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Rajbhandari RM, Napit R, Manandhar P, Raut R, Gurung A, Poudel A, Shrestha N, Sadaula A, Karmacharya D, Gortázar C, Alves PC, de la Fuente J, Queirós J. Phylogenomic analysis supports Mycobacterium tuberculosis transmission between humans and elephants. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1133823. [PMID: 37303725 PMCID: PMC10250650 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1133823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by a group of acid-fast bacilli known as Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC), which has a major impact on humans. Transmission of MTC across the human-animal interface has been demonstrated by several studies. However, the reverse zoonotic transmission from humans to animals (zooanthroponosis) has often been neglected. Methods In this study, we used Nanopore MinION and Illumina MiSeq approaches to sequence the whole genome of M. tuberculosis strains isolated from two deceased Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) and one human in Chitwan, Nepal. The evolutionary relationships and drug resistance capacity of these strains were assessed using the whole genome data generated by the stand-alone tool Tb-Profiler. Phylogenomic trees were also constructed using a non-synonymous SNP alignment of 2,596 bp, including 94 whole genome sequences representative of the previously described M. tuberculosis lineages from elephants worldwide (lineages 1 and 4) and from humans in Nepal (lineages 1, 2 and 3). Results and Discussion The new genomes achieved an average coverage of 99.6%, with an average depth of 55.67x. These M. tuberculosis strains belong to lineage 1 (elephant DG), lineage 2 (elephant PK) and lineage 4 (human), and none of them were found to have drug-resistant variants. The elephant-derived isolates were evolutionarily closely related to human-derived isolates previously described in Nepal, both in lineages 1 and 2, providing additional support for zooanthroponosis or bidirectional transmission between humans and elephants. The human-derived isolate clustered together with other published human isolates from Argentina, Russia and the United Kingdom in the lineage 4 clade. This complex multi-pathogen, multi-host system is challenging and highlights the need for a One Health approach to tuberculosis prevention and control at human-animal interface, particularly in regions where human tuberculosis is highly endemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Man Rajbhandari
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciencias da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado—BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, Campus de Vairão, Universidade do Porto, Vairão, Portugal
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos, IREC (UCLM and CSIC), Ciudad Real, Spain
- Center for Molecular Dynamics Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | | | | | - Roji Raut
- Center for Molecular Dynamics Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | | | - Ajit Poudel
- Center for Molecular Dynamics Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | | | - Amir Sadaula
- National Trust for Nature Conservation, Biodiversity Conservation Center, Chitwan, Nepal
| | - Dibesh Karmacharya
- Center for Molecular Dynamics Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal
- School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Christian Gortázar
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos, IREC (UCLM and CSIC), Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Paulo Célio Alves
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciencias da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado—BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, Campus de Vairão, Universidade do Porto, Vairão, Portugal
- EBM, Estação Biológica de Mértola, Praça Luís de Camões, Mértola, Portugal
| | - José de la Fuente
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos, IREC (UCLM and CSIC), Ciudad Real, Spain
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
| | - João Queirós
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciencias da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado—BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, Campus de Vairão, Universidade do Porto, Vairão, Portugal
- EBM, Estação Biológica de Mértola, Praça Luís de Camões, Mértola, Portugal
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Villar M, Rajbhandari RM, Artigas-Jerónimo S, Contreras M, Sadaula A, Karmacharya D, Alves PC, Gortázar C, de la Fuente J. Differentially Represented Proteins in Response to Infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis Identified by Quantitative Serum Proteomics in Asian Elephants. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11091010. [PMID: 36145440 PMCID: PMC9505326 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11091010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis is a major global concern. Tuberculosis in wildlife is a risk for zoonotic transmission and becoming one of the challenges for conservation globally. In elephants, the number of cases is likely rising. The aim of this study was to identify proteins related to tuberculosis infection in elephants, which could then be used for the development of diagnostic tools and/or vaccines. A serum proteomics approach was used to characterize differentially represented proteins in response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Asian elephants (Elaphas maximus). Blood samples were collected from eight elephants, four of which were antibody positive for tuberculosis and four were antibody negative. Proteomics analysis identified 26 significantly dysregulated proteins in response to tuberculosis. Of these, 10 (38%) were identified as immunoglobulin and 16 (62%) as non-immunoglobulin proteins. The results provided new information on the antibody response to mycobacterial infection and biomarkers associated with tuberculosis and protective response to mycobacteria in Asian elephants. Protective mechanisms included defense against infection (Alpha-1-B glycoprotein A1BG, Serpin family A member 1 SERPINA1, Transthyretin TTR), neuroprotection (TTR), and reduced risks of inflammation, infections, and cancer (SERPINA1, Keratin 10 KRT10). Using a translational biotechnology approach, the results provided information for the identification of candidate diagnostic, prognostic, and protective antigens for monitoring and control of tuberculosis in Asian elephants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Villar
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
- Biochemistry Section, Faculty of Science and Chemical Technologies, and Regional Centre for Biomedical Research (CRIB), University of Castilla-La Mancha, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Rajesh Man Rajbhandari
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
- Center for Molecular Dynamics Nepal (CMDN), Thapathali Road 11, Kathmandu 44600, Nepal
- Dep. de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciencias da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, S/N, Edificio FC4, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado—BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, Campus de Vairão, Universidade do Porto, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
| | - Sara Artigas-Jerónimo
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Marinela Contreras
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Amir Sadaula
- National Trust for Nature Conservation, Biodiversity Conservation Center, Sauraha, Chitwan 44204, Nepal
| | - Dibesh Karmacharya
- Center for Molecular Dynamics Nepal (CMDN), Thapathali Road 11, Kathmandu 44600, Nepal
| | - Paulo Célio Alves
- Dep. de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciencias da Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, S/N, Edificio FC4, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado—BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, Campus de Vairão, Universidade do Porto, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
- Estação Biológica de Mértola EBM, Praça Luís de Camões, Mértola, 7750-329 Mértola, Portugal
| | - Christian Gortázar
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
- Correspondence: (C.G.); or (J.d.l.F.)
| | - José de la Fuente
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
- Correspondence: (C.G.); or (J.d.l.F.)
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Clarke C, Cooper DV, Miller MA, Goosen WJ. Detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex DNA in oronasal swabs from infected African buffaloes (Syncerus caffer). Sci Rep 2022; 12:1834. [PMID: 35115633 PMCID: PMC8813999 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05982-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis), a member of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC), is the causative agent of bovine TB (bTB) in animals. Spread occurs through inhalation or ingestion of bacilli transmitted from infected individuals. Early and accurate detection of infected African buffaloes shedding M. bovis is essential for interrupting transmission. In this pilot study, we determined if MTBC DNA could be detected in M. bovis infected buffalo oronasal secretions using a molecular transport media (PrimeStore MTM) with oronasal swabs and a rapid qPCR assay (Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra). Bovine TB test-positive buffaloes were culled, then tissue samples and oronasal swabs collected post-mortem for mycobacterial culture and Ultra testing, respectively. The Ultra detected MTBC DNA in 5/12 swabs from M. bovis culture-confirmed buffaloes. Oronasal swabs from M. bovis negative buffaloes (n = 20) were negative on Ultra, indicating the high specificity of this test. This study showed that MTM can successfully preserve MTBC DNA in oronasal swabs. The proportion of MTBC positive oronasal swabs was higher than expected and suggests that the Ultra may be an additional method for identifying infected buffaloes. Further studies are needed to confirm the utility of the Ultra assay with oronasal swabs as an assay to evaluate possible MTBC shedding in buffaloes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlene Clarke
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 241, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa
| | - David V Cooper
- Ezemvelo KwaZulu-Natal Wildlife, PO Box 25, Mtubatuba, 3935, South Africa
| | - Michele A Miller
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 241, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa
| | - Wynand J Goosen
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 241, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa.
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Differences between Mycobacterium chimaera and tuberculosis Using Ocular Multimodal Imaging: A Systematic Review. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10214880. [PMID: 34768406 PMCID: PMC8585020 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10214880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to their non-specific diagnostic patterns of ocular infection, differential diagnosis between Mycobacterium (M.) chimaera and tuberculosis can be challenging. In both disorders, ocular manifestation can be the first sign of a systemic infection, and a delayed diagnosis might reduce the response to treatment leading to negative outcomes. Thus, it becomes imperative to distinguish chorioretinal lesions associated with M. chimaera, from lesions due to M. tuberculosis and other infectious disorders. To date, multimodal non-invasive imaging modalities that include ultra-wide field fundus photography, fluorescein and indocyanine green angiography, optical coherence tomography and optical coherence tomography angiography, facilitate in vivo examination of retinal and choroidal tissues, enabling early diagnosis, monitoring treatment response, and relapse detection. This approach is crucial to differentiate between active and inactive ocular disease, and guides clinicians in their decisional-tree during the patients’ follow-up. In this review, we summarized and compared the available literature on multimodal imaging data of M. chimaera infection and tuberculosis, emphasizing similarities and differences in imaging patterns between these two entities and highlighting the relevance of multimodal imaging in the management of the infections.
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Lo CKL, Chen L, Varma S, Wood GCA, Grant J, Wilson EW. Management of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Prosthetic Joint Infection: 2 Cases and Literature Review. Open Forum Infect Dis 2021; 8:ofab451. [PMID: 34631919 PMCID: PMC8496762 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofab451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Prosthetic joint infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TBPJI) is uncommon but can be encountered in immunocompromised patients or those from tuberculosis-endemic regions. A lack of clinical suspicion and experience with TBPJI often leads to a delay in diagnosis. We report 2 cases of TBPJI in a Hungarian-Canadian and Iranian-Canadian immigrant, respectively. Both were treated with concurrent surgical and medical therapy. We also performed a literature review on TBPJI case reports, outlining their diagnosis and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carson K L Lo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lina Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Molecular Diagnostics, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sonal Varma
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gavin C A Wood
- Department of Surgery (Orthopedics), Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jennifer Grant
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Evan W Wilson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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Agyare SA, Osei FA, Odoom SF, Mensah NK, Amanor E, Martyn-Dickens C, Owusu-Ansah M, Mohammed A, Yeboah EO. Treatment Outcomes and Associated Factors in Tuberculosis Patients at Atwima Nwabiagya District, Ashanti Region, Ghana: A Ten-Year Retrospective Study. Tuberc Res Treat 2021; 2021:9952806. [PMID: 34336281 PMCID: PMC8315879 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9952806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tuberculosis poses a great threat to public health around the globe and affects persons mostly in their productive age, notwithstanding; everyone is susceptible to tuberculosis (TB) infection. To assess the effectiveness and performance of the tuberculosis control program activities, the percentage of cases with treatment success outcome is key. To control tuberculosis, interrupting transmission through effective treatment cannot be overemphasized. The study was conducted to determine factors associated with TB treatment outcome, in the Atwima Nwabiagya District from 2007-2017. METHOD A Retrospective review of routine/standard TB registers was carried out in five directly observed therapy short-course (DOTS) centres at the Atwima Nwabiagya District from January 2007 to December 2017. Demographic characteristics, clinical characteristics, and treatment outcomes were assessed. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression was conducted to determine the predictors of successful treatment outcome. RESULTS Of the 891 TB client's data that was assessed in the district, the treatment success rate was 68.46%. Patients, aged ≤ 20 years (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 4.74, 95%CI = 1.75 - 12.83) and 51-60 years (aOR = 1.94, 95%CI = 1.12 - 3.39), having a pretreatment weight of 35-45 kg (aOR = 2.54, 95%CI = 1.32 - 4.87), 46-55 kg (aOR = 2.75, 95%CI = 1.44 - 5.27) and 56-65 kg (aOR = 3.04, 95%CI = 1.50 - 6.14) were associated with treatment success. However, retreatment patients (aOR = 0.31, 95%CI = 0.11 - 0.84) resulted in unsuccessful treatment outcome. CONCLUSION Successful treatment outcome among TB patients was about 20.00% and 30.00% lower compared to the national average treatment success rate and WHO target, respectively. Active monitoring, motivation, and counselling of retreatment patients and patients with advanced age are key to treatment success.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ernest Amanor
- Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | | | | | - Aliyu Mohammed
- Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
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A Talip B, Snelling WJ, Sleator RD, Lowery C, Dooley JSG. A rapid and sensitive system for recovery of nucleic acids from Mycobacteria sp. on archived glass slides. BMC Microbiol 2018; 18:196. [PMID: 30477427 PMCID: PMC6260770 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-018-1335-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The field of diagnostics continues to advance rapidly with a variety of novel approaches, mainly dependent upon high technology platforms. Nonetheless much diagnosis, particularly in developing countries, still relies upon traditional methods such as microscopy. Biological material, particularly nucleic acids, on archived glass slides is a potential source of useful information both for diagnostic and epidemiological purposes. There are significant challenges faced when examining archived samples in order that an adequate amount of amplifiable DNA can be obtained. Herein, we describe a model system to detect low numbers of bacterial cells isolated from glass slides using (laser capture microscopy) LCM coupled with PCR amplification of a suitable target. RESULTS Mycobacterium smegmatis was used as a model organism to provide a proof of principle for a method to recover bacteria from a stained sample on a glass slide using a laser capture system. Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) stained cells were excised and catapulted into tubes. Recovered cells were subjected to DNA extraction and pre-amplified with multiple displacement amplification (MDA). This system allowed a minimum of 30 catapulted cells to be detected following a nested real-time PCR assay, using rpoB specific primers. The combination of MDA and nested real-time PCR resulted in a 30-fold increase in sensitivity for the detection of low numbers of cells isolated using LCM. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights the potential of LCM coupled with MDA as a tool to improve the recovery of amplifiable nucleic acids from archived glass slides. The inclusion of the MDA step was essential to enable downstream amplification. This platform should be broadly applicable to a variety of diagnostic applications and we have used it as a proof of principle with a Mycobacterium sp. model system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balkis A Talip
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Life and Health Sciences, Ulster University, Cromore Road, BT52 1SA, Coleraine, County Londonderry, Northern Ireland.,Faculty of Applied Sciences and Technology, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 84000 Pagoh, Muar, Johor, Malaysia
| | - William J Snelling
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Life and Health Sciences, Ulster University, Cromore Road, BT52 1SA, Coleraine, County Londonderry, Northern Ireland
| | - Roy D Sleator
- Department of Biological Sciences, Cork Institute of Technology, Bishopstown, Cork, Ireland
| | - Colm Lowery
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Life and Health Sciences, Ulster University, Cromore Road, BT52 1SA, Coleraine, County Londonderry, Northern Ireland
| | - James S G Dooley
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Life and Health Sciences, Ulster University, Cromore Road, BT52 1SA, Coleraine, County Londonderry, Northern Ireland.
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Abstract
The review centers on the human gastrointestinal tract; focusing first on the bacterial stress responses needed to overcome the physiochemical defenses of the host, specifically how these stress survival strategies can be used as targets for alternative infection control strategies. The concluding section focuses on recent developments in molecular diagnostics; centring on the shifting paradigm from culture to molecular based diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy D Sleator
- a Department of Biological Sciences ; Cork Institute of Technology ; Bishopstown , Cork , Ireland
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Pedro HDSP, Nardi SMT, Pereira MIF, Oliveira RS, Suffys PN, Gomes HM, Finardi AJ, de Moraes EB, Baptista IMFD, Machado RLD, Castiglioni L. Clinical and epidemiological profiles of individuals with drug-resistant tuberculosis. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2015; 110:235-48. [PMID: 25946248 PMCID: PMC4489455 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760140316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) is a growing global threat. Approximately 450,000 people developed multidrug-resistant TB worldwide in 2012 and an estimated 170,000 people died from the disease. This paper describes the sociodemographic, clinical-epidemiological and bacteriological aspects of TB and correlates these features with the distribution of anti-TB drug resistance. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MT) cultures and drug susceptibility testing were performed according to the BACTEC MGIT 960 method. The results demonstrated that MT strains from individuals who received treatment for TB and people who were infected with human immunodeficiency virus were more resistant to TB drugs compared to other individuals (p < 0.05). Approximately half of the individuals received supervised treatment, but most drug-resistant cases were positive for pulmonary TB and exhibited positive acid-fast bacilli smears, which are complicating factors for TB control programs. Primary healthcare is the ideal level for early disease detection, but tertiary healthcare is the most common entry point for patients into the system. These factors require special attention from healthcare managers and professionals to effectively control and monitor the spread of TB drug-resistant cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heloisa da Silveira Paro Pedro
- Núcleo de Ciências Biomédicas, Centro de Laboratório Regional de São
José do Rio Preto, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brasil
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de
Mesquita Filho, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - Susilene Maria Tonelli Nardi
- Núcleo de Ciências Biomédicas, Centro de Laboratório Regional de São
José do Rio Preto, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - Maria Izabel Ferreira Pereira
- Núcleo de Ciências Biomédicas, Centro de Laboratório Regional de São
José do Rio Preto, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brasil
| | | | - Philip Noel Suffys
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular aplicada a Micobactérias, Fundação
Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Harrison Magdinier Gomes
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular aplicada a Micobactérias, Fundação
Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | | | | | | | - Ricardo Luiz Dantas Machado
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de
Mesquita Filho, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brasil
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Serviço de
Vigilância em Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, Belém, PA, Brasil
| | - Lilian Castiglioni
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de
Mesquita Filho, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brasil
- Departamento de Epidemiologia e Saúde Coletiva, Faculdade de Medicina de
São José do Rio Preto, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brasil
- Departamento de Biologia, Centro Universitário de São José do Rio Preto,
São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brasil
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