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Kim BU, Kim HW, Park EJ, Kim JH, Boon-Yasidhi V, Tarugsa J, Reyes A, Manalo SG, Joung YS. Long-Term Improvement and Safety of Aripiprazole for Irritability and Adaptive Function in Asian Children and Adolescents with Autistic Disorder: A 52-Week, Multinational, Multicenter, Open-Label Study. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2022; 32:390-399. [PMID: 36112116 DOI: 10.1089/cap.2022.0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Evaluate the long-term improvement and safety of aripiprazole in treating irritability in Asian children and adolescents (6-17 years) with autistic disorder. Methods: A 52-week, open-label, flexibly dosed (2-15 mg/day) study on the improvement and safety of aripiprazole in patients with autistic disorder who had completed an antecedent 12-week open-label study. The evaluation of efficacy was conducted using the Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC), Clinical Global Impression (CGI) scale, Child Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (CY-BOCS), Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale (VABS), and the Parenting Stress Index-Short Form (PSI-SF). Safety and tolerability measurements included adverse events, vital signs, electrocardiography, laboratory tests, body weight, and extrapyramidal symptoms (EPSs). Results: During the 52-week treatment, all effectiveness variables, including ABC, CGI, CY-BOCS, VABS, and PSI-SF scores, showed improvement. Regarding safety, the proportion of patients who experienced any treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) was 58.62% (34/58 subjects, 75 cases). The most common TEAE was nasopharyngitis reported in 20.69% (15/58 subjects, 15 cases) and the other TEAE with an incidence of ≥10% was weight increases in 18.97% (11/58 subjects, 11 cases). Of them, 27.59% (16/58 subjects, 28 cases) experienced adverse drug reactions (ADRs). The most common ADR was weight increase reported in 15.52% (9/58 subjects, nine cases). The incidence of serious adverse events (SAEs) was 5.17% (3/58 subjects, three cases), which were epiphysiolysis, seizure, and a suicide attempt, but these were not ADRs. There were no clinically significant changes found in the evaluation of EPSs. Conclusions: Aripiprazole showed improvement for behavioral problems and adaptive functioning and was well tolerated in patients with autistic disorder until nearly a year after drug use. The Clinical Trial Registration number: NCT02069977.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byoung-Uk Kim
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Severance Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyo-Won Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center Children's Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun Jin Park
- Department of Psychiatry, Inje University Ilsan Paik Hospital, Goyang, Korea
| | - Ji-Hoon Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Korea
| | - Vitharon Boon-Yasidhi
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Pediatrics, Mahidol University Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jariya Tarugsa
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Pediatrics, Mahidol University Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Alexis Reyes
- Section of Pediatrics, Child Neuroscience Center, Philippine Children's Medical Center, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Stella G Manalo
- Department of Pediatrics, The Medical City, Pasig City, Philippines.,Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Philippines, Manila, Philippines
| | - Yoo-Sook Joung
- Department of Psychiatry, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, Korea
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Popow C, Ohmann S, Plener P. Practitioner's review: medication for children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and comorbid conditions. NEUROPSYCHIATRIE : KLINIK, DIAGNOSTIK, THERAPIE UND REHABILITATION : ORGAN DER GESELLSCHAFT OSTERREICHISCHER NERVENARZTE UND PSYCHIATER 2021; 35:113-134. [PMID: 34160787 PMCID: PMC8429404 DOI: 10.1007/s40211-021-00395-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Alleviating the multiple problems of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and its comorbid conditions presents major challenges for the affected children, parents, and therapists. Because of a complex psychopathology, structured therapy and parent training are not always sufficient, especially for those patients with intellectual disability (ID) and multiple comorbidities. Moreover, structured therapy is not available for a large number of patients, and pharmacological support is often needed, especially in those children with additional attention deficit/hyperactivity and oppositional defiant, conduct, and sleep disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Popow
- Dept. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18–20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Susanne Ohmann
- Dept. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18–20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Paul Plener
- Dept. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18–20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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Use of Psychotropic Drugs among Children and Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorders in Denmark: A Nationwide Drug Utilization Study. J Clin Med 2018; 7:jcm7100339. [PMID: 30308952 PMCID: PMC6211111 DOI: 10.3390/jcm7100339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have a considerable use of psychotropics. Leveraging nationwide registry data, we aimed to describe the use of psychotropics among children and adolescents with ASD in Denmark. Use of melatonin and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) medication increased from 2010 to 2017, while there were limited changes in use of antidepressants and antipsychotics. Thirty percent of the identified children used psychotropics in 2017 most commonly ADHD medication (17%) and melatonin (13%). Methylphenidate, sertraline and risperidone were most often prescribed. Most children filled more than one prescription and, across drug classes, at least 38% received treatment two years after treatment initiation. Use of psychotropics followed psychiatric comorbidities. Comorbidities did not affect age at treatment initiation. Use of psychotropics varied according to age and sex with limited use in the youngest children. In summary, psychotropic drug use has increased in children with ASD mainly due to an increase in the use of ADHD medication and melatonin. In accordance with previous studies, use seems to follow comorbidities. The long treatment duration underlines the need to investigate long-term effects of psychotropic drug use in children with ASD.
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Howes OD, Rogdaki M, Findon JL, Wichers RH, Charman T, King BH, Loth E, McAlonan GM, McCracken JT, Parr JR, Povey C, Santosh P, Wallace S, Simonoff E, Murphy DG. Autism spectrum disorder: Consensus guidelines on assessment, treatment and research from the British Association for Psychopharmacology. J Psychopharmacol 2018; 32:3-29. [PMID: 29237331 PMCID: PMC5805024 DOI: 10.1177/0269881117741766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
An expert review of the aetiology, assessment, and treatment of autism spectrum disorder, and recommendations for diagnosis, management and service provision was coordinated by the British Association for Psychopharmacology, and evidence graded. The aetiology of autism spectrum disorder involves genetic and environmental contributions, and implicates a number of brain systems, in particular the gamma-aminobutyric acid, serotonergic and glutamatergic systems. The presentation of autism spectrum disorder varies widely and co-occurring health problems (in particular epilepsy, sleep disorders, anxiety, depression, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and irritability) are common. We did not recommend the routine use of any pharmacological treatment for the core symptoms of autism spectrum disorder. In children, melatonin may be useful to treat sleep problems, dopamine blockers for irritability, and methylphenidate, atomoxetine and guanfacine for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. The evidence for use of medication in adults is limited and recommendations are largely based on extrapolations from studies in children and patients without autism spectrum disorder. We discuss the conditions for considering and evaluating a trial of medication treatment, when non-pharmacological interventions should be considered, and make recommendations on service delivery. Finally, we identify key gaps and limitations in the current evidence base and make recommendations for future research and the design of clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver D Howes
- 1 MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, London, UK
- 2 Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Maria Rogdaki
- 1 MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, London, UK
| | - James L Findon
- 3 Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Robert H Wichers
- 3 Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Tony Charman
- 4 Department of Psychology, King's College London, London UK
| | - Bryan H King
- 5 Department of Psychiatry, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, USA
| | - Eva Loth
- 3 Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Gráinne M McAlonan
- 6 The Sackler Centre and Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Science Behavioural and Developmental Psychiatry, Clinical Academic Group, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- 7 NIHR-BRC for Mental Health, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - James T McCracken
- 8 Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Jeremy R Parr
- 9 Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
| | - Carol Povey
- 10 The National Autistic Society, London, UK
| | - Paramala Santosh
- 11 Department of Child Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - Emily Simonoff
- 13 Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Declan G Murphy
- 6 The Sackler Centre and Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Science Behavioural and Developmental Psychiatry, Clinical Academic Group, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- 7 NIHR-BRC for Mental Health, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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Taylor DM, Sparshatt A, Amin F, Osborne I, Dzahini O, Hughes G, Fischetti C. Aripiprazole long-acting injection - a mirror image study of its effects on hospitalisation at one year. J Psychopharmacol 2017; 31:1564-1569. [PMID: 29039241 DOI: 10.1177/0269881117735686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Second generation antipsychotic long-acting injections have a greater cost than older depots. Their cost-effectiveness has yet to be established. We conducted a non-interventional, observational, follow-up of patients prescribed aripiprazole long-acting injection in two centres using a mirror image method. Data were available for 160 patients consecutively prescribed aripiprazole long-acting injection, of whom 30 were not included in the analysis (21 forensic patients, five incomplete data and four lost to follow-up). Of the 130 patients, 66 (51%) remained on aripiprazole long-acting injection at one year. The mean number of bed days in the year following aripiprazole long-acting injection initiation reduced to 22.82/patient (standard deviation [SD]=55.07) from 30.09/patient/year (SD=30.40) over the three years before initiation ( p<0.001). The mean number of admissions fell from 0.71/patient/year (SD=0.55) to 0.45/patient/year (SD=0.93) over the same period ( p<0.001). The median number of bed days in the three years before aripiprazole long-acting injection was 21.67/year; in the year following it was zero. Outcomes were not statistically better in those who remained on aripiprazole long-acting injection at one year compared with those who discontinued. The prescribing of aripiprazole long-acting injection reduces average bed days and admissions compared with prior treatments. The reduction in bed days is of a magnitude that renders aripiprazole long-acting injection broadly cost-neutral.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Taylor
- 1 Pharmacy Department, Maudsley Hospital, Denmark Hill, London, UK.,2 Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College, London, UK
| | - Anna Sparshatt
- 1 Pharmacy Department, Maudsley Hospital, Denmark Hill, London, UK
| | - Fahima Amin
- 1 Pharmacy Department, Maudsley Hospital, Denmark Hill, London, UK
| | - Ian Osborne
- 1 Pharmacy Department, Maudsley Hospital, Denmark Hill, London, UK
| | - Olubanke Dzahini
- 1 Pharmacy Department, Maudsley Hospital, Denmark Hill, London, UK.,2 Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College, London, UK
| | - Gwenllian Hughes
- 3 Hywel Dda University Health Board, Glangwili Hospital, Carmarthen, UK
| | - Catrin Fischetti
- 3 Hywel Dda University Health Board, Glangwili Hospital, Carmarthen, UK
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) include autistic disorder, Asperger's disorder and pervasive developmental disorder - not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS). Antipsychotics have been used as a medication intervention for irritability related to ASD. Aripiprazole, a third-generation, atypical antipsychotic, is a relatively new drug that has a unique mechanism of action different from that of other antipsychotics. This review updates a previous Cochrane review on the safety and efficacy of aripiprazole for individuals with ASD, published in 2011 (Ching 2011). OBJECTIVES To assess the safety and efficacy of aripiprazole as medication treatment for individuals with ASD. SEARCH METHODS In October 2015, we searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) and seven other databases as well as two trial registers. We searched for records published in 1990 or later, as this was the year aripiprazole became available. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of aripiprazole (administered orally and at any dosage) versus placebo for treatment of individuals with a diagnosis of ASD. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently collected, evaluated and analysed data. We performed meta-analysis for primary and secondary outcomes, when possible. We used the GRADE (Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development and Evaluation) approach to rate the overall quality of the evidence. MAIN RESULTS We included three trials in this review. Two were included in the previous published review, and the results of one, placebo-controlled discontinuation study were added to this review. Although we searched for studies across age groups, we found only studies conducted in children and youth. Included trials had low risk of bias across most domains. High risk of bias was seen in only one trial with incomplete outcome data. We judged the overall quality of the evidence for most outcomes to be moderate.Two RCTs with similar methods evaluated use of aripiprazole for a duration of eight weeks in 316 children/adolescents with ASD. Meta-analysis of study results revealed a mean improvement of -6.17 points on the Aberrant Behavior Checklist (ABC) - Irritability subscale (95% confidence intervals (CIs) -9.07 to -3.26, two studies, 308 children/adolescents, moderate-quality evidence), -7.93 points on the ABC - Hyperactivity subscale (95% CI -10.98 to -4.88, two studies, 308 children/adolescents, moderate-quality evidence) and -2.66 points on the ABC - Stereotypy subscale (95% CI -3.55 to -1.77, two studies, 308 children/adolescents, moderate-quality evidence) in children/adolescents taking aripiprazole relative to children/adolescents taking placebo. In terms of side effects, children/adolescents taking aripiprazole had a greater increase in weight, with a mean increase of 1.13 kg relative to placebo (95% CI 0.71 to 1.54, two studies, 308 children/adolescents, moderate-quality evidence), and had a higher risk ratio (RR) for sedation (RR 4.28, 95% CI 1.58 to 11.60, two studies, 313 children/adolescents, moderate-quality evidence) and tremor (RR 10.26, 95% CI 1.37 to 76.63, two studies, 313 children/adolescents, moderate-quality evidence). A randomised, placebo-controlled discontinuation study found that 35% of children/adolescents randomised to continue intervention with aripiprazole relapsed with respect to their symptoms of irritability, compared with 52% of children/adolescents randomised to placebo, for a hazard ratio of 0.57 (95% CI 0.28 to 1.12, 85 children/adolescents, low-quality evidence).All three included trials were supported by Bristol-Myers Squibb (Princeton, NJ) and Otsuka Pharmaceutical Company, Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan), with editorial support provided by Ogilvy Healthworld Medical Education and Bristol-Myers Squibb. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Evidence from two RCTs suggests that aripiprazole can be effective as a short-term medication intervention for some behavioural aspects of ASD in children/adolescents. After a short-term medication intervention with aripiprazole, children/adolescents showed less irritability and hyperactivity and fewer stereotypies (repetitive, purposeless actions). However, notable side effects, such as weight gain, sedation, drooling and tremor, must be considered. One long-term, placebo discontinuation study found that relapse rates did not differ between children/adolescents randomised to continue aripiprazole versus children/adolescents randomised to receive placebo, suggesting that re-evaluation of aripiprazole use after a period of stabilisation in irritability symptoms is warranted. Studies included in this review used criteria from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) (APA 2000) for ASD diagnosis; however, the diagnostic criteria for ASD changed significantly with release of the fifth edition of the DSM (DSM-5) in 2013 (APA 2013).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E Hirsch
- University of CalgaryDepartment of Clinical NeurosciencesMathison Center, 4th Floor TRW building3280 Hospital Drive NWCalgaryABCanadaT2N 4N1
| | - Tamara Pringsheim
- University of CalgaryDepartment of Clinical Neurosciences, Psychiatry, Pediatrics and Community Health SciencesMathison Centre for Mental Health Reseach and Education4th floor, TRW Building, 4D72, 3280 Hospital Drive NWCalgaryABCanadaT2N 4Z6
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Impact of Pharmacogenetic Markers of CYP2D6 and DRD2 on Prolactin Response in Risperidone-Treated Thai Children and Adolescents With Autism Spectrum Disorders. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2016; 36:141-6. [PMID: 26872113 DOI: 10.1097/jcp.0000000000000474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to identify the impact of pharmacogenetic markers associated with prolactin concentration in risperidone-treated children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders. METHODS One hundred forty-seven children and adolescents with autism, aged 3 to 19 years, received risperidone. The clinical data of patients were recorded from medical records. Prolactin levels were measured by chemiluminescence immunoassay. Three CYP2D6 single nucleotide polymorphisms, CYP2D6*4 (1846G>A), *10 (100C>T), and *41 (2988G>A), 1 gene deletion (*5), and DRD2 Taq1A (rs1800497) polymorphism were genotyped by TaqMan real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS The 3 common allelic frequencies were CYP2D6*10 (55.10%), *1 (32.65%), and *5 (6.12%), respectively. Patients were grouped according to their CYP2D6 genotypes. There was no significant correlation between the concentrations of prolactin among the CYP2D6 genotypes. In addition, there were no statistical differences in the prolactin response among the CYP2D6-predicted phenotypes of extensive metabolizer and intermediate metabolizer. The DRD2 genotype frequencies were Taq1A A2A2 (38.77%), A1A2 (41.50%), and A1A1 (19.73%), respectively. There were statistically significant differences in prolactin level of patients among the 3 groups (P = 0.033). The median prolactin level in patients with DRD2 Taq1A A2A2 (17.80 ng/mL) was significantly higher than A1A2 (17.10 ng/mL) and A1A1 (12.70 ng/mL). CONCLUSIONS DRD2 Taq1A A2A2 polymorphisms may play a significant role in the hyperprolactinemia- associated with risperidone treatment in children and adolescent with autism spectrum disorder. Many drugs used chronically in psychiatric diseases exert their effects mainly through the dopamine D2 receptor. It is therefore possible that these drugs could alter the expression of any dopamine receptor, thus affecting the pharmacodynamics characteristics and toxicity of drug substrates during pharmacotherapy.
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Ngamsamut N, Hongkaew Y, Vanwong N, Srisawasdi P, Puangpetch A, Chamkrachangpada B, Tan-Khum T, Limsila P, Sukasem C. 9-Hydroxyrisperidone-Induced Hyperprolactinaemia in Thai Children and Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2016; 119:267-72. [DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nattawat Ngamsamut
- Yuwaprasart Waithayopathum Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Hospital; Department of Mental Health Services; Ministry of Public Health; Samut Prakan Thailand
| | - Yaowaluck Hongkaew
- Division of Pharmacogenomics and Personalized Medicine; Department of Pathology; Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital; Mahidol University; Bangkok Thailand
- Laboratory for Pharmacogenomics; Somdech Phra Debaratana Medical Center (SDMC); Ramathibodi Hospital; Bangkok Thailand
| | - Natchaya Vanwong
- Division of Pharmacogenomics and Personalized Medicine; Department of Pathology; Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital; Mahidol University; Bangkok Thailand
- Laboratory for Pharmacogenomics; Somdech Phra Debaratana Medical Center (SDMC); Ramathibodi Hospital; Bangkok Thailand
| | - Pornpen Srisawasdi
- Division of Clinical Chemistry; Department of Pathology; Faculty of Medicine; Ramathibodi Hospital; Mahidol University; Bangkok Thailand
| | - Apichaya Puangpetch
- Division of Pharmacogenomics and Personalized Medicine; Department of Pathology; Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital; Mahidol University; Bangkok Thailand
- Laboratory for Pharmacogenomics; Somdech Phra Debaratana Medical Center (SDMC); Ramathibodi Hospital; Bangkok Thailand
| | - Bhunnada Chamkrachangpada
- Yuwaprasart Waithayopathum Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Hospital; Department of Mental Health Services; Ministry of Public Health; Samut Prakan Thailand
| | - Theerarat Tan-Khum
- Yuwaprasart Waithayopathum Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Hospital; Department of Mental Health Services; Ministry of Public Health; Samut Prakan Thailand
| | - Penkhae Limsila
- Yuwaprasart Waithayopathum Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Hospital; Department of Mental Health Services; Ministry of Public Health; Samut Prakan Thailand
| | - Chonlaphat Sukasem
- Division of Pharmacogenomics and Personalized Medicine; Department of Pathology; Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital; Mahidol University; Bangkok Thailand
- Laboratory for Pharmacogenomics; Somdech Phra Debaratana Medical Center (SDMC); Ramathibodi Hospital; Bangkok Thailand
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Hongkaew Y, Ngamsamut N, Puangpetch A, Vanwong N, Srisawasdi P, Chamnanphon M, Chamkrachchangpada B, Tan-Kam T, Limsila P, Sukasem C. Hyperprolactinemia in Thai children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder treated with risperidone. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2015; 11:191-6. [PMID: 25653528 PMCID: PMC4309788 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s76276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperprolactinemia is a common adverse effect observed in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) during pharmacotherapy with risperidone. The main aim of this study was to investigate important clinical factors influencing the prolactin response in risperidone-treated Thai ASD. A total of 147 children and adolescents (127 males and 20 females) aged 3-19 years with ASD received risperidone treatment (0.10-6.00 mg/day) for up to 158 weeks. Prolactin levels were measured by chemiluminescence immunoassay. The clinical data of patients collected from medical records - age, weight, height, body mass index, dose of risperidone, duration of treatment, and drug-use pattern - were recorded. Hyperprolactinemia was observed in 66 of 147 (44.90%) subjects. Median prolactin level at the high doses (24.00, interquartile range [IQR] 14.30-29.20) of risperidone was significantly found to be higher than at the recommended (16.20, IQR 10.65-22.30) and low (11.70, IQR 7.51-16.50) doses of risperidone. There was no relationship between prolactin levels and duration of risperidone treatment. Dose-dependence is identified as a main factor associated with hyperprolactinemia in Thai children and adolescents with ASD treated with risperidone. This study suggests that risperidone treatment causes prolactin elevations and the effects of risperidone on prolactin are probably dose-related in pediatric patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaowaluck Hongkaew
- Division of Pharmacogenomics and Personalized Medicine, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Bangkok, Thailand ; Laboratory for Pharmacogenomics, Somdech Phra Debaratana Medical Center (SDMC), Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nattawat Ngamsamut
- Yuwaprasart Waithayopathum Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Hospital, Department of Mental Health Services, Ministry of Public Health, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Apichaya Puangpetch
- Division of Pharmacogenomics and Personalized Medicine, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Bangkok, Thailand ; Laboratory for Pharmacogenomics, Somdech Phra Debaratana Medical Center (SDMC), Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Natchaya Vanwong
- Division of Pharmacogenomics and Personalized Medicine, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Bangkok, Thailand ; Laboratory for Pharmacogenomics, Somdech Phra Debaratana Medical Center (SDMC), Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pornpen Srisawasdi
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Montri Chamnanphon
- Division of Pharmacogenomics and Personalized Medicine, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Bangkok, Thailand ; Laboratory for Pharmacogenomics, Somdech Phra Debaratana Medical Center (SDMC), Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Bhunnada Chamkrachchangpada
- Yuwaprasart Waithayopathum Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Hospital, Department of Mental Health Services, Ministry of Public Health, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Teerarat Tan-Kam
- Yuwaprasart Waithayopathum Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Hospital, Department of Mental Health Services, Ministry of Public Health, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Penkhae Limsila
- Yuwaprasart Waithayopathum Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Hospital, Department of Mental Health Services, Ministry of Public Health, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chonlaphat Sukasem
- Division of Pharmacogenomics and Personalized Medicine, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Bangkok, Thailand ; Laboratory for Pharmacogenomics, Somdech Phra Debaratana Medical Center (SDMC), Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Hosenbocus S, Chahal R. A review of executive function deficits and pharmacological management in children and adolescents. JOURNAL OF THE CANADIAN ACADEMY OF CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHIATRY = JOURNAL DE L'ACADEMIE CANADIENNE DE PSYCHIATRIE DE L'ENFANT ET DE L'ADOLESCENT 2012; 21:223-229. [PMID: 22876270 PMCID: PMC3413474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review both the functions and dysfunction of the executive system (ES) focusing on the extent of executive function (EF) deficits in most psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents and the possibility of such deficits acting as markers for pharmacological management. METHOD A LITERATURE REVIEW WAS CONDUCTED USING MEDLINE, PSYCHINFO, CINAHL, PSYCHARTICLES AND PUBMED WITH THE FOLLOWING KEYWORDS: executive function or dysfunction, pediatric or children or adolescents, psychopharmacology, psychotropic medications, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), depression, obsessive compulsive disorder, anxiety disorders, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorders (ASD), fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD). Due to the limited amount of specific information obtained for some childhood disorders, the search was broadened to include relevant adult literature where information was extrapolated. RESULTS Abundant literature was found on the nature of the ES and the executive dysfunctions in most psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents, but not so much on the use of medication. EF deficits were found to be more consistent in disorders such as ADHD, ASD and FASD than in the other disorders but were not specific enough for use as clinical markers for those disorders. For children with ADHD and ASD there was adequate information on the use of psychotropic medications and impact on some EF domains but information on the impact of medication on EF in the other disorders in children and adolescents was fairly limited. Medications acting on the dopaminergic system also showed positive effects on EF deficits and are commonly used in the treatment of EF disorders such as ADHD, ASD and FASD. CONCLUSION Existing literature indicates that EF deficits underlie most psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents. However, there are so many executive functions linked to so many activities and circuits in the brain that it is hard to quantify them in a particular disorder for use as specific markers for that disorder. The ES uses dopamine as its main neurotransmitter and this has implications for clinical management. Dopamine agonists (e.g. stimulants) and antagonists (e.g. neuroleptics) are medications that have direct impact on the ES and are commonly used to treat EF disorders in children and adolescents while serotonergic medications e.g. selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) have not been very successful in treating such disorders. Identifying EF deficits early could be useful in guiding management including the use of medication in those disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheik Hosenbocus
- Department of Psychiatry, Royal Inland Hospital, Kamloops, British Columbia
| | - Raj Chahal
- Department of Social Work, Royal Inland Hospital, Kamloops, British Columbia
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