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Uchechukwu CF, Anyaduba UL, Udekwu CC, Orababa OQ, Kade AE. Desmoglein-2 and COVID-19 complications: insights into its role as a biomarker, pathogenesis and clinical implications. J Gen Virol 2023; 104. [PMID: 37815458 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Desmoglein-2 (DSG2) has emerged as a potential biomarker for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) complications, particularly cardiac and cardiovascular involvement. The expression of DSG2 in lung tissues has been detected at elevated levels, and circulating DSG2 levels correlate with COVID-19 severity. DSG2 may contribute to myocardial injury, cardiac dysfunction and vascular endothelial dysfunction in COVID-19. Monitoring DSG2 levels could aid in risk stratification, early detection and prognostication of COVID-19 complications. However, further research is required to validate DSG2 as a biomarker. Such research will aim to elucidate its precise role in pathogenesis, establishing standardized assays for its measurement and possibly identifying therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chidiebere F Uchechukwu
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
- Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Nigeria
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Mone K, Lasrado N, Sur M, Reddy J. Vaccines against Group B Coxsackieviruses and Their Importance. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11020274. [PMID: 36851152 PMCID: PMC9961666 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11020274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The group B coxsackieviruses (CVBs) exist in six serotypes (CVB1 to CVB6). Disease associations have been reported for most serotypes, and multiple serotypes can cause similar diseases. For example, CVB1, CVB3, and CVB5 are generally implicated in the causation of myocarditis, whereas CVB1 and CVB4 could accelerate the development of type 1 diabetes (T1D). Yet, no vaccines against these viruses are currently available. In this review, we have analyzed the attributes of experimentally tested vaccines and discussed their merits and demerits or limitations, as well as their impact in preventing infections, most importantly myocarditis and T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiruthiga Mone
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Ninaad Lasrado
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Meghna Sur
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Jay Reddy
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(402)-472-8541
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Zhang M, Xu D, Feng C, Guo W, Fei C, Sun H, Yang Z, Ma S. Isolation and characterization of a novel clade of coxsackievirus B2 associated with hand, foot, and mouth disease in Southwest China. J Med Virol 2022; 94:2598-2606. [PMID: 35149996 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Coxsackievirus B2 (CVB2) is an enterovirus B (EV-B) species and can cause aseptic meningitis, myocarditis and hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD). We characterized a novel CVB2 (YN31V3) associated with HFMD in Yunnan, Southwest China in 2019. Although YN31V3 and other Mainland China epidemic strains mainly belonged to genotype C, YN31V3 formed an independent branch. The genome sequence of the strain YN31V3 from this study showed 12.91% nucleotide difference to its closest strain RW41-2/YN/CHN/2012. Recombination analyses showed that the newly isolated YN31V3 was probably a recombinant, which was closely related to CVB2 strains in the genomic P1 region and other EV-B strains in the P2 and P3 regions, respectively. YN31V3 strain had a temperature-sensitive phenotype. Challenge of suckling BALB/c mice with YN31V3 could cause symptoms of disease and severe pathological lesions. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Zhang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118, PR China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research Development on Severe Infectious Disease, Kunming, 650118, PR China
| | - Danhan Xu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118, PR China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research Development on Severe Infectious Disease, Kunming, 650118, PR China
| | - Changzeng Feng
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118, PR China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research Development on Severe Infectious Disease, Kunming, 650118, PR China
| | - Wei Guo
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118, PR China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research Development on Severe Infectious Disease, Kunming, 650118, PR China
| | - Chengrui Fei
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118, PR China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research Development on Severe Infectious Disease, Kunming, 650118, PR China
| | - Hao Sun
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118, PR China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research Development on Severe Infectious Disease, Kunming, 650118, PR China
| | - Zhaoqing Yang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118, PR China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research Development on Severe Infectious Disease, Kunming, 650118, PR China
| | - Shaohui Ma
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118, PR China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research Development on Severe Infectious Disease, Kunming, 650118, PR China
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Stone VM, Hankaniemi MM, Laitinen OH, Sioofy-Khojine AB, Lin A, Diaz Lozano IM, Mazur MA, Marjomäki V, Loré K, Hyöty H, Hytönen VP, Flodström-Tullberg M. A hexavalent Coxsackievirus B vaccine is highly immunogenic and has a strong protective capacity in mice and nonhuman primates. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaaz2433. [PMID: 32494709 PMCID: PMC7202868 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaz2433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Coxsackievirus B (CVB) enteroviruses are common human pathogens known to cause severe diseases including myocarditis, chronic dilated cardiomyopathy, and aseptic meningitis. CVBs are also hypothesized to be a causal factor in type 1 diabetes. Vaccines against CVBs are not currently available, and here we describe the generation and preclinical testing of a novel hexavalent vaccine targeting the six known CVB serotypes. We show that the vaccine has an excellent safety profile in murine models and nonhuman primates and that it induces strong neutralizing antibody responses to the six serotypes in both species without an adjuvant. We also demonstrate that the vaccine provides immunity against acute CVB infections in mice, including CVB infections known to cause virus-induced myocarditis. In addition, it blocks CVB-induced diabetes in a genetically permissive mouse model. Our preclinical proof-of-concept studies demonstrate the successful generation of a promising hexavalent CVB vaccine with high immunogenicity capable of preventing CVB-induced diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. M. Stone
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - M. M. Hankaniemi
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - O. H. Laitinen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | | | - A. Lin
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - I. M. Diaz Lozano
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M. A. Mazur
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - V. Marjomäki
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science/Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - K. Loré
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - H. Hyöty
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
- Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland
| | - V. P. Hytönen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
- Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland
| | - M. Flodström-Tullberg
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
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