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Senderovich H, Wagman H, Zhang D, Vinoraj D, Waicus S. The Effectiveness of Cannabis and Cannabis Derivatives in Treating Lower Back Pain in the Aged Population: A Systematic Review. Gerontology 2021; 68:612-624. [PMID: 34515130 DOI: 10.1159/000518269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Cannabis is increasingly used in the management of pain, though minimal research exists to support its use since approval. Reduction in stigma has led to a growing interest in pharmaceutical cannabinoids as a possible treatment for lower back pain (LBP). The objective of this review was to assess the role and efficacy of cannabis and its derivatives in the management of LBP and compile global data related to the role of cannabis in the management of LBP in an aging population. METHODS A systematic review was conducted using predetermined keywords by 3 independent researchers. Predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied, and 23 articles were selected for further analysis. RESULTS Studies identified both significant and insignificant impacts of cannabis on LBP. Contradicting evidence was noted on the role of cannabis in the management of anxiety and insomnia, 2 common comorbidities with LBP. The existing literature suggests that cannabis may be used in the management of LBP and comorbid symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Further research is needed to consider cannabis as an independent management option. There is a lack of evidence pertaining to the benefits of cannabis in an aged population, and thus, additional research is warranted to support its use in the aged population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Senderovich
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Division of Palliative Care, University of Toronto, Geriatrics, Palliative Care, Pain Medicine, Baycrest, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hayley Wagman
- Wilfred Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dennis Zhang
- Department of Family Medicine, University of British Columbia, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Danusha Vinoraj
- Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sarah Waicus
- School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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2
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Kanda H, Kobayashi K, Yamanaka H, Okubo M, Dai Y, Noguchi K. Localization of prostaglandin E2 synthases and E-prostanoid receptors in the spinal cord in a rat model of neuropathic pain. Brain Res 2020; 1750:147153. [PMID: 33049240 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.147153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is a lipid mediator which plays a role in the generation of inflammatory and neuropathic pain. In the peripheral nervous system, PGE2 sensitizes nociceptive afferent neurons through E-prostanoid (EP) receptors. In the central nervous system, PGE2 modulates pain sensitivity and contributes to the development of neuropathic pain. However, the distribution of PGE2 and EP receptors in the spinal cord remains unclear. In the present study, we examined the expression of PGE2 synthases (microsomal PGE synthase [mPGES]-1, mPGES-2, and cytosolic PGE synthase [cPGES]) and EP receptors (EP1-4) in a rat model of neuropathic pain. We identified that mPGES-1 mRNA was upregulated in spinal endothelial cells after nerve injury and exhibited co-localization with cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). We detected that mPGES-2 mRNA and cPGES mRNA were expressed in spinal neurons and noted that their expression level was not affected by nerve injury. With respect to EP receptors, EP2 mRNA and EP4 mRNA were expressed in spinal neurons in the dorsal horn. EP3 mRNA was expressed in motor neurons, whereas EP1 mRNA was not detected in the spinal cord. Intrathecal injection of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) upregulated mPGES-1 mRNA in blood vessels in the spinal cord. Intrathecal injection of a TNFα-neutralizing antibody partially inhibited the upregulation of mPGES-1 mRNA after nerve injury. These results indicate that PGE2 is synthesized by COX-2/mPGES-1 in spinal endothelial cells after nerve injury. These results suggest that in neuropathic pain condition, endothelial cell-derived PGE2 may act on EP2 and EP4 receptors on spinal neurons and modulate pain sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirosato Kanda
- Department of Pharmacology, Hyogo University of Health Sciences, Kobe, Hyogo 650-8530, Japan; Traditional Medicine Research Center, Chinese Medicine Confucius Institute at Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
| | - Kimiko Kobayashi
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroki Yamanaka
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
| | - Masamichi Okubo
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
| | - Yi Dai
- Department of Pharmacology, Hyogo University of Health Sciences, Kobe, Hyogo 650-8530, Japan; Traditional Medicine Research Center, Chinese Medicine Confucius Institute at Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
| | - Koichi Noguchi
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan.
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3
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Chronic subdural cortical stimulation for phantom limb pain: report of a series of two cases. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2019; 161:925-934. [PMID: 30790089 DOI: 10.1007/s00701-019-03828-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Phantom limb pain is a complex, incompletely understood pain syndrome that is characterized by chronic painful paresthesias in a previous amputated body part. Limited treatment modalities exist that provide meaningful relief, including pharmacological treatments and spinal cord stimulation that are rarely successful for refractory cases. Here, we describe our two-patient cohort with recalcitrant upper extremity phantom limb pain treated with chronic subdural cortical stimulation. The patient with evidence of cortical reorganization and almost 60 years of debilitating phantom limb pain experienced sustained analgesic relief at a follow-up period of 6 months. The second patient became tolerant to the stimulation and his pain returned to baseline at a 1-month follow-up. Our unique case series report adds to the growing body of literature suggesting critical appraisal before widespread implementation of cortical stimulation for phantom limb pain can be considered.
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Saffarpour S, Nasirinezhad F. Functional interaction between N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor and ascorbic acid during neuropathic pain induced by chronic constriction injury of the sciatic nerve. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol 2018; 28:601-608. [PMID: 28902622 DOI: 10.1515/jbcpp-2017-0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuropathic pain is a chronic pain condition, which is resistant to therapy. Ascorbate was released because of the activation of glutaminergic neurons. Due to the important role of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in the pathophysiology of neuropathic pain, this study investigated the analgesic efficacy of ascorbic acid (AA) in neuropathic pain condition and the role of NMDA receptors in this effect. METHODS For this purpose, adult male rats were randomly allocated to experimental groups (n=8 in each group). Neuropathic pain was induced by chronic constriction injury (CCI) of the sciatic nerve. During the second week after CCI, animals received a single injection of 1, 3, 5, or 10 mg/kg of AA intraperitoneally and pain threshold was determined 15 and 60 min later. The antinociceptive effect of chronic administration was also evaluated by intraperitoneal injection (IP) of 3 mg/kg AA for 3 weeks. To determine the role of NMDA receptors, separate groups of animals 30 min after single injection of AA (1 mg/kg) animals received i.p. injection of ketamine (5 mg/kg), MK-801 (0.01 mg/kg), or glutamate (1000 nmol) and were tested 20 min afterwards. Data analyzed by ANOVA and Newman-Keuls tests and p<0.05 were considered as significant. RESULTS IP of 3, 5 and 10 mg/kg increased the pain threshold during the second week after CCI (p<0.05, F=3 in tactile allodynia and p<0.01, F=3.2 in thermal and mechanical hyperalgeisa). Chronic administration of AA also produced antinociceptive effect. Ascorbic acid (1 mg/kg, i.p.) inhibited MK-801 and ketamine-induced antinociception response significantly (p<0.001, F=2). It also prevented the analgesic effect of glutamate administration (p<0.001, F=2). CONCLUSIONS The results indicated that AA produced a dose-dependent antinociceptive effect that seems to mediate through its interaction with NMDA receptors.
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Andreae MH, Carter GM, Shaparin N, Suslov K, Ellis RJ, Ware MA, Abrams DI, Prasad H, Wilsey B, Indyk D, Johnson M, Sacks HS. Inhaled Cannabis for Chronic Neuropathic Pain: A Meta-analysis of Individual Patient Data. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2015; 16:1221-1232. [PMID: 26362106 PMCID: PMC4666747 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2015.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Chronic neuropathic pain, the most frequent condition affecting the peripheral nervous system, remains underdiagnosed and difficult to treat. Inhaled cannabis may alleviate chronic neuropathic pain. Our objective was to synthesize the evidence on the use of inhaled cannabis for chronic neuropathic pain. We performed a systematic review and a meta-analysis of individual patient data. We registered our protocol with PROSPERO CRD42011001182. We searched in Cochrane Central, PubMed, EMBASE, and AMED. We considered all randomized controlled trials investigating chronic painful neuropathy and comparing inhaled cannabis with placebo. We pooled treatment effects following a hierarchical random-effects Bayesian responder model for the population-averaged subject-specific effect. Our evidence synthesis of individual patient data from 178 participants with 405 observed responses in 5 randomized controlled trials following patients for days to weeks provides evidence that inhaled cannabis results in short-term reductions in chronic neuropathic pain for 1 in every 5 to 6 patients treated (number needed to treat = 5.6 with a Bayesian 95% credible interval ranging between 3.4 and 14). Our inferences were insensitive to model assumptions, priors, and parameter choices. We caution that the small number of studies and participants, the short follow-up, shortcomings in allocation concealment, and considerable attrition limit the conclusions that can be drawn from the review. The Bayes factor is 332, corresponding to a posterior probability of effect of 99.7%. PERSPECTIVE This novel Bayesian meta-analysis of individual patient data from 5 randomized trials suggests that inhaled cannabis may provide short-term relief for 1 in 5 to 6 patients with neuropathic pain. Pragmatic trials are needed to evaluate the long-term benefits and risks of this treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H Andreae
- Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York.
| | - George M Carter
- Foundation for Integrative AIDS Research, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Naum Shaparin
- Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Kathryn Suslov
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Ronald J Ellis
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Mark A Ware
- Department of Anesthesia and Family Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Donald I Abrams
- AIDS Program, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Hannah Prasad
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, VA Northern California and University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California
| | - Barth Wilsey
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, VA Northern California and University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California
| | - Debbie Indyk
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | | | - Henry S Sacks
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
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KhorshidAhmad T, Acosta C, Cortes C, Lakowski TM, Gangadaran S, Namaka M. Transcriptional Regulation of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) by Methyl CpG Binding Protein 2 (MeCP2): a Novel Mechanism for Re-Myelination and/or Myelin Repair Involved in the Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis (MS). Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:1092-1107. [PMID: 25579386 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-9074-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic progressive, neurological disease characterized by the targeted immune system-mediated destruction of central nervous system (CNS) myelin. Autoreactive CD4+ T helper cells have a key role in orchestrating MS-induced myelin damage. Once activated, circulating Th1-cells secrete a variety of inflammatory cytokines that foster the breakdown of blood-brain barrier (BBB) eventually infiltrating into the CNS. Inside the CNS, they become reactivated upon exposure to the myelin structural proteins and continue to produce inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) that leads to direct activation of antibodies and macrophages that are involved in the phagocytosis of myelin. Proliferating oligodendrocyte precursors (OPs) migrating to the lesion sites are capable of acute remyelination but unable to completely repair or restore the immune system-mediated myelin damage. This results in various permanent clinical neurological disabilities such as cognitive dysfunction, fatigue, bowel/bladder abnormalities, and neuropathic pain. At present, there is no cure for MS. Recent remyelination and/or myelin repair strategies have focused on the role of the neurotrophin brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its upstream transcriptional repressor methyl CpG binding protein (MeCP2). Research in the field of epigenetic therapeutics involving histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors and lysine acetyl transferase (KAT) inhibitors is being explored to repress the detrimental effects of MeCP2. This review will address the role of MeCP2 and BDNF in remyelination and/or myelin repair and the potential of HDAC and KAT inhibitors as novel therapeutic interventions for MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina KhorshidAhmad
- College of Pharmacy, University of Manitoba, 750 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, R3E 0T5, Manitoba, Canada.,Manitoba Multiple Sclerosis Research Network Organization (MMSRNO), Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Crystal Acosta
- College of Pharmacy, University of Manitoba, 750 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, R3E 0T5, Manitoba, Canada.,Manitoba Multiple Sclerosis Research Network Organization (MMSRNO), Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Claudia Cortes
- College of Pharmacy, University of Manitoba, 750 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, R3E 0T5, Manitoba, Canada.,Manitoba Multiple Sclerosis Research Network Organization (MMSRNO), Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Ted M Lakowski
- College of Pharmacy, University of Manitoba, 750 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, R3E 0T5, Manitoba, Canada.,Manitoba Multiple Sclerosis Research Network Organization (MMSRNO), Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Surendiran Gangadaran
- College of Pharmacy, University of Manitoba, 750 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, R3E 0T5, Manitoba, Canada.,Manitoba Multiple Sclerosis Research Network Organization (MMSRNO), Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Michael Namaka
- College of Pharmacy, University of Manitoba, 750 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, R3E 0T5, Manitoba, Canada. .,Manitoba Multiple Sclerosis Research Network Organization (MMSRNO), Winnipeg, Canada. .,College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada. .,School of Medical Rehabilitation, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.
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7
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Turcotte D, Doupe M, Torabi M, Gomori A, Ethans K, Esfahani F, Galloway K, Namaka M. Nabilone as an Adjunctive to Gabapentin for Multiple Sclerosis-Induced Neuropathic Pain: A Randomized Controlled Trial. PAIN MEDICINE 2015; 16:149-59. [DOI: 10.1111/pme.12569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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8
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Current views on acute to chronic pain transition in post-traumatic patients: risk factors and potential for pre-emptive treatments. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2014; 76:1142-50. [PMID: 24662883 DOI: 10.1097/ta.0000000000000188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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9
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Cobos EJ, Portillo-Salido E. "Bedside-to-Bench" Behavioral Outcomes in Animal Models of Pain: Beyond the Evaluation of Reflexes. Curr Neuropharmacol 2014; 11:560-91. [PMID: 24396334 PMCID: PMC3849784 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x113119990041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Revised: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 05/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the myriad promising new targets and candidate analgesics recently identified in preclinical pain studies, little translation to novel pain medications has been generated. The pain phenotype in humans involves complex behavioral alterations, including changes in daily living activities and psychological disturbances. These behavioral changes are not reflected by the outcome measures traditionally used in rodents for preclinical pain testing, which are based on reflexes evoked by sensory stimuli of different types (mechanical, thermal or chemical). These measures do not evaluate the impact of the pain experience on the global behavior or disability of the animals, and therefore only consider a limited aspect of the pain phenotype. The development of relevant new outcomes indicative of pain to increase the validity of animal models of pain has been increasingly pursued over the past few years. The aim has been to translate “bedside-to-bench” outcomes from the human pain phenotype to rodents, in order to complement traditional pain outcomes by providing a closer and more realistic measure of clinical pain in rodents. This review summarizes and discusses the most important nonstandard outcomes for pain assessment in preclinical studies. The advantages and drawbacks of these techniques are considered, and their potential impact on the validation of potential analgesics is evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique J Cobos
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Avenida de Madrid 11, 18012 Granada
| | - Enrique Portillo-Salido
- Drug Discovery and Preclinical Development, Esteve, Avenida Mare de Déu de Montserrat 221, 08041 Barcelona, Spain
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Cheatle M, Comer D, Wunsch M, Skoufalos A, Reddy Y. Treating pain in addicted patients: recommendations from an expert panel. Popul Health Manag 2013; 17:79-89. [PMID: 24138341 DOI: 10.1089/pop.2013.0041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinicians may face pragmatic, ethical, and legal issues when treating addicted patients. Equal pressures exist for clinicians to always address the health care needs of these patients in addition to their addiction. Although controversial, mainly because of the lack of evidence regarding their long-term efficacy, the use of opioids for the treatment of chronic pain management is widespread. Their use for pain management in the addicted population can present even more challenges, especially when evaluating the likelihood of drug-seeking behavior. As the misuse and abuse of opioids continues to burgeon, clinicians must be particularly vigilant when prescribing chronic opioid therapy. The purpose of this article is to summarize recommendations from a recent meeting of experts convened to recommend how primary care physicians should approach treatment of chronic pain for addicted patients when an addiction specialist is not available for a referral. As there is a significant gap in guidelines and recommendations in this specific area of care, this article serves to create a foundation for expanding chronic pain guidelines in the area of treating the addicted population. This summary is designed to be a practical how-to guide for primary care physicians, discussing risk assessment, patient stratification, and recommended therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Cheatle
- 1 University of Pennsylvania Center for Studies of Addiction , Philadelphia, PA
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11
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Mechanisms of electroacupuncture-induced analgesia on neuropathic pain in animal model. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:436913. [PMID: 23983779 PMCID: PMC3747484 DOI: 10.1155/2013/436913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Revised: 06/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Neuropathic pain remains as one of the most difficult clinical pain syndromes to treat. Electroacupuncture (EA), involving endogenous opioids and neurotransmitters in the central nervous system (CNS), is reported to be clinically efficacious in various fields of pain. Although multiple experimental articles were conducted to assess the effect of EA-induced analgesia, no review has been published to assess the efficacy and clarify the mechanism of EA on neuropathic pain. To this aim, this study was firstly designed to evaluate the EA-induced analgesic effect on neuropathic pain and secondly to guide and help future efforts to advance the neuropathic pain treatment. For this purpose, articles referring to the analgesic effect of acupuncture on neuropathic pain and particularly the work performed in our own laboratory were analyzed. Based on the articles reviewed, the role of spinal opioidergic, adrenergic, serotonergic, cholinergic, and GABAergic receptors in the mechanism of EA-induced analgesia was studied. The results of this research demonstrate that μ and δ opioid receptors, α2-adrenoreceptors, 5-HT1A and 5-HT3 serotonergic receptors, M1 muscarinic receptors, and GABAA and GABAB GABAergic receptors are involved in the mechanisms of EA-induced analgesia on neuropathic pain.
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12
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O'Connell NE, Wand BM, McAuley J, Marston L, Moseley GL. Interventions for treating pain and disability in adults with complex regional pain syndrome. THE COCHRANE DATABASE OF SYSTEMATIC REVIEWS 2013. [PMID: 23633371 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd009416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is currently no strong consensus regarding the optimal management of complex regional pain syndrome although a multitude of interventions have been described and are commonly used. OBJECTIVES To summarise the evidence from Cochrane and non-Cochrane systematic reviews of the effectiveness of any therapeutic intervention used to reduce pain, disability or both in adults with complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS). METHODS We identified Cochrane reviews and non-Cochrane reviews through a systematic search of the following databases: Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects (DARE), Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid EMBASE, CINAHL, LILACS and PEDro. We included non-Cochrane systematic reviews where they contained evidence not covered by identified Cochrane reviews. The methodological quality of reviews was assessed using the AMSTAR tool.We extracted data for the primary outcomes pain, disability and adverse events, and the secondary outcomes of quality of life, emotional well being and participants' ratings of satisfaction or improvement. Only evidence arising from randomised controlled trials was considered. We used the GRADE system to assess the quality of evidence. MAIN RESULTS We included six Cochrane reviews and 13 non-Cochrane systematic reviews. Cochrane reviews demonstrated better methodological quality than non-Cochrane reviews. Trials were typically small and the quality variable.There is moderate quality evidence that intravenous regional blockade with guanethidine is not effective in CRPS and that the procedure appears to be associated with the risk of significant adverse events.There is low quality evidence that bisphosphonates, calcitonin or a daily course of intravenous ketamine may be effective for pain when compared with placebo; graded motor imagery may be effective for pain and function when compared with usual care; and that mirror therapy may be effective for pain in post-stroke CRPS compared with a 'covered mirror' control. This evidence should be interpreted with caution. There is low quality evidence that local anaesthetic sympathetic blockade is not effective. Low quality evidence suggests that physiotherapy or occupational therapy are associated with small positive effects that are unlikely to be clinically important at one year follow up when compared with a social work passive attention control.For a wide range of other interventions, there is either no evidence or very low quality evidence available from which no conclusions should be drawn. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS There is a critical lack of high quality evidence for the effectiveness of most therapies for CRPS. Until further larger trials are undertaken, formulating an evidence-based approach to managing CRPS will remain difficult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil E O'Connell
- Centre for Research in Rehabilitation, School of Health Sciences and Social Care, Brunel University, Uxbridge, UK.
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13
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O'Connell NE, Wand BM, McAuley J, Marston L, Moseley GL. Interventions for treating pain and disability in adults with complex regional pain syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013; 2013:CD009416. [PMID: 23633371 PMCID: PMC6469537 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd009416.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is currently no strong consensus regarding the optimal management of complex regional pain syndrome although a multitude of interventions have been described and are commonly used. OBJECTIVES To summarise the evidence from Cochrane and non-Cochrane systematic reviews of the effectiveness of any therapeutic intervention used to reduce pain, disability or both in adults with complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS). METHODS We identified Cochrane reviews and non-Cochrane reviews through a systematic search of the following databases: Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects (DARE), Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid EMBASE, CINAHL, LILACS and PEDro. We included non-Cochrane systematic reviews where they contained evidence not covered by identified Cochrane reviews. The methodological quality of reviews was assessed using the AMSTAR tool.We extracted data for the primary outcomes pain, disability and adverse events, and the secondary outcomes of quality of life, emotional well being and participants' ratings of satisfaction or improvement. Only evidence arising from randomised controlled trials was considered. We used the GRADE system to assess the quality of evidence. MAIN RESULTS We included six Cochrane reviews and 13 non-Cochrane systematic reviews. Cochrane reviews demonstrated better methodological quality than non-Cochrane reviews. Trials were typically small and the quality variable.There is moderate quality evidence that intravenous regional blockade with guanethidine is not effective in CRPS and that the procedure appears to be associated with the risk of significant adverse events.There is low quality evidence that bisphosphonates, calcitonin or a daily course of intravenous ketamine may be effective for pain when compared with placebo; graded motor imagery may be effective for pain and function when compared with usual care; and that mirror therapy may be effective for pain in post-stroke CRPS compared with a 'covered mirror' control. This evidence should be interpreted with caution. There is low quality evidence that local anaesthetic sympathetic blockade is not effective. Low quality evidence suggests that physiotherapy or occupational therapy are associated with small positive effects that are unlikely to be clinically important at one year follow up when compared with a social work passive attention control.For a wide range of other interventions, there is either no evidence or very low quality evidence available from which no conclusions should be drawn. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS There is a critical lack of high quality evidence for the effectiveness of most therapies for CRPS. Until further larger trials are undertaken, formulating an evidence-based approach to managing CRPS will remain difficult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil E O'Connell
- Centre for Research in Rehabilitation, School of Health Sciences and Social Care, Brunel University, Uxbridge, UK.
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14
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Elevation of Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha in Dorsal Root Ganglia and Spinal Cord is Associated with Neuroimmune Modulation of Pain in an Animal Model of Multiple Sclerosis. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2013; 8:677-90. [DOI: 10.1007/s11481-013-9449-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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15
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Smith EML, Bakitas MA, Homel P, Piehl M, Kingman L, Fadul CE, Bookbinder M. Preliminary assessment of a neuropathic pain treatment and referral algorithm for patients with cancer. J Pain Symptom Manage 2011; 42:822-38. [PMID: 21820851 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2011.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2010] [Revised: 03/03/2011] [Accepted: 03/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The purpose of this case series study was to pilot test an evidence-based neuropathic pain (NP) treatment and referral algorithm for use by oncology nurses when managing cancer-related NP. OBJECTIVES The primary study objective was to assess patient-reported outcomes (pain severity, changes in activities of daily living, and satisfaction) resulting from algorithm use. METHODS Outpatients (n=20) with cancer-related NP scores ≥4 on a 0-10 numeric rating scale participated in the study. NP assessment, treatment, and referral to ancillary providers were guided by an evidence-based NP algorithm that was implemented by oncology nurse practitioners. Based on efficacy evidenced through randomized clinical trials published at the time of study implementation, the following drugs were included in the algorithm: lidocaine patch, gabapentin, oxycodone, tramadol, morphine, methadone, duloxetine, pregabalin, and nortriptyline. Recommendations for starting dose, dose escalation, drug combinations, treatment duration, and contraindications were included for first-tier drugs. Patient-reported outcomes (pain severity, functional capacity, and satisfaction) were assessed monthly over 12 weeks. RESULTS Average NP severity (P=0.001), general activity (P<0.001), mood (P=0.002), walking ability (P=0.01), ability to perform normal work (P=0.002), relationships (P=0.002), sleep (P=0.01), life enjoyment (P<0.001), and patient satisfaction (P=0.003) all improved by 12 weeks. CONCLUSION Evidence from this pilot study suggests that NP evidence-based treatment may result in improved symptoms, function, and patient satisfaction. A randomized controlled trial is needed to further assess algorithm efficacy.
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Nguyen JP, Nizard J, Keravel Y, Lefaucheur JP. Invasive brain stimulation for the treatment of neuropathic pain. Nat Rev Neurol 2011; 7:699-709. [DOI: 10.1038/nrneurol.2011.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Anastassiou E, Iatrou CA, Vlaikidis N, Vafiadou M, Stamatiou G, Plesia E, Lyras L, Vadalouca A. Impact of Pregabalin Treatment on Pain, Pain-Related Sleep Interference and General Well-Being in Patients with Neuropathic Pain. Clin Drug Investig 2011; 31:417-26. [DOI: 10.2165/11589370-000000000-00000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue Peat
- Pain Relief Unit, King’s College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London SE5 9RS
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliot M Frohman
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75235, USA.
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Wick JY. Types of pain: finding a drug regimen that works. THE CONSULTANT PHARMACIST : THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF CONSULTANT PHARMACISTS 2010; 25:344-354. [PMID: 20534405 DOI: 10.4140/tcp.n.2010.344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Pain is an almost universal experience, though the human pain sensory system can sometimes go awry, allowing pain to continue past its useful purpose. Managing pain is an imprecise science-almost an art. Approaching pain by type and learning how patients might communicate each different ache, throb, or twinge can improve treatment planning. Visceral/soft tissue pain, bone pain, neuropathic pain, pleuritic pain, colicky pain, or muscular pain manifest differently and respond to interventions differently. In the long-term care setting, cognitive impairment can be a barrier to assessing pain. For patients who have chronic pain, finding a drug regimen that works usually takes time and trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeannette Y Wick
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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