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Hovhannisyan L, Riether C, Aebersold DM, Medová M, Zimmer Y. CAR T cell-based immunotherapy and radiation therapy: potential, promises and risks. Mol Cancer 2023; 22:82. [PMID: 37173782 PMCID: PMC10176707 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-023-01775-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
CAR T cell-based therapies have revolutionized the treatment of hematological malignancies such as leukemia and lymphoma within the last years. In contrast to the success in hematological cancers, the treatment of solid tumors with CAR T cells is still a major challenge in the field and attempts to overcome these hurdles have not been successful yet. Radiation therapy is used for management of various malignancies for decades and its therapeutic role ranges from local therapy to a priming agent in cancer immunotherapy. Combinations of radiation with immune checkpoint inhibitors have already proven successful in clinical trials. Therefore, a combination of radiation therapy may have the potential to overcome the current limitations of CAR T cell therapy in solid tumor entities. So far, only limited research was conducted in the area of CAR T cells and radiation. In this review we will discuss the potential and risks of such a combination in the treatment of cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lusine Hovhannisyan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Freiburgstrasse 8, Bern, 3008, Switzerland
- Department for Biomedical Research, Radiation Oncology, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 35, Bern, 3008, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, 3010, Switzerland
| | - Carsten Riether
- Department of Medical Oncology, Inselspital, University Hospital and University of Bern, Bern, 3010, Switzerland
| | - Daniel M Aebersold
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Freiburgstrasse 8, Bern, 3008, Switzerland
- Department for Biomedical Research, Radiation Oncology, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 35, Bern, 3008, Switzerland
| | - Michaela Medová
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Freiburgstrasse 8, Bern, 3008, Switzerland
- Department for Biomedical Research, Radiation Oncology, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 35, Bern, 3008, Switzerland
| | - Yitzhak Zimmer
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Freiburgstrasse 8, Bern, 3008, Switzerland.
- Department for Biomedical Research, Radiation Oncology, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 35, Bern, 3008, Switzerland.
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Hritcu OM, Bocaneti Daraban F, Bacusca FD, Pasca AS. Unusual Canine Cutaneous Melanoma Presenting Parietal Bone Metastasis: A Case Report. Vet Sci 2023; 10:vetsci10040282. [PMID: 37104437 PMCID: PMC10141863 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10040282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanocytic tumour anatomic location is considered an important prognostic indicator. The cutaneous forms are generally considered benign and may show various biological behaviours. This work reports a rare case of canine cutaneous melanoma showing parietal bone metastasis. Bone invasion in melanocytic tumours is often described in oral or visceral melanomas, but not in cutaneous forms. The patient (dog, male, mixed breed, 12 years) was initially presented for the surgical removal of a cutaneous tumour located on the skin of the carpal region of the right forelimb. Four months after, the patient returned with enlarged lymph nodes and acute respiratory failure. The patient was euthanized due to a decline in physical condition. The necropsy showed metastases in the affected forelimb, regional lymph node, splanchnic organs, parietal bone and meninges. Histopathological examination of tumour tissue samples revealed a mixture of pigmented and non-pigmented spindle and epithelioid melanocytes, while according to immunohistochemistry, the tumours showed a strong immunopositivity for VEGF and MMP-10, and a moderate positivity for MMP-2 expression. This case shows that cutaneous melanocytic tumours may show an aggressive malignant form with positive immunohistochemical reactions for multiple invasiveness factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozana-Maria Hritcu
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Iasi University of Life Sciences Ion Ionescu de la Brad, Mihail Sadoveanu Alley, No.8, 700489 Iasi, Romania
| | - Florentina Bocaneti Daraban
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Iasi University of Life Sciences Ion Ionescu de la Brad, Mihail Sadoveanu Alley, No.8, 700489 Iasi, Romania
| | - Fabian Dominic Bacusca
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Iasi University of Life Sciences Ion Ionescu de la Brad, Mihail Sadoveanu Alley, No.8, 700489 Iasi, Romania
| | - Aurelian-Sorin Pasca
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Iasi University of Life Sciences Ion Ionescu de la Brad, Mihail Sadoveanu Alley, No.8, 700489 Iasi, Romania
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Photon- and Proton-Mediated Biological Effects: What Has Been Learned? LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 13:life13010030. [PMID: 36675979 PMCID: PMC9866122 DOI: 10.3390/life13010030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The current understanding of the effects of radiation is gradually becoming broader. However, it still remains unclear why some patients respond to radiation with a pronounced positive response, while in some cases the disease progresses. This is the motivation for studying the effects of radiation therapy not only on tumor cells, but also on the tumor microenvironment, as well as studying the systemic effects of radiation. In this framework, we review the biological effects of two types of radiotherapy: photon and proton irradiations. Photon therapy is a commonly used type of radiation therapy due to its wide availability and long-term history, with understandable and predictable outcomes. Proton therapy is an emerging technology, already regarded as the method of choice for many cancers in adults and children, both dosimetrically and biologically. This review, written after the analysis of more than 100 relevant literary sources, describes the local effects of photon and proton therapy and shows the mechanisms of tumor cell damage, interaction with tumor microenvironment cells and effects on angiogenesis. After systematic analysis of the literature, we can conclude that proton therapy has potentially favorable toxicological profiles compared to photon irradiation, explained mainly by physical but also biological properties of protons. Despite the fact that radiobiological effects of protons and photons are generally similar, protons inflict reduced damage to healthy tissues surrounding the tumor and hence promote fewer adverse events, not only local, but also systemic.
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A Comparative View on Molecular Alterations and Potential Therapeutic Strategies for Canine Oral Melanoma. Vet Sci 2021; 8:vetsci8110286. [PMID: 34822659 PMCID: PMC8619620 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8110286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine oral melanoma (COM) is a highly aggressive tumour associated with poor prognosis due to metastasis and resistance to conventional anti-cancer therapies. As with human mucosal melanoma, the mutational landscape is predominated by copy number aberrations and chromosomal structural variants, but differences in study cohorts and/or tumour heterogeneity can lead to discordant results regarding the nature of specific genes affected. This review discusses somatic molecular alterations in COM that result from single nucleotide variations, copy number changes, chromosomal rearrangements, and/or dysregulation of small non-coding RNAs. A cross-species comparison highlights notable recurrent aberrations, and functionally grouping dysregulated proteins reveals unifying biological pathways that may be critical for oncogenesis and metastasis. Finally, potential therapeutic strategies are considered to target these pathways in canine patients, and the benefits of collaboration between science, medical, and veterinary communities are emphasised.
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Feng Z, Li C, Zheng Q, Mao W, Li T, Xing L, Li Q. Heavy-ion beam irradiation inhibits invasion of tongue squamous cell carcinoma Tca8113 cells. Oncol Lett 2019; 18:4092-4099. [PMID: 31516609 PMCID: PMC6733014 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.10761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC) is a common malignant tumor type with aggressive biological characteristics, located in the oral and maxillofacial region. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) have been implicated in the invasion and metastasis of various malignant tumor types, such as lung cancer and gastric carcinoma. High linear energy transfer (LET) particle irradiation has several advantages over conventional X-rays in suppressing the invasion and metastasis of malignant tumors. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of high-LET carbon ions and low-LET X-rays on the expression of VEGF and MMPs, and to identify the associated mechanisms in the Tca8113 TSCC cell line. Tca8113 cells were irradiated with carbon ions or X-rays at doses of 1 and 4 Gy. An immunofluorescence assay indicated that VEGF expression was notably decreased at 24 and 48 h after heavy ion irradiation compared with irradiation with conventional X-rays. The expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 also decreased in a dose-dependent manner following heavy ion irradiation. These findings indicate that compared with low-LET X-ray irradiation, high-LET carbon ions possess higher biological efficacy in inhibiting the invasive ability of Tca8113 cells via reduction of VEGF, MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenghu Feng
- Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases of Gansu Province, School of Stomatology; Key Laboratory of Stomatology of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Stomatology of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, P.R. China
| | - Chunqing Li
- Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases of Gansu Province, School of Stomatology; Key Laboratory of Stomatology of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Stomatology of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, P.R. China
| | - Qian Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases of Gansu Province, School of Stomatology; Key Laboratory of Stomatology of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Stomatology of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, P.R. China
| | - Weigang Mao
- School of Stomatology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
| | - Tao Li
- Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases of Gansu Province, School of Stomatology; Key Laboratory of Stomatology of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Stomatology of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, P.R. China
| | - Long Xing
- Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases of Gansu Province, School of Stomatology; Key Laboratory of Stomatology of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Stomatology of State Ethnic Affairs Commission, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730030, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Li
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P.R. China
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Li Y, Huang X, Jiang J, Hu W, Hu J, Cai J, Rong X, Cheng J, Xu Y, Wu R, Luo J, Tang Y. Clinical Variables for Prediction of the Therapeutic Effects of Bevacizumab Monotherapy in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Patients With Radiation-Induced Brain Necrosis. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2017; 100:621-629. [PMID: 29413276 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2017.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To identify the predictive and prognostic factors for a decrease or recurrence of brain edema in patients who developed radiation-induced brain necrosis (RN) after radiation therapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and who received bevacizumab monotherapy. METHODS AND MATERIALS This was a retrospective study. The charts of 50 patients who were diagnosed with RN after radiation therapy for NPC, treated with bevacizumab, and followed up for 6 months were reviewed. Clinical data of these patients were collected, and their brain edema volume before bevacizumab administration, after bevacizumab administration, at 3-month follow-up, and at 6-month follow-up was evaluated on the basis of brain magnetic resonance imaging findings. The baseline serum vascular endothelial growth factor levels of 15 patients were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. A random forests model was developed for statistical analysis. RESULTS The median percentage of decrease in RN volume shown on T2-weighted fluid-attenuated inversion recovery images at the end of bevacizumab therapy was 72.6% (interquartile range, 34.5% to 89.5%; P < .001). Twelve of these 50 patients (24.0%) did not have an effective response, and 38 patients (76.0%) showed an effective response after bevacizumab administration. Fifteen of the 38 patients showed RN recurrence. According to the random forests model the maximum radiation dose of the temporal lobe (Dmax of the temporal lobe) was a highly ranked predictor for the therapeutic effect of bevacizumab. The duration between radiation therapy and bevacizumab treatment and the duration between radiation therapy and RN diagnosis were highly ranked predictors for RN recurrence after bevacizumab treatment. CONCLUSIONS Prediction models for the therapeutic effect of bevacizumab in RN patients were developed, using the random forests model. Bevacizumab might be more effective in patients with a lower maximum radiation dose to the temporal lobe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Li
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xiaolong Huang
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jingru Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Weihan Hu
- Department of Radiology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jiang Hu
- Department of Radiology, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jinhua Cai
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xiaoming Rong
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jinping Cheng
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yongteng Xu
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Rong Wu
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jinjun Luo
- Departments of Neurology and Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Yamei Tang
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China; Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Gene Regulation and Target Therapy of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.
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Mantovani FB, Morrison JA, Mutsaers AJ. Effects of epidermal growth factor receptor kinase inhibition on radiation response in canine osteosarcoma cells. BMC Vet Res 2016; 12:82. [PMID: 27245053 PMCID: PMC4888507 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-016-0707-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Radiation therapy is a palliative treatment modality for canine osteosarcoma, with transient improvement in analgesia observed in many cases. However there is room for improvement in outcome for these patients. It is possible that the addition of sensitizing agents may increase tumor response to radiation therapy and prolong quality of life. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) expression has been documented in canine osteosarcoma and higher EGFR levels have been correlated to a worse prognosis. However, effects of EGFR inhibition on radiation responsiveness in canine osteosarcoma have not been previously characterized. This study examined the effects of the small molecule EGFR inhibitor erlotinib on canine osteosarcoma radiation responses, target and downstream protein expression in vitro. Additionally, to assess the potential impact of treatment on tumor angiogenesis, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels in conditioned media were measured. RESULTS Erlotinib as a single agent reduced clonogenic survival in two canine osteosarcoma cell lines and enhanced the impact of radiation in one out of three cell lines investigated. In cell viability assays, erlotinib enhanced radiation effects and demonstrated single agent effects. Erlotinib did not alter total levels of EGFR, nor inhibit downstream protein kinase B (PKB/Akt) activation. On the contrary, erlotinib treatment increased phosphorylated Akt in these osteosarcoma cell lines. VEGF levels in conditioned media increased after erlotinib treatment as a single agent and in combination with radiation in two out of three cell lines investigated. However, VEGF levels decreased with erlotinib treatment in the third cell line. CONCLUSIONS Erlotinib treatment promoted modest enhancement of radiation effects in canine osteosarcoma cells, and possessed activity as a single agent in some cell lines, indicating a potential role for EGFR inhibition in the treatment of a subset of osteosarcoma patients. The relative radioresistance of osteosarcoma cells does not appear to be related to EGFR signalling exclusively. Angiogenic responses to radiation and kinase inhibitors are similarly likely to be multifactorial and require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda B Mantovani
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jodi A Morrison
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anthony J Mutsaers
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
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