor ← → hibernation) rather than as the three discrete regimes that evolve in an unordered fashion. These results have important implications for methodological approaches in future physiological and evolutionary research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Frank T. Burbrink
- Division of Vertebrate Zoology, Department of HerpetologyAmerican Museum of Natural HistoryNew YorkNew York
| | - Nancy B. Simmons
- Division of Vertebrate Zoology, Department of MammalogyAmerican Museum of Natural HistoryNew YorkNew York
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Itan Y. Evolutionary Genomics. Evol Bioinform Online 2016; 11:53-5. [PMID: 27127402 PMCID: PMC4841156 DOI: 10.4137/ebo.s39729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This supplement is intended to focus on evolutionary genomics. Evolutionary Bioinformatics aims to provide researchers working in this complex, quickly developing field with online, open access to highly relevant scholarly articles by leading international researchers. In a field where the literature is ever-expanding, researchers increasingly need access to up-to-date, high quality scholarly articles on areas of specific contemporary interest. This supplement aims to address this by presenting high-quality articles that allow readers to distinguish the signal from the noise. The editor in chief hopes that through this effort, practitioners and researchers will be aided in finding answers to some of the most complex and pressing issues of our time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuval Itan
- Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
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