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Muscatello LV, Frabetti S, Avallone G, Gobbo F, Pasquini A, D'Annunzio G, Pisoni L, Marconato L, Terragni R, De Biase D, Candini O, Sarli G. Morphologic, phenotypic, and genotypic similarities between primary tumors and corresponding 3D cell cultures grown in a repeatable system-preliminary results. BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:263. [PMID: 38071286 PMCID: PMC10709889 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03834-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Three-dimensional (3D) cell cultures are the new frontier for reproducing the tumor micro-environment in vitro. The aims of the study were (1) to establish primary 3D cell cultures from canine spontaneous neoplasms and (2) to demonstrate the morphological, phenotypic and genotypic similarities between the primary canine neoplasms and the corresponding 3D cultures, through the expression of tumor differentiation markers. RESULTS Seven primary tumors were collected, including 4 carcinomas and 3 soft tissue sarcomas. 3D cell cultures reproduced the morphological features of the primary tumors and showed an overlapping immunophenotype of the primary epithelial tumors. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated the growth of stromal cells and macrophages admixed with the neoplastic epithelial component, reproducing the tumor microenvironment. Mesenchymal 3D cultures reproduced the immunophenotype of the primary tumor completely in 2 out of 3 examined cases while a discordant expression was documented for a single marker in one case. No single nucleotide variants or small indel were detected in TP53 or MDM2 genes, both in primary tumors and in 3D cell cultures specimens. In one sample, MDM2 amplicons were preferentially increased in number compared to TP53 ones, indicating amplification of MDM2, detectable both in the primary tumor and in the corresponding cell culture specimen. CONCLUSION Here we demonstrate a good cell morphology, phenotype and genetic profile overlap between primary tumors and the corresponding 3D cultures grown in a repeatable system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Vera Muscatello
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, I-40064, Ozzano dell'Emilia, BO, Italy.
| | | | - Giancarlo Avallone
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, I-40064, Ozzano dell'Emilia, BO, Italy
| | - Francesca Gobbo
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, I-40064, Ozzano dell'Emilia, BO, Italy
| | - Arianna Pasquini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, I-40064, Ozzano dell'Emilia, BO, Italy
| | - Giulia D'Annunzio
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, I-40064, Ozzano dell'Emilia, BO, Italy
- Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Lombardia and Emilia Romagna, I-25124, Brescia, Italy
| | - Luciano Pisoni
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, I-40064, Ozzano dell'Emilia, BO, Italy
| | - Laura Marconato
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, I-40064, Ozzano dell'Emilia, BO, Italy
| | | | - Dario De Biase
- Department of Pharmacy and BiotechnologyUniversity of Bologna, I-40127, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Sarli
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, I-40064, Ozzano dell'Emilia, BO, Italy
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Lim GH, An JH, Park SM, Youn GH, Oh YI, Seo KW, Youn HY. Macrophage induces anti-cancer drug resistance in canine mammary gland tumor spheroid. Sci Rep 2023; 13:10394. [PMID: 37369757 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-37311-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) play an important role in the tumor microenvironment by producing cytokines and growth factors. Furthermore, TAMs play multifunctional roles in tumor progression, immune regulation, metastasis, angiogenesis, and chemoresistance. Hypoxia in the tumor microenvironment induces tumor-supporting transformation of TAMs, which enhances tumor malignancy through developing anti-cancer resistance, for example. In this study, a hybrid spheroid model of canine mammary gland tumor (MGT) cell lines (CIPp and CIPm) and canine macrophages (DH82) was established. The effects of hypoxia induced by the spheroid culture system on the anti-cancer drug resistance of canine MGT cells were investigated. A hybrid spheroid was created using an ultralow-adhesion plate. The interactions between canine MGT cells and DH82 were investigated using a co-culture method. When co-cultured with DH82, cell viability and expression levels of tumor growth factors and multi-drug resistance genes were increased in canine MGT cells under doxorubicin. Additionally, doxorubicin-induced apoptosis and G2/M cell cycle arrest were attenuated in canine MGT cells co-cultured with DH82. In conclusion, the hybrid spheroid model established in this study reflects the hypoxic TME, allowing DH82 to induce anti-cancer drug resistance in canine MGT cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ga-Hyun Lim
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Hyun An
- Department of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Institute of Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Min Park
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ga-Hee Youn
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye-In Oh
- Department of Veterinary Internal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Won Seo
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwa-Young Youn
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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Yamazaki H, Tanaka T, Nishida H, Hatoya S, Akiyoshi H. Hypoxia-targeting therapy for intestinal T-cell lymphoma in dogs: Preclinical study using 3D in vitro models. Vet Comp Oncol 2023; 21:12-19. [PMID: 36054173 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) is activated in response to oxygen deficiency, and is expressed in several cancers under intratumoral hypoxic stress that arises during pathogenic processes. Hypoxic stimulation enhanced the growth potential of canine lymphoma cells by activating the HIF-1α signalling pathway in a previously reported study. The aim of this study was to establish a molecular design strategy for a novel hypoxia-targeting therapy for intestinal T-cell lymphoma (ITL) in dogs. We assessed the relationship between immunohistochemistry-based HIF-1α expression and clinical information, including signalment, tumour area, clinical signs, systemic diseases, treatment protocol, follow-up information, chemotherapy response and overall survivals (OS), using 48 tissue samples from dogs with ITL. We investigated the effects of hypoxic stimulation on the biological behaviour of cell lines from three different types of canine ITL. We assessed the effects of evofosfamide (Evo; hypoxia-activated prodrug) on cell lines cultured under hypoxic conditions. Our data showed that treatment response and overall survival might be significantly decreased in dogs with higher HIF-1α expression than in those with lower HIF-1α expression. Hypoxic culture (1% O2 , 72 h) enhanced the invasiveness of cell lines and decreased their sensitivity to CCNU, resulting in hypoxia-dependent aggressive behaviour. Sensitivity to Evo significantly increased in cell lines cultured under hypoxia compared with those cultured under normoxia, which exhibited hypoxia-dependent apoptosis. Additionally, Evo downregulated HIF-1α expression in cell lines cultured under hypoxia, suggesting that Evo might inhibit cell growth by inactivating HIF-1α-dependent cell signalling. Our results revealed the preclinical antitumor activity of Evo and provide a rationale for treatment strategies for dogs with ITL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Yamazaki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Companion Animal Internal Medicine, Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Hokkaido, Japan.,Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Tanaka
- Veterinary Medical Center, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Nishida
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shingo Hatoya
- Laboratory of Cell Pathobiology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hideo Akiyoshi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
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Duś-Szachniewicz K, Gdesz-Birula K, Rymkiewicz G. Development and Characterization of 3D Hybrid Spheroids for the Investigation of the Crosstalk Between B-Cell Non-Hodgkin Lymphomas and Mesenchymal Stromal Cells. Onco Targets Ther 2022; 15:683-697. [PMID: 35747403 PMCID: PMC9213039 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s363994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas (B-NHLs) are the most common lymphoproliferative malignancy. Despite targeted therapies, the bone marrow involvement remains a challenge in treating aggressive B-NHLs, partly due to the protective interactions of lymphoma cells with mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs). However, data elucidating the relationship between MSCs and B-NHLs are limited and inconclusive due to the lack of reproducible in vitro three-dimensional (3D) models. Here, we developed and described a size-controlled and stable 3D hybrid spheroids of Ri-1 (diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, DLBCL) and RAJI (Burkitt lymphoma, BL) cells with HS-5 fibroblasts to facilitate research on the crosstalk between B-NHL cells and MSCs. Materials and Methods We applied the commercially available agarose hydrogel microwells for a fast, low-cost, and reproducible hybrid lymphoma/stromal spheroids formation. Standard histological automated procedures were used for formalin fixation and paraffin embedding (FFPE) of 3D models to produce good quality slides for histopathology and immunohistochemical staining. Next, we tested the effect of the anti-cancer drugs: doxorubicin (DOX) and ibrutinib (IBR) on mono-cultured and co-cultured B-NHLs with the use of alamarBlue and live/dead cell fluorescence based assays to confirm their relevancy for drug testing studies. Results We optimized the conditions for B-NHLs spheroid formation in both: a cell line-specific and application-specific manner. Lymphoma cells aggregate into stable spheroids when co-cultured with stromal cells, of which internal architecture was driven by self-organization. Furthermore, we revealed that co-culturing of lymphoma cells with stromal cells significantly reduced IBR-induced apoptosis compared to the 3D mono-culture. Conclusion This article provides details for generating 3D B-NHL spheroids for the studies on the lymphoma- stromal cells. This approach makes it suitable to assess in a relevant in vitro model the activity of new therapeutic agents in B-NHLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Duś-Szachniewicz
- Institute of General and Experimental Pathology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Wrocław Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Gdesz-Birula
- Institute of General and Experimental Pathology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Wrocław Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Rymkiewicz
- Flow Cytometry Laboratory, Department of Cancer Pathomorphology, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
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Park JH, Lee JH, An JH, Park CW, Choi YP, Seo SW, Lee HW, Youn HY. Anticancer activity of IRAK-4 inhibitors against canine lymphoid malignancies. Vet Comp Oncol 2022; 20:632-640. [PMID: 35340094 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The interleukin-1 receptor-related kinase 4 (IRAK4), downstream of myd88, plays an essential role in hyperactive TLR signaling seen in some B-cell lymphomas. In particular, efficient IRAK4 inhibitors of activated B-cell subtype of human diffuse large B-Cell lymphoma (DLBCL) are being developed. However, the anticancer effect of IRAK-4 inhibitors in veterinary medicine has not been elucidated. It is therefore explored in this study involving the GL-1 and CL-1 canine lymphoma cell lines in vitro. MyD88 expression was analysed using polymerase chain reaction. GL-1 and CL-1 cells were subjected to concentration- and time-dependent treatment with an IRAK-4 inhibitor and assessed for viability, TLR signalling association, and apoptosis using a cell counting Kit-8 assay, Western blotting, and flow cytometry. The GL-1 and CL-1 cells exhibited enhanced MyD88 expression, however, canine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (cPBMCs) did not. The IRAK-4 inhibitor reduced cell viability in a dose- and time-dependent manner, significantly reduced the phosphorylation of molecules associated with TLR signalling at IC50 such as IRAK1, IRAK4, NF-κB and STAT3, and induced apoptosis in GL-1 and CL-1 cells. The anticancer effect of the IRAK-4 inhibitor on canine lymphoma cells is mediated by apoptosis via downregulation of TLR signalling. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Hyeong Park
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Hwa Lee
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Hyun An
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chong-Woo Park
- Future Medicine Co., Ltd., 54, Changup-ro, Sujung-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Pyo Choi
- Future Medicine Co., Ltd., 54, Changup-ro, Sujung-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Wook Seo
- Future Medicine Co., Ltd., 54, Changup-ro, Sujung-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuk-Woo Lee
- Future Medicine Co., Ltd., 54, Changup-ro, Sujung-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwa-Young Youn
- Laboratory of Veterinary Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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