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Nie Z, Zhai F, Zhang H, Zheng H, Pei J. The multiple roles of viral 3D pol protein in picornavirus infections. Virulence 2024; 15:2333562. [PMID: 38622757 PMCID: PMC11020597 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2024.2333562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The Picornaviridae are a large group of positive-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses, and most research has focused on the Enterovirus genus, given they present a severe health risk to humans. Other picornaviruses, such as foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) and senecavirus A (SVA), affect agricultural production with high animal mortality to cause huge economic losses. The 3Dpol protein of picornaviruses is widely known to be used for genome replication; however, a growing number of studies have demonstrated its non-polymerase roles, including modulation of host cell biological processes, viral replication complex assembly and localization, autophagy, and innate immune responses. Currently, there is no effective vaccine to control picornavirus diseases widely, and clinical therapeutic strategies have limited efficiency in combating infections. Many efforts have been made to develop different types of drugs to prohibit virus survival; the most important target for drug development is the virus polymerase, a necessary element for virus replication. For picornaviruses, there are also active efforts in targeted 3Dpol drug development. This paper reviews the interaction of 3Dpol proteins with the host and the progress of drug development targeting 3Dpol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Nie
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou, China
| | - Fengge Zhai
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Han Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou, China
| | - Haixue Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jingjing Pei
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou, China
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Lee G, Kim A, Kang HR, Hwang JH, Park JH, Lee MJ, Kim B, Kim SM. Porcine interferon-α linked to the porcine IgG-Fc induces prolonged and broad-spectrum antiviral effects against foot-and-mouth disease virus. Antiviral Res 2024; 223:105836. [PMID: 38360296 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2024.105836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an economically important disease, and the FMD virus (FMDV) can spread rapidly in susceptible animals. FMD is usually controlled through vaccination. However, commercial FMD vaccines are only effective 4-7 days after vaccination. Furthermore, FMDV comprises seven serotypes and various topotypes, and these aspects should be considered when selecting a vaccine. Antiviral agents could provide rapid and broad protection against FMDV. Therefore, this study aimed to develop a fusion protein of consensus porcine interferon-α and Fc portion of porcine antibody IgG (poIFN-α-Fc) using a baculovirus expression system to develop a novel antiviral agent against FMDV. We measured the antiviral effects of the poIFN-α-Fc protein against FMDV and the enhanced duration in vitro and in vivo. The broad-spectrum antiviral effects were tested against seven FMDV serotypes, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), and bovine enterovirus (BEV). Furthermore, the early protective effects and neutralizing antibody levels were tested by co-injecting poIFN-α-Fc and an FMD-inactivated vaccine into mice or pigs. Sustained antiviral effects in pig sera and mice were observed, and pigs injected with a combination of the poIFN-α-Fc and an inactivated FMD vaccine were protected against FMDV in a dose-dependent manner at 2- and 4-days post-vaccination. In addition, combined with the inactivated FMD vaccine, poIFN-α-Fc increased the neutralizing antibody levels in mice. Therefore, poIFN-α-Fc is a potential broad-spectrum antiviral and adjuvant candidate that can be used with inactivated FMD vaccines to protect pigs against FMDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyeongmin Lee
- Center for Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-City, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Aro Kim
- Center for Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-City, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Rin Kang
- Center for Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-City, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hyeon Hwang
- Center for Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-City, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hyeon Park
- Center for Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-City, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Ja Lee
- Center for Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-City, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Byounghan Kim
- Center for Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-City, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Mi Kim
- Center for Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine Research, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeoksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-City, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea.
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Onodera T, Sakudo A, Sugiura K, Haritani M, Furusaki K, Kirisawa R. Antiviral agents and disinfectants for foot‑and‑mouth disease (Review). Biomed Rep 2023; 19:57. [PMID: 37614986 PMCID: PMC10442741 DOI: 10.3892/br.2023.1639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Fluorouracil, 5-azacytidine, 6-azauridine, ribavirin, favipiravir (T-705) and its derivative (T-1105) exhibit anti-foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) effects. In particular, T-1105 exhibits promising results when administered to guinea pigs orally, and pigs in their feed. FMDV is excreted in the early stages of infection in aerosols and oral or nasal droplets from animals. T-1105 along with the FMDV vaccine can be used to combat foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) epidemics. Several studies have shown that sodium hypochlorous solutions are widely used to inactivate viruses, including FMDV. However, these solutions must be stored under cool and dark conditions to maintain their virucidal effects. Interestingly, a study indicated that the virucidal activity of a calcium bicarbonate solution with a mesoscopic structure (CAC-717) did not decrease after storage at room temperature for at least four years outside direct sunlight. Numerous lessons acquired from the 2010 FMD outbreak in Japan are relevant for the control of COVID-19. However, the widespread use of chlorite can cause environmental issues. Chlorite can be combined with nitrogen to produce chloramine or N-nitrosodimethylamine, which plays a role in carcinogenesis. Therefore, risk assessments should be conducted in aquatic environments. Moreover, there is a need to develop nonchlorine disinfectants that can be used during epidemics, including FMD. The approach of 'One Health' should be shared between the public health and veterinary fields to improve the management of viral outbreaks, including those due to FMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Onodera
- Laboratory of Environmental Science for Sustainable Development, Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
- Research Center for Food Safety, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Akikazu Sakudo
- Department of Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Okayama University of Science, Imabari, Ehime 794-8555, Japan
| | - Katsuaki Sugiura
- Laboratory of Environmental Science for Sustainable Development, Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Makoto Haritani
- Laboratory of Environmental Science for Sustainable Development, Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Koichi Furusaki
- Mineral Activation Research Institute, Kumamoto 865-0023, Japan
| | - Rikio Kirisawa
- Laboratory of Environmental Science for Sustainable Development, Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido 069-8501, Japan
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Arshad S, Raza S, Rafique R, Altaf I, Sattar A. Lack of antiviral activity of ivermectin against foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype O in BALB/c mice. Microb Pathog 2023; 182:106245. [PMID: 37422171 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
Ivermectin is an FDA approved drug and showed in vitro antiviral activity against different serotypes of Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV). We here assessed the effect of ivermectin in 12 day old female BALB/c mice infected with 50LD50 FMDV serotype O intraperitoneally. Initially FMDV was adopted on 3-day old BALB/c mice by blind passages. After successful adaptation of virus mice showed hind limb paralysis. Mice were divided in 6 different groups and each group has 6 mice. Ivermectin was given at clinically prescribed dose of 500 μg/kg subcutaneously at different time interval. Ivermectin was given at 0 h post infection (hpi) and 12 hpi. Moreover we compared commercially available ivermectin with purified ivermectin preparation in sterilized DMSO. Viral load was evaluated through RT-qPCR and ELISA in different groups. Results showed that positive control and negative control has CT-value 26.28 and 38 respectively. Treated groups at 0hpi, 12hpi, purified ivermectin and pre-post treatment group has CT values 24.89, 29.44, 27.26 and 26.69 respectively that showed there was no significant reduction in virus load in treated groups as compare to positive control. In histopathology of lung tissue perialveolar capillaries were congested and alveoli were altelactic. Some emphysema was seen in alveoli and mild thickening in the alveolar wall was observed. In the alveolar epithelium mononuclear cells infiltration was seen. There was discoloration haemorrhages and enlargement of heart. Degeneration, fragmentation and loss of sarcoplasm were seen in the cardiac muscle fibers. Above results showed that ivermectin did not lessen lung and heart viral load. This study contributes that ivermectin does not have a significant antiviral effect when used in mice against FMDV serotype O, according to a growing body of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheeza Arshad
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Sohail Raza
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Rehan Rafique
- Foot-and-mouth disease Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Imran Altaf
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Adeel Sattar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
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BacMam Expressing Highly Glycosylated Porcine Interferon Alpha Induces Robust Antiviral and Adjuvant Effects against Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus in Pigs. J Virol 2022; 96:e0052822. [PMID: 35604219 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00528-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an acute contagious disease that affects cloven-hoofed animals and has severe global economic consequences. FMD is most commonly controlled by vaccination. Currently available commercial FMD vaccines contain chemically inactivated whole viruses, which are thought to be slow acting as they are effective only 4 to 7 days following vaccination. Hence, the development of a novel rapid vaccine or alternative measures, such as antiviral agents or the combination of vaccines and antiviral agents for prompt FMD virus (FMDV) outbreak containment, is desirable. Here, we constructed a recombinant baculovirus (BacMam) expressing consensus porcine interferon alpha (IFN-α) that has three additional N-glycosylation sites driven by a cytomegalovirus immediate early (CMV-IE) promoter (Bac-Con3N IFN-α) for protein expression in mammalian cells. Bac-Con3N IFN-α expressing highly glycosylated porcine IFN-α protein increased the duration of antiviral effects. We evaluated the antiviral effects of Bac-Con3N IFN-α in swine cells and mice and observed sustained antiviral effects in pig serum; additionally, Bac-Con3N IFN-α exhibited sustained antiviral effects in vivo as well as adjuvant effects in combination with an inactivated FMD vaccine. Pigs injected with a combination of Bac-Con3N IFN-α and the inactivated FMD vaccine were protected against FMDV at 1, 3, and 7 days postvaccination. Furthermore, we observed that in combination with the inactivated FMD vaccine, Bac-Con3N IFN-α increased neutralizing antibody levels in mice and pigs. Therefore, we suggest that Bac-Con3N IFN-α is a strong potential antiviral and adjuvant candidate for use in combination with inactivated FMD vaccines to protect pigs against FMDV. IMPORTANCE Early inhibition of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus (FMDV) replication in pigs is highly desirable as FMDV transmission and shedding rates are higher in pigs than in cattle. However, commercial FMD vaccines require at least 4 to 7 days postvaccination (dpv) for protection, and animals are vulnerable to heterologous viruses before acquiring high antibody levels after the second vaccination. Therefore, the development of antiviral agents for use in combination with FMD vaccines is essential. We developed a novel antiviral and immunostimulant, Bac-Con3N IFN-α, which is a modified porcine IFN-α-expressing recombinant baculovirus, to improve IFN stability and allow its direct delivery to animals. We present a promising candidate for use in combination with inactivated FMD vaccines as pigs applied to the strategy had early protection against FMDV at 1 to 7 dpv, and their neutralizing antibody levels were higher than those in pigs administered the vaccine only.
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Nikunjkumar P, Tamil Selvan RP, Bhanuprakash V. Ribavirin as a curative and prophylactic agent against foot and mouth disease virus infection in C57BL/6 suckling and adult mice model. Virusdisease 2021; 32:737-747. [PMID: 34901324 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-021-00746-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the availability of control measures for foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), the application of antiviral agents is imperative due to certain limitations in the prevention and control of FMD. This study pertains to systematic in vivo investigation of ribavirin as a prophylactic/curative agent, both in suckling and adult C57BL/6 mice against foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) infection. In the adult mice, antiviral efficacy was assessed based on standard clinical score, body weight, and viral load. Only 13.33 to 33.33% of adult mice exhibited disease-specific symptoms following treatment and infection and vice versa, respectively, indicating the antiviral efficacy of the ribavirin. Further, the distribution of virus in different vital organs following ribavirin treatment and virus infection, and vice versa using SYBR green-based real-time PCR is reported. In the blood sample, the viral RNA was detected as early as two days post-infection and there was a significant reduction in virus titer (1000 to 10,000-folds) in the treatment groups compared to the infection control group. Animals receiving ribavirin had significantly lower organ virus titers at 2, 4, 6, 9, and 14 days post-challenge (dpc) than placebo-treated. In suckling mice, the treatment groups were 100% protected/cured compared to the control group. Thus, our data demonstrate that ribavirin may provide a feasible therapeutic approach to prevent as well as to treat FMDV infection. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13337-021-00746-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patel Nikunjkumar
- FMD Vaccine Quality Control Laboratory, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (ICAR-IVRI), HA Farm (P.O), Hebbal, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560 024 India
| | - Ramasamy Periyasamy Tamil Selvan
- FMD Vaccine Quality Control Laboratory, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (ICAR-IVRI), HA Farm (P.O), Hebbal, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560 024 India
| | - Veerakyathappa Bhanuprakash
- FMD Vaccine Quality Control Laboratory, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (ICAR-IVRI), HA Farm (P.O), Hebbal, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560 024 India
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Guo X, Zhao K, Liu X, Lei B, Zhang W, Li X, Yuan W. Construction and Generation of a Recombinant Senecavirus a Stably Expressing the NanoLuc Luciferase for Quantitative Antiviral Assay. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:745502. [PMID: 34659180 PMCID: PMC8517534 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.745502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Senecavirus A (SVA), also known as Seneca Valley virus, is a recently emerged picornavirus that can cause swine vesicular disease, posing a great threat to the global swine industry. A recombinant reporter virus (rSVA-Nluc) stably expressing the nanoluciferase (Nluc) gene between SVA 2A and 2B was developed to rapidly detect anti-SVA neutralizing antibodies and establish a high-throughput screen for antiviral agents. This recombinant virus displayed similar growth kinetics as the parental virus and remained stable for more than 10 passages in BHK-21 cells. As a proof-of-concept for its utility for rapid antiviral screening, this reporter virus was used to rapidly quantify anti-SVA neutralizing antibodies in 13 swine sera samples and screen for antiviral agents, including interferons ribavirin and interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). Subsequently, interfering RNAs targeting different regions of the SVA genome were screened using the reporter virus. This reporter virus (rSVA-Nluc) represents a useful tool for rapid and quantitative screening and evaluation of antivirals against SVA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoran Guo
- College of Animal Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Kuan Zhao
- College of Animal Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Xiaona Liu
- College of Animal Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Baishi Lei
- College of Animal Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Wuchao Zhang
- College of Animal Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Xiuli Li
- College of Animal Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Wanzhe Yuan
- College of Animal Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China.,Hebei Veterinary Biotechnology Innovation Center, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China.,North China Research Center of Animal Epidemic Pathogen Biology, China Agriculture Ministry, Baoding, China
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Mukherjee S, Mazumder P, Joshi M, Joshi C, Dalvi SV, Kumar M. Biomedical application, drug delivery and metabolic pathway of antiviral nanotherapeutics for combating viral pandemic: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 191:110119. [PMID: 32846177 PMCID: PMC7443328 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a neoteric virus belonging to the beta coronavirus class has created a global health concern, responsible for an outbreak of severe acute respiratory illness, the COVID-19 pandemic. Infected hosts exhibit diverse clinical features, ranging from asymptomatic to severe symptoms in their genital organs, respiratory, digestive, and circulatory systems. Considering the high transmissibility (R0: ≤6.0) compared to Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and SARS-CoV, the quest for the clinical development of suitable antiviral nanotherapeutics (NTPs) is incessant. We are presenting a systematic review of the literature published between 2003 and 2020 to validate the hypothesis that the pharmacokinetics, collateral acute/chronic side effects of nano drugs and spike proteins arrangement of coronaviruses can revolutionize the therapeutic approach to cure COVID-19. Our aim is also to critically assess the slow release kinetics and specific target site chemical synthesis influenced competence of NTPs and nanotoxicity based antiviral actions, which are commonly exploited in the synthesis of modulated nanomedicines. The pathogenesis of novel virulent pathogens at the cellular and molecular levels are also considered, which is of utmost importance to characterize the emerging nano-drug agents as diagnostics or therapeutics or viral entry inhibitors. Such types of approaches trigger the scientists and policymakers in the development of a conceptual framework of nano-biotechnology by linking nanoscience and virology to present a smart molecular diagnosis/treatment for pandemic viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santanu Mukherjee
- Discipline of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, 382355, India
| | - Payal Mazumder
- Centre for the Environment, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India
| | - Madhvi Joshi
- Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre, Department of Science and Technology, Gujarat, 382016, India
| | - Chaitanya Joshi
- Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre, Department of Science and Technology, Gujarat, 382016, India
| | - Sameer V Dalvi
- Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, 382355, India
| | - Manish Kumar
- Discipline of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, 382355, India.
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Replication of Equine arteritis virus is efficiently suppressed by purine and pyrimidine biosynthesis inhibitors. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10100. [PMID: 32572069 PMCID: PMC7308276 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66944-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA viruses are responsible for a large variety of animal infections. Equine Arteritis Virus (EAV) is a positive single-stranded RNA virus member of the family Arteriviridae from the order Nidovirales like the Coronaviridae. EAV causes respiratory and reproductive diseases in equids. Although two vaccines are available, the vaccination coverage of the equine population is largely insufficient to prevent new EAV outbreaks around the world. In this study, we present a high-throughput in vitro assay suitable for testing candidate antiviral molecules on equine dermal cells infected by EAV. Using this assay, we identified three molecules that impair EAV infection in equine cells: the broad-spectrum antiviral and nucleoside analog ribavirin, and two compounds previously described as inhibitors of dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH), the fourth enzyme of the pyrimidine biosynthesis pathway. These molecules effectively suppressed cytopathic effects associated to EAV infection, and strongly inhibited viral replication and production of infectious particles. Since ribavirin is already approved in human and small animal, and that several DHODH inhibitors are in advanced clinical trials, our results open new perspectives for the management of EAV outbreaks.
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Feasibility of Known RNA Polymerase Inhibitors as Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Drugs. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9050320. [PMID: 32357471 PMCID: PMC7281371 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9050320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses (CoVs) are positive-stranded RNA viruses that infect humans and animals. Infection by CoVs such as HCoV-229E, -NL63, -OC43 and -HKU1 leads to the common cold, short lasting rhinitis, cough, sore throat and fever. However, CoVs such as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and the newest SARS-CoV-2 (the causative agent of COVID-19) lead to severe and deadly diseases with mortality rates ranging between ~1 to 35% depending on factors such as age and pre-existing conditions. Despite continuous global health threats to humans, there are no approved vaccines or drugs targeting human CoVs, and the recent outbreak of COVID-19 emphasizes an urgent need for therapeutic interventions. Using computational and bioinformatics tools, here we present the feasibility of reported broad-spectrum RNA polymerase inhibitors as anti- SARS-CoV-2 drugs targeting its main RNA polymerase, suggesting that investigational and approved nucleoside RNA polymerase inhibitors have potential as anti-SARS-CoV-2 drugs. However, we note that it is also possible for SARS-CoV-2 to evolve and acquire drug resistance mutations against these nucleoside inhibitors.
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Liu F, Huang Y, Wang Q, Shan H. Construction of eGFP-Tagged Senecavirus A for Facilitating Virus Neutralization Test and Antiviral Assay. Viruses 2020; 12:v12030283. [PMID: 32150804 PMCID: PMC7150990 DOI: 10.3390/v12030283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Senecavirus A (SVA), also known as Seneca Valley virus, is an emerging virus that causes vesicular disease in pigs. This virus belongs to the genus Senecavirus in the family Picornaviridae. The SVA CH-LX-01-2016 was isolated from Guangdong Province of China in 2016. In this study, a recombinant SVA CH-LX-01-2016 was constructed using reverse genetics, and proven to be able to express efficiently an enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) in vitro. This eGFP-tagged recombinant SVA (rSVA-eGFP) exhibited a high capacity for viral replication. Its fluorescence-tracked characteristics greatly facilitated both virus neutralization test (VNT) and antiviral assay. The rSVA-eGFP-based VNT was used to detect eight porcine serum samples, out of which four were determined to be neutralization titer-positive. Subsequently, two antiviral drugs, ribavirin and apigenin, were assayed for evaluating both effects against the rSVA-eGFP in vitro. The result showed that only the ribavirin exhibited an anti-SVA activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuxiao Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (Y.H.); (Q.W.)
- Qingdao Research Center for Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Qingdao 266109, China
- Correspondence: (F.L.); (H.S.)
| | - Yilan Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (Y.H.); (Q.W.)
| | - Qianqian Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (Y.H.); (Q.W.)
| | - Hu Shan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China; (Y.H.); (Q.W.)
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Development of New Veterinary Pharmaceuticals, Qingdao 266109, China
- Correspondence: (F.L.); (H.S.)
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Nguyen QT, Yang J, Byun JW, Pyo HM, Park MY, Ku BK, Nah J, Ryoo S, Wee SH, Choi KS, Poo H. Development of Monoclonal Antibody Specific to Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Type A for Serodiagnosis. Pathogens 2019; 8:pathogens8040301. [PMID: 31861046 PMCID: PMC6963590 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8040301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious and economically devastating disease affecting cloven-hoofed livestock worldwide. FMD virus (FMDV) type A is one of the most common causes of FMD outbreaks among the seven FMDV serotypes, and its serological diagnosis is therefore important to confirm FMDV type A infection and to determine FMD vaccine efficacy. Here, we generated monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) specific to FMDV type A via hybridoma systems using an inactivated FMDV type A (A22/Iraq/1964) and found 4 monoclones (#29, #106, #108, and #109) with high binding reactivity to FMDV type A among 594 primary clones. In particular, the #106 mAb had a higher binding reactivity to the inactivated FMDV type A than the other mAbs and a commercial mAb. Moreover, the #106 mAb showed no cross-reactivity to inactivated FMDV type South African territories 1, 2, and 3, and low reactivity to inactivated FMDV type O (O1 Manisa). Importantly, the solid-phase competitive ELISA (SPCE) using horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated #106 mAb detected FMDV type A-specific Abs in sera from FMD type A-vaccinated cattle more effectively than a commercial SPCE. These results suggest that the newly developed FMDV type A-specific mAb might be useful for diagnostic approaches for detecting Abs against FMDV type A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quyen Thi Nguyen
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea; (Q.T.N.); (J.Y.)
- Department of Biosystems and Bioengineering, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Jihyun Yang
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea; (Q.T.N.); (J.Y.)
| | - Jae-Won Byun
- Foot-and-Mouth Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gyongsangbuk-do 39660, Korea; (J.-W.B.); (H.M.P.); (M.-Y.P.); (B.K.K.); (J.N.); (S.R.); (S.-H.W.); (K.-S.C.)
| | - Hyun Mi Pyo
- Foot-and-Mouth Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gyongsangbuk-do 39660, Korea; (J.-W.B.); (H.M.P.); (M.-Y.P.); (B.K.K.); (J.N.); (S.R.); (S.-H.W.); (K.-S.C.)
| | - Mi-Young Park
- Foot-and-Mouth Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gyongsangbuk-do 39660, Korea; (J.-W.B.); (H.M.P.); (M.-Y.P.); (B.K.K.); (J.N.); (S.R.); (S.-H.W.); (K.-S.C.)
| | - Bok Kyung Ku
- Foot-and-Mouth Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gyongsangbuk-do 39660, Korea; (J.-W.B.); (H.M.P.); (M.-Y.P.); (B.K.K.); (J.N.); (S.R.); (S.-H.W.); (K.-S.C.)
| | - Jinju Nah
- Foot-and-Mouth Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gyongsangbuk-do 39660, Korea; (J.-W.B.); (H.M.P.); (M.-Y.P.); (B.K.K.); (J.N.); (S.R.); (S.-H.W.); (K.-S.C.)
| | - Soyoon Ryoo
- Foot-and-Mouth Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gyongsangbuk-do 39660, Korea; (J.-W.B.); (H.M.P.); (M.-Y.P.); (B.K.K.); (J.N.); (S.R.); (S.-H.W.); (K.-S.C.)
| | - Sung-Hwan Wee
- Foot-and-Mouth Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gyongsangbuk-do 39660, Korea; (J.-W.B.); (H.M.P.); (M.-Y.P.); (B.K.K.); (J.N.); (S.R.); (S.-H.W.); (K.-S.C.)
| | - Kang-Seuk Choi
- Foot-and-Mouth Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gyongsangbuk-do 39660, Korea; (J.-W.B.); (H.M.P.); (M.-Y.P.); (B.K.K.); (J.N.); (S.R.); (S.-H.W.); (K.-S.C.)
| | - Haryoung Poo
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea; (Q.T.N.); (J.Y.)
- Department of Biosystems and Bioengineering, KRIBB School of Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-42-860-4157
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Mei-Jiao G, Shi-Fang L, Yan-Yan C, Jun-Jun S, Yue-Feng S, Ting-Ting R, Yong-Guang Z, Hui-Yun C. Antiviral effects of selected IMPDH and DHODH inhibitors against foot and mouth disease virus. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 118:109305. [PMID: 31545264 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.109305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is an important pathogen that affects livestock breeding and causes huge economic losses worldwide. Currently, the development of antiviral agents to combat FMDV infection at the early stages is being explored. As viral replication critically depends on the host for nucleoside supply, host enzymes involved in nucleotides biosynthesis may represent potential targets for the development of antiviral agents. In the present study, the effects of IMP dehydrogenase (AVN-944 and mycophenolate mofetil) and dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (teriflunomide) inhibitors were evaluated both in vitro and in vivo. The results revealed that these compounds were effective in suppressing FMDV (O/MY98/BY/2010 and A/GD/MM/2013) infection. With regard to the antiviral mechanism, time-of-addition experiments revealed that these compounds were effective when added at the early stages of viral lifecycle (0-8 h post infection). However, exogenous guanosine/uridine eliminated the antiviral activity of these compounds. Importantly, treatment AVN-944 and teriflunomide significantly improved the survival of mice that were subcutaneously treated with FMDV. Together, the results of the present study indicate the broad-spectrum activities of anti-FMDV agents targeting IMP dehydrogenase or dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, which could be useful in developing strategies to prevent FMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gong Mei-Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, China
| | - Li Shi-Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, China
| | - Chang Yan-Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, China
| | - Shao Jun-Jun
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, China
| | - Sun Yue-Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, China
| | - Ren Ting-Ting
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, China
| | - Zhang Yong-Guang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, China
| | - Chang Hui-Yun
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, OIE/National Foot-and-Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730046, Gansu, China.
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