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Dreher M, Ehlert T, Simon P, Neuberger EWI. Boost Me: Prevalence and Reasons for the Use of Stimulant Containing Pre Workout Supplements Among Fitness Studio Visitors in Mainz (Germany). Front Psychol 2018; 9:1134. [PMID: 30065677 PMCID: PMC6056667 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapidly increasing interest in fitness related sports over the past few years has been accompanied by a booming industry of nutritional supplements. Many of these substances have unproven benefits and are even potentially harmful to the user. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and reasons for nutritional supplement (NS) use among fitness studio visitors in Mainz (Germany), emphasizing new multi-ingredient based supplements such as pre workout boosters (PWBs). Some of the PWBs contain stimulants such as DMAA, N,α-DEPEA, DMAE and DMBA with so far unknown risks, harms and benefits. Four-Hundred and Ninety Two participants in 13 fitness studios completed a questionnaire on the use of nutritional supplements. Descriptive statistics and chi-square tests were used to examine differences in supplement use regarding training- and intake-reasons. About 57.0% of the participants reported the use of NS during the last 4 weeks. The all-time prevalence of creatine use was 28.7%, whereas 12.2% of the participants stated creatine use during the past 4 weeks. The all-time prevalence of PWB intake was 25.8%, whereas the last month prevalence was 11.8%. Among the group of PWB users, 20.5% stated to search specifically for substances such as DMAA, N,α-DEPEA, DMAE or DMBA. Logistic regression analysis showed positive relations between creatine use and the predictor variables gender, strength training and bodybuilding, as well as the stated exercisers' training reasons to increase physical- and sports-performance, and quality of life. PWB consumption was related to the variables gender, training frequency, and the reason for sports performance enhancement. Specific ingredient focus was related to the predictor variables competition participation and increase of mental performance. The results of the study show a high prevalence of PWB consumption among fitness studios visitors, which is comparable with creatine use. The predicting variables for consumption seem to be slightly different between the supplements, especially if the users are searching for stimulating agents. The current findings help to create preliminary consumption patterns and can help to identify potential endangered fitness studio visitors for prevention and risk communication, especially for PWBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Dreher
- Department of Sports Medicine, Rehabilitation and Disease Prevention, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Tobias Ehlert
- Department of Sports Medicine, Rehabilitation and Disease Prevention, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Perikles Simon
- Department of Sports Medicine, Rehabilitation and Disease Prevention, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Elmo W I Neuberger
- Department of Sports Medicine, Rehabilitation and Disease Prevention, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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Have prohibition policies made the wrong decision? A critical review of studies investigating the effects of DMAA. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2017; 40:26-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2016.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Vaughan RA, White AC, Beam JR, Gannon NP, Garcia-Smith R, Salgado RM, Bisoffi M, Trujillo KA, Conn CA, Mermier CM. Effect of novel dietary supplement on metabolism in vitro and in vivo. J Tradit Complement Med 2017; 7:1-8. [PMID: 28053881 PMCID: PMC5198798 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2015.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is an increasingly prevalent and preventable morbidity with multiple behavioral, surgical and pharmacological interventions currently available. Commercial dietary supplements are often advertised to stimulate metabolism and cause rapid weight and/or fat loss, although few well-controlled studies have demonstrated such effects. We describe a commercially available dietary supplement (purportedly containing caffeine, catechins, and other metabolic stimulators) on resting metabolic rate in humans, and on metabolism, mitochondrial content, and related gene expression in vitro. Human males ingested either a placebo or commercially available supplement (RF) in a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled cross-over fashion. Metabolic rate, respiratory exchange ratio, and blood pressure were measured hourly for 3 h post-ingestion. To investigate molecular effects, human rhabdomyosarcoma cells (RD) and mouse myocytes (C2C12) were treated with various doses of RF for various durations. RF enhanced energy expenditure and systolic blood pressure in human males without altering substrate utilization. In myocytes, RF enhanced metabolism, metabolic gene expression, and mitochondrial content suggesting RF may target common energetic pathways which control mitochondrial biogenesis. RF appears to increase metabolism immediately following ingestion, although it is unclear if RF provides benefits beyond those provided by caffeine alone. Additional research is needed to examine safety and efficacy for human weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger A. Vaughan
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
- Department of Health, Exercise and Sports Science, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
- Department of Individual, Family, and Community Education: Nutrition, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Ailish C. White
- Department of Health, Exercise and Sports Science, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Jason R. Beam
- Department of Health, Exercise and Sports Science, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Nicholas P. Gannon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Randi Garcia-Smith
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Roy M. Salgado
- Department of Health, Exercise and Sports Science, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Marco Bisoffi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
- University of New Mexico Cancer Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
- Biological Sciences, Chapman University, Orange, CA 92866, USA
| | - Kristina A. Trujillo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
- University of New Mexico Cancer Center, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Carole A. Conn
- Department of Individual, Family, and Community Education: Nutrition, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Christine M. Mermier
- Department of Health, Exercise and Sports Science, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
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Zovico PVC, Curty VM, Leal MAS, Meira EF, Dias DV, Rodrigues LCDM, Meyrelles SDS, De Oliveira EM, Vassallo PF, Barauna VG. Effects of controlled doses of Oxyelite Pro on physical performance in rats. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2016; 13:90. [PMID: 27980599 PMCID: PMC5139112 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-016-0152-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND OxyElite Pro (OEP) is a dietary supplement to increase metabolism which contains as key stimulant the ingredient 1,3-dimethylamylamine (DMAA). Serious adverse effects have been reported after OEP consumption however, these effects are related to poisoning or overdose. To our knowledge, no one studied the effects of OEP at controlled doses. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate acute and chronic OEP affects, at controlled doses in Wistar rats, on physical performance, metabolic parameters, liver injury markers and oxidative stress markers and mitochondrial biogenesis in skeletal muscle. METHODS Rats were divided in control, 4.3 mg OEP/kg, 12.9 mg OEP/kg and 25.8 mg OEP/kg. All groups were submitted to supplementation with OEP for 4 weeks and the experimental protocols were performed 30 min after the first OEP administration (acute response) and 30 min after the last OEP administration at the end of the forth week (chronic response). RESULTS Running distance and running time increased after acute administration of 12.9 mg OEP/kg (2.6-fold) and 25.8 mg OEP/kg (2.8-fold). Since no effect on the exercise tolerance test was observed at the lower OEP dose (4.3 mg OEP/kg), this group was removed from further analyzes. On other hand, running distance and running time decreased after daily supplementation for 4 weeks also in both groups (64% in 12.9 mg OEP/kg and 72% in 25.8 mg OEP/kg). Chronic supplementation at both 12.9 and 25.8 mg OEP/kg decreased TBARS levels in soleus muscle (36 and 31%) and liver (43 and 25%). AOPP was also decreased by both doses in the liver (39 and 45%). Chronic administration of the highest dose, 25.8 mg OEP/kg, was able to reduce mRNA expression of PGC-1α in soleus muscle (25%). No effect was found in other analyses such as spontaneous physical activity, body weight, food and water intake, hepatic toxicity, cardiac oxidative stress and mitochondrial DNA amount. CONCLUSION Maximum and not recommended doses of OEP ingested acutely presented stimulating effect on the ability to exercise. However, its daily consumption for 4 weeks showed antioxidant effects in soleus muscle and liver which may have decreased the PGC-1α mRNA expression on soleus muscle and contributed to the impaired performance in the exercise tolerance test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Vinicios Camuzi Zovico
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Espírito Santo, Av. Marechal Campos, 1468 - Maruípe, Vitória, 29043-900 Brazil
| | - Victor Magalhães Curty
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Espírito Santo, Av. Marechal Campos, 1468 - Maruípe, Vitória, 29043-900 Brazil
| | - Marcos André Soares Leal
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Espírito Santo, Av. Marechal Campos, 1468 - Maruípe, Vitória, 29043-900 Brazil
| | - Eduardo Frizzera Meira
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Espírito Santo, Av. Marechal Campos, 1468 - Maruípe, Vitória, 29043-900 Brazil
| | | | - Lívia Carla de Melo Rodrigues
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Espírito Santo, Av. Marechal Campos, 1468 - Maruípe, Vitória, 29043-900 Brazil
| | - Silvana Dos Santos Meyrelles
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Espírito Santo, Av. Marechal Campos, 1468 - Maruípe, Vitória, 29043-900 Brazil
| | | | - Paula Frizera Vassallo
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Espírito Santo, Av. Marechal Campos, 1468 - Maruípe, Vitória, 29043-900 Brazil
| | - Valério Garrone Barauna
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Espírito Santo, Av. Marechal Campos, 1468 - Maruípe, Vitória, 29043-900 Brazil
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Vogel RM, Joy JM, Falcone PH, Mosman MM, Kim MP, Moon JR. Safety of a dose-escalated pre-workout supplement in recreationally active females. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2015; 12:12. [PMID: 25762869 PMCID: PMC4355142 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-015-0074-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pre-workout supplements (PWS) have increased in popularity among athletic populations for their purported ergogenic benefits. Most PWS contain a "proprietary blend" of several ingredients, such as caffeine, beta-alanine, and nitrate in undisclosed dosages. Currently, little research exists on the safety and potential side effects of chronic consumption of PWS, and even less so involving female populations. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to examine the safety of consuming a dose-escalated PWS over a 28-day period among active adult females. METHODS 34 recreationally active, adult females (27.1 ± 5.4 years, 165.2 ± 5.7 cm, 68.2 ± 16.0 kg) participated in this study. Participants were randomly assigned to consume either 1 (G1) or 2 (G2) servings of a PWS daily or remain unsupplemented (CRL) for a period of 28 days. All were instructed to maintain their habitual dietary and exercise routines for the duration of the study. Fasting blood samples, as well as resting blood pressure and heart rate, were taken prior to and following the supplementation period. Samples were analyzed for hematological and clinical chemistry panels, including lipids. RESULTS Significant (p < 0.05) group by time interactions were present for absolute monocytes (CRL -0.10 ± 0.10; G1 + 0.03 ± 0.13; G2 + 0.01 ± 0.12×10E3/uL), MCH (CRL -0.13 ± 0.46; G1 + 0.36 ± 0.52; G2 -0.19 ± 0.39 pg), creatinine (CRL 0.00 ± 0.05; G1 -0.06 ± 0.13; G2 -0.14 ± 0.08 mg/dL), eGFR (CRL -0.69 ± 5.97; G1 + 6.10 ± 15.89; G2 + 14.63 ± 7.11 mL/min/1.73), and total cholesterol (CRL -2.44 ± 13.63; G1 + 14.40 ± 27.32; G2 -10.38 ± 15.39 mg/dL). Each of these variables remained within the accepted physiological range. No other variables had significant interactions. CONCLUSION The present study confirms the hypothesis that a PWS containing caffeine, beta-alanine, and nitrate will not cause abnormal changes in hematological markers or resting vital signs among adult females. Although there were statistically significant (p < 0.05) group by time interactions for absolute monocytes, MCH, creatinine, eGFR, and total cholesterol, all of the results remained well within accepted physiological ranges and were not clinically significant. In sum, it appears as though daily supplementation with up to 2 servings of the PWS under investigation, over an interval of 28 days, did not adversely affect markers of clinical safety among active adult females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxanne M Vogel
- MusclePharm Sports Science Institute, MusclePharm Corp., 4721 Ironton St. Building A, Denver, CO 80239 USA ; Metropolitan State University, Denver, CO USA
| | - Jordan M Joy
- MusclePharm Sports Science Institute, MusclePharm Corp., 4721 Ironton St. Building A, Denver, CO 80239 USA
| | - Paul H Falcone
- MusclePharm Sports Science Institute, MusclePharm Corp., 4721 Ironton St. Building A, Denver, CO 80239 USA
| | - Matt M Mosman
- MusclePharm Sports Science Institute, MusclePharm Corp., 4721 Ironton St. Building A, Denver, CO 80239 USA
| | - Michael P Kim
- MusclePharm Sports Science Institute, MusclePharm Corp., 4721 Ironton St. Building A, Denver, CO 80239 USA
| | - Jordan R Moon
- MusclePharm Sports Science Institute, MusclePharm Corp., 4721 Ironton St. Building A, Denver, CO 80239 USA ; Department of Sports Exercise Science, United States Sports Academy, Daphne, AL USA
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Smith TB, Staub BA, Natarajan GM, Lasorda DM, Poornima IG. Acute myocardial infarction associated with dietary supplements containing 1,3-dimethylamylamine and Citrus aurantium. Tex Heart Inst J 2014; 41:70-2. [PMID: 24512406 DOI: 10.14503/thij-12-2870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We describe the case of a previously healthy 22-year-old man who presented with anginal chest pain and was diagnosed with a non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction. For 3 weeks, he had been ingesting the dietary supplements Jack3d® (principal ingredient, 1,3-dimethylamylamine) and Phenorex™ (principal ingredient, Citrus aurantium) daily, before undertaking physical activity. Coronary angiograms revealed a proximal left anterior descending coronary artery thrombus with distal embolization. A combined medical regimen led to resolution of the thrombus. Three months later, the patient was asymptomatic with no evidence of ischemia. The primary ingredients in the sympathomimetic supplements taken by our patient are controversial in the medical community and have been individually associated with adverse cardiac events. There are no safety data on their simultaneous use. We discuss other reports of adverse effects associated with these supplements and recommend that the relevant safety guidelines be revised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Triston B Smith
- Divisions of Cardiology (Drs. Lasorda, Poornima, Smith, and Staub) and Internal Medicine (Dr. Natarajan), Allegheny General Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15212
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Schilling BK, Hammond KG, Bloomer RJ, Presley CS, Yates CR. Physiological and pharmacokinetic effects of oral 1,3-dimethylamylamine administration in men. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2013; 14:52. [PMID: 24090077 PMCID: PMC3852303 DOI: 10.1186/2050-6511-14-52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND 1,3-dimethylamylamine (DMAA) has been a component of dietary supplements and is also used within "party pills," often in conjunction with alcohol and other drugs. Ingestion of higher than recommended doses results in untoward effects including cerebral hemorrhage. To our knowledge, no studies have been conducted to determine both the pharmacokinetic profile and physiologic responses of DMAA. METHODS Eight men reported to the lab in the morning following an overnight fast and received a single 25 mg oral dose of DMAA. Blood samples were collected before and through 24 hours post-DMAA ingestion and analyzed for plasma DMAA concentration using high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Resting heart rate, blood pressure, and body temperature was also measured. RESULTS One subject was excluded from the data analysis due to abnormal DMAA levels. Analysis of the remaining seven participants showed DMAA had an oral clearance of 20.02 ± 5 L∙hr⁻¹, an oral volume of distribution of 236 ± 38 L, and terminal half-life of 8.45 ± 1.9 hr. Lag time, the delay in appearance of DMAA in the circulation following extravascular administration, varied among participants but averaged approximately 8 minutes (0.14 ± 0.13 hr). The peak DMAA concentration for all subjects was observed within 3-5 hours following ingestion and was very similar across subjects, with a mean of ~70 ng∙mL⁻¹. Heart rate, blood pressure, and body temperature were largely unaffected by DMAA treatment. CONCLUSIONS These are the first data to characterize the oral pharmacokinetic profile of DMAA. These findings indicate a consistent pattern of increase across subjects with regards to peak DMAA concentration, with peak values approximately 15-30 times lower than those reported in case studies linking DMAA intake with adverse events. Finally, a single 25 mg dose of DMAA does not meaningfully impact resting heart rate, blood pressure, or body temperature. TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT01765933.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian K Schilling
- Department of Health and Sport Sciences, The University of Memphis, 161 Roane Fieldhouse, 38152 Memphis, TN, USA.
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Rodricks JV, Lumpkin MH, Schilling BK. Pharmacokinetic Data Distinguish Abusive Versus Dietary Supplement Uses of 1,3-Dimethylamylamine. Ann Emerg Med 2013; 61:718-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2012.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Revised: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Vaughan RA, Garcia-Smith R, Barberena MA, Bisoffi M, Trujillo K, Conn CA. Treatment of human muscle cells with popular dietary supplements increase mitochondrial function and metabolic rate. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2012; 9:101. [PMID: 23148693 PMCID: PMC3545995 DOI: 10.1186/1743-7075-9-101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Obesity is a common pathology with increasing incidence, and is associated with increased mortality and healthcare costs. Several treatment options for obesity are currently available ranging from behavioral modifications to pharmaceutical agents. Many popular dietary supplements claim to enhance weight loss by acting as metabolic stimulators, however direct tests of their effect on metabolism have not been performed. Purpose This work identified the effects popular dietary supplements on metabolic rate and mitochondrial biosynthesis in human skeletal muscle cells. Methods Human rhabdomyosarcoma cells were treated with popular dietary supplements at varied doses for 24 hours. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor coactivator 1 alpha (PGC-1α), an important stimulator of mitochondrial biosynthesis, was quantified using quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Mitochondrial content was measured using flow cytometry confirmed with confocal microscopy. Glycolytic metabolism was quantified by measuring extracellular acidification rate (ECAR) and oxidative metabolism was quantified by measuring oxygen consumption rate (OCR). Total relative metabolism was quantified using WST-1 end point assay. Results Treatment of human rhabdomyosarcoma cells with dietary supplements OxyElite Pro (OEP) or Cellucore HD (CHD) induced PGC-1α leading to significantly increased mitochondrial content. Glycolytic and oxidative capacities were also significantly increased following treatment with OEP or CHD. Conclusion This is the first work to identify metabolic adaptations in muscle cells following treatment with popular dietary supplements including enhanced mitochondrial biosynthesis, and glycolytic, oxidative and total metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger A Vaughan
- Department of Health, Exercise and Sports Science, University of New Mexico, University Blvd, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA.
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