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Xia P, Liang J, Jin D, Jin Z. Reversine inhibits proliferation, invasion and migration and induces cell apoptosis in gastric cancer cells by downregulating TTK. Exp Ther Med 2021; 22:929. [PMID: 34306198 PMCID: PMC8281506 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Reversine (Rev) has been used for the treatment of a number of cancers. However, there have been no previous reports for the use of Rev for gastric cancer (GC). The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of Rev on cell proliferation, migration, invasion and cell apoptosis in human GC cells and TTK expression. Cell Counting Kit-8 and colony formation were used to assess cell proliferation. Wound healing and Transwell assays were performed to examine cell migration and invasion, respectively. Cell apoptosis was measured using TUNEL staining and western blotting. Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR and western blotting were performed to determine TTK expression in AGS and NCI-N87 GC cells. Rev treatment inhibited the viability of the two GC cells lines in a dose-dependent manner and suppressed their capacities of clone formation, migration and invasion. Rev-treated cells exhibited reduced matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)2/9 expression and increased apoptosis compared with those in control cells. In addition, expression of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 was significantly decreased, whilst the expression levels of the pro-apoptotic factors Bax and cleaved-caspase-3/9 were increased by Rev treatment compared with that in the control group that were not treated with Rev. In addition, TTK protein expression was decreased in cells treated with Rev compared with that in untreated cells. However, overexpression of TTK significantly reversed the aforementioned effects of Rev in GC cells. These results suggest that Rev may inhibit the proliferation, invasion and migration of GC cells whilst inducing cell apoptosis by suppressing TTK expression. Therefore, Rev may confer potential properties as a therapeutic anti-cancer agent. Additionally, TTK may serve as a molecular target for the treatment of gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Xia
- Department of Liver-Gallbladder and Gastric Diseases, Wuhan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei 430061, P.R. China
| | - Jin Liang
- Department of Liver-Gallbladder and Gastric Diseases, Wuhan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei 430061, P.R. China
| | - Di Jin
- Department of Liver-Gallbladder and Gastric Diseases, Wuhan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei 430061, P.R. China
| | - Zhanyong Jin
- Department of Liver-Gallbladder and Gastric Diseases, Wuhan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei 430061, P.R. China
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2
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Khedkar HN, Wang YC, Yadav VK, Srivastava P, Lawal B, Mokgautsi N, Sumitra MR, Wu ATH, Huang HS. In-Silico Evaluation of Genetic Alterations in Ovarian Carcinoma and Therapeutic Efficacy of NSC777201, as a Novel Multi-Target Agent for TTK, NEK2, and CDK1. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115895. [PMID: 34072728 PMCID: PMC8198179 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is often detected at the advanced stages at the time of initial diagnosis. Early-stage diagnosis is difficult due to its asymptomatic nature, where less than 30% of 5-year survival has been noticed. The underlying molecular events associated with the disease’s pathogenesis have yet to be fully elucidated. Thus, the identification of prognostic biomarkers as well as developing novel therapeutic agents for targeting these markers become relevant. Herein, we identified 264 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) common in four ovarian cancer datasets (GSE14407, GSE18520, GSE26712, GSE54388), respectively. We constructed a protein-protein interaction (PPI) interaction network with the overexpressed genes (72 genes) and performed gene enrichment analysis. In the PPI networks, three proteins; TTK Protein Kinase (TTK), NIMA Related Kinase 2 (NEK2), and cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK1) with higher node degrees were further evaluated as therapeutic targets for our novel multi-target small molecule NSC777201. We found that the upregulated DEGs were enriched in KEGG and gene ontologies associated with ovarian cancer progression, female gamete association, otic vesicle development, regulation of chromosome segregation, and therapeutic failure. In addition to the PPI network, ingenuity pathway analysis also implicate TTK, NEK2, and CDK1 in the elevated salvage pyrimidine and pyridoxal pathways in ovarian cancer. The TTK, NEK2, and CDK1 are over-expressed, demonstrating a high frequency of genetic alterations, and are associated with poor prognosis of ovarian cancer cohorts. Interestingly, NSC777201 demonstrated anti-proliferative and cytotoxic activities (GI50 = 1.6 µM~1.82 µM and TGI50 = 3.5 µM~3.63 µM) against the NCI panels of ovarian cancer cell lines and exhibited a robust interaction with stronger affinities for TTK, NEK2, and CDK1, than do the standard drug, paclitaxel. NSC777201 displayed desirable properties of a drug-like candidate and thus could be considered as a novel small molecule for treating ovarian carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harshita Nivrutti Khedkar
- PhD Program for Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (H.N.K.); (B.L.); (N.M.); (M.R.S.)
- Graduate Institute for Cancer Biology & Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chi Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan;
| | - Vijesh Kumar Yadav
- The Program for Translational Medicine, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (V.K.Y.); (P.S.)
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, New Taipei City 23561, Taiwan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Prateeti Srivastava
- The Program for Translational Medicine, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (V.K.Y.); (P.S.)
| | - Bashir Lawal
- PhD Program for Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (H.N.K.); (B.L.); (N.M.); (M.R.S.)
- Graduate Institute for Cancer Biology & Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Ntlotlang Mokgautsi
- PhD Program for Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (H.N.K.); (B.L.); (N.M.); (M.R.S.)
- Graduate Institute for Cancer Biology & Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Maryam Rachmawati Sumitra
- PhD Program for Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (H.N.K.); (B.L.); (N.M.); (M.R.S.)
- Graduate Institute for Cancer Biology & Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Alexander T. H. Wu
- The Program for Translational Medicine, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (V.K.Y.); (P.S.)
- The PhD Program for Translational Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- TMU Research Center of Cancer Translational Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Clinical Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (A.T.H.W.); (H.-S.H.)
| | - Hsu-Shan Huang
- PhD Program for Cancer Molecular Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (H.N.K.); (B.L.); (N.M.); (M.R.S.)
- Graduate Institute for Cancer Biology & Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan
- National Defense Medical Center, School of Pharmacy, Taipei 11490, Taiwan
- PhD Program in Drug Discovery and Development Industry, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (A.T.H.W.); (H.-S.H.)
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3
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Wu G, Xia P, Yan S, Chen D, Xie L, Fan G. Identification of unique long non-coding RNAs as putative biomarkers for chromophobe renal cell carcinoma. Per Med 2020; 18:9-19. [PMID: 33052074 DOI: 10.2217/pme-2020-0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Aim: To investigate whether long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) can be utilized as molecular biomarkers in predicting the occurrence and progression of chromophobe renal cell carcinoma. Methods & results: Genetic and related clinical traits of chromophobe renal cell carcinoma were downloaded from the Cancer Genome Atlas and used to construct modules using weighted gene coexpression network analysis. In total, 44,889 genes were allocated into 21 coexpression modules depending on intergenic correlation. Among them, the green module was the most significant key module identified by module-trait correlation calculations (R2 = 0.43 and p = 4e-04). Gene ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analyses demonstrated that genes in the green module were enriched in many pathways. Coexpression, protein-protein interaction networks, screening for differentially expressed genes, and survival analysis were used to select hub lncRNAs. Five hub lncRNAs (TTK, CENPE, KIF2C, BUB1, and RAD51AP1) were selected out. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that the five lncRNAs may act as potential biomarkers for chromophobe renal cell carcinoma progression and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanlin Wu
- Experimental & Clinical Research Center, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin-Buch, Germany.,Max DelbrückCenter for Molecular Medicine (MDC) in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin-Buch, Germany
| | - Pengfei Xia
- Max DelbrückCenter for Molecular Medicine (MDC) in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin-Buch, Germany
| | - Shixian Yan
- Experimental & Clinical Research Center, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin-Buch, Germany.,Max DelbrückCenter for Molecular Medicine (MDC) in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin-Buch, Germany
| | - Dongming Chen
- Department of Cerebral Surgery, First People's Hospital of Tianmen, Tianmen, PR China
| | - Lei Xie
- Department of Urology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Gang Fan
- Department of Urology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, PR China.,The 6th Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, PR China
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Lu Y, Zhou X, Liu Z, Wang W, Li F, Fu W. Characteristic Analysis of Featured Genes Associated With Stemness Indices in Colorectal Cancer. Front Mol Biosci 2020; 7:563922. [PMID: 33134313 PMCID: PMC7576097 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.563922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) with self-renewal play an important role in tumor initiation and progression and are associated with drug resistance in cancer therapy. Here, we investigated the characteristics of stem cell-related genes in colorectal cancer (CRC) based on datasets from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Oncomine. We found that the stemness indices were significantly overexpressed in CRC tissues and were associated with patient survival. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was performed to determine the modules of stemness and featured genes. Significant modules and 8 genes (BUB1, BUB1B, CHEK1, DNA2, KIF23, MCM10, PLK4, and TTK) were selected according to the inclusion criteria. Expression analyses of transcription and protein levels confirmed internal correlation and their relevance with the tumor. Functional analysis of these genes demonstrated their enrichment in pathways, including checkpoint, chromosomal region and protein serine/threonine kinase activity. These results suggested that the characteristics of the featured genes fit well with CRC pathology and could provide new strategies for individual prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqu Lu
- Department of General Surgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Department of General Surgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenzhen Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wendong Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Li
- Department of General Surgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Fu
- Department of General Surgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
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Comprehensive Analysis of Mouse Cancer/Testis Antigen Functions in Cancer Cells and Roles of TEKT5 in Cancer Cells and Testicular Germ Cells. Mol Cell Biol 2019; 39:MCB.00154-19. [PMID: 31208979 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00154-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The cancer/testis antigen (CTA) genes were identified as human genes preferentially expressed in cancer cells and testis, but the contribution of CTAs to cancer and male germ cell development is unclear. In this study, we comprehensively examined mouse CTA functions and found that the majority of CTAs are involved in growth and/or survival of cancer cells. We focused on one mouse CTA gene, Tekt5, for its detailed functional analysis. Tekt5 knockdown (KD) in ovarian cancer cells caused G1 arrest and apoptosis, and p27kip1 was concomitantly upregulated. Tekt5 KD also resulted in decreased levels of acetylated α-tubulin and subsequent fragmentation of β-III-tubulin, upregulation of HDAC6 that deacetylates α-tubulin, and nuclear accumulation of SMAD3 that induces p27kip1 expression. Because depolymerization of tubulin is known to cause translocation of SMAD3 to the nucleus, these results together suggested that TEKT5 negatively regulates Hdac6 expression and consequently maintains cell cycle via stabilization of tubulin. We also found that the number of spermatids was significantly decreased and acetylated α-tubulin levels were decreased in vivo by KD of Tekt5 in testis. Because acetylated α-tubulin is required for sperm morphogenesis, these results suggest that TEKT5 is necessary for spermiogenesis via maintenance of acetylated α-tubulin levels.
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6
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Menyhárt O, Pongor LS, Győrffy B. Mutations Defining Patient Cohorts With Elevated PD-L1 Expression in Gastric Cancer. Front Pharmacol 2019; 9:1522. [PMID: 30670970 PMCID: PMC6331584 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The immunotherapy agent pembrolizumab has been approved for gastric cancer (GC) patients with recurrent or advanced disease who are PD-L1 positive. Mutations in the primary lesion may drive the expression of immune targets thereby priming the tumor to therapeutic sensitivity. In this study, we aimed to uncover mutations associated with elevated PD-L1 expression in GC patients. Data from 410 GC patients were available, including the mutational spectrum of 39,916 genes and expression values of 20,500 genes. PD-L1 gene expression was compared to the mutational status of each gene separately by using a Mann-Whitney U-test and a Receiver Operating Characteristic test. Only mutations with a prevalence over 5% were considered. Significance was accepted in cases of p < 1E-05 and a fold change over 1.44. Mutations in 209 genes were associated with increased PD-L1 expression. These mutations were enriched in genes related to microtubule-based movement (p = 3.4E-4), cell adhesion (p = 4.9E-4), response to DNA-damage (p = 6.9E-4), and double-strand break-repair (p = 1.6E-3). Mutations in TTK (p = 8.8E-10, AUC = 0.77), COL7A1 (p = 2.0E-9, AUC = 0.74), KIF15 (p = 2.5E-9, AUC = 0.75), and BDP1 (p = 3.3E-9, AUC = 0.74) had the strongest link to elevated PD-L1 expression. Finally, we established a decision tree based on mutations in PIK3CA, MEF2C, SLC11A1, and KIF15 capable to separate patient sub-cohorts with elevated PD-L1 expression. In summary, we identified mutations associated with elevated PD-L1 expression that facilitate the development of better prognostic biomarkers for GC, and might offer insight into the underlying tumor biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otília Menyhárt
- 2nd Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,MTA TTK Lendület Cancer Biomarker Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Lőrinc Sándor Pongor
- 2nd Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,MTA TTK Lendület Cancer Biomarker Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Balázs Győrffy
- 2nd Department of Pediatrics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,MTA TTK Lendület Cancer Biomarker Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
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7
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TTK promotes mesenchymal signaling via multiple mechanisms in triple negative breast cancer. Oncogenesis 2018; 7:69. [PMID: 30206215 PMCID: PMC6133923 DOI: 10.1038/s41389-018-0077-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Abnormal expression of TTK kinase has been associated with the initiation, progression, and therapeutic resistance of breast and other cancers, but its roles remain to be clarified. In this study, we examined the role of TTK in triple negative breast cancer (TNBC), and found that higher TTK expression correlated with mesenchymal and proliferative phenotypes in TNBC cells. Pharmacologic inhibition and genomic silencing of TTK not only reversed the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in TNBC cells, but also increased the expression of KLF5, an effector of TGF-β signaling and inhibitor of EMT. In addition, TTK inhibition decreased the expression of EMT-associated micro-RNA miR-21 but increased the expression of miR-200 family members and suppressed TGF-β signaling. To test if upregulation of KLF5 plays a role in TTK-induced EMT, TTK and KLF5 were silenced simultaneously, which reversed the decreased EMT caused by loss of TTK. Consistently, the decrease in miR-21 expression and increase in miR-200 expression caused by TTK silencing were rescued by loss of KLF5. Altogether, this study highlights a novel role and signaling pathway for TTK in regulating EMT of TN breast cancer cells through TGF-β and KLF5 signaling, highlighting targetable signaling pathways for TTK inhibitors in aggressive breast cancer.
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8
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Xie Y, Lin JZ, Wang AQ, Xu WY, Long JY, Luo YF, Shi J, Liang ZY, Sang XT, Zhao HT. Threonine and tyrosine kinase may serve as a prognostic biomarker for gallbladder cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2017; 23:5787-5797. [PMID: 28883705 PMCID: PMC5569294 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i31.5787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To detect the expression of threonine and tyrosine kinase (TTK) in gallbladder cancer (GBC) specimens and analyze the associations between TTK expression and clinicopathological parameters and clinical prognosis.
METHODS A total of 68 patients with GBC who underwent surgical resection were enrolled in this study. The expression of TTK in GBC tissues was detected by immunohistochemistry. The assessment of TTK expression was conducted using the H-scoring system. H-score was calculated by the multiplication of the overall staining intensity with the percentage of positive cells. The expression of TTK in the cytoplasm and nucleus was scored separately to achieve respective H-score values. The correlations between TTK expression and clinicopathological parameters and clinical prognosis were analyzed using Chi-square test, Kaplan-Meier method and Cox regression.
RESULTS In both the nucleus and cytoplasm, the expression of TTK in tumor tissues was significantly lower than that in normal tissues (P < 0.001 and P = 0.026, respectively). Using the median H-score as the cutoff value, it was discovered that, GBC patients with higher levels of TTK expression in the nucleus, but not the cytoplasm, had favorable overall survival (P < 0.001), and it was still statistically meaningful in Cox regression analysis. Further investigation indicated that there were close negative correlations between TTK expression and tumor differentiation (P = 0.041), CA 19-9 levels (P = 0.016), T stage (P < 0.001), nodal involvement (P < 0.001), distant metastasis (P = 0.024) and TNM stage (P < 0.001).
CONCLUSION The expression of TTK in GBC is lower than that in normal tissues. Higher levels of TTK expression in GBC are concomitant with longer overall survival. TTK is a favorable prognostic biomarker for patients with GBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Xie
- Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Jian-Zhen Lin
- Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - An-Qiang Wang
- Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Wei-Yu Xu
- Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Jun-Yu Long
- Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Yu-Feng Luo
- Department of Pathology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Jie Shi
- Department of Pathology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Zhi-Yong Liang
- Department of Pathology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Xin-Ting Sang
- Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Hai-Tao Zhao
- Department of Liver Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
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Kwon WS, Rha SY, Jeung HC, Ahn JB, Jung JJ, Ki DH, Kim TS, Chung HC. ABCB1 2677G>T/A variant enhances chemosensitivity to anti-cancer agents acting on microtubule dynamics through LAMP1 inhibition. Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 123:73-84. [PMID: 27832934 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2016.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Overexpression of ABCB1 associated with single nucleotide variants in cancers was reported to encode a protein responsible for drug resistance. We studied chemosensitivity-related genes associated with ABCB1 2677G>T/A variant. The associated genes were identified based on the results of the significance analysis of microarray, and then prediction accuracy was evaluated using the prediction analysis of microarray. Functional assay of the selected gene was performed by using siRNA and drug accumulation study. A higher frequency of chemoresistance to microtubule-modulating agents was found in cell lines with wild-type ABCB1 compared to cell lines with 2677G>T/A ABCB1 variant. Based on the pharmacogenetic association study with 2677 variant, we identified seven genes that could predict chemosensitivity to microtubule dynamics modulators. The classification accuracy with these seven genes was 90.0%, and the predicted probability was 0.73. LAMP1 was the only gene that was commonly related to chemosensitivity. LAMP1 expression levels were relatively higher in chemoresistant ABCB1 wild-type compared to chemosensitive polymorphic cells. But, there was no difference in ABCB1 expression levels between the two groups. Following LAMP1 siRNA, chemosensitivity was restored due to increased intracellular drug accumulation in wild type cell line. In conclusion, ABCB1 2677G>T/A variant enhances chemosensitivity on microtubule dynamics through LAMP1 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo Sun Kwon
- Song-Dang Institute for Cancer Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Young Rha
- Song-Dang Institute for Cancer Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Sciences, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hei-Cheul Jeung
- Song-Dang Institute for Cancer Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joong Bae Ahn
- Song-Dang Institute for Cancer Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Joon Jung
- Song-Dang Institute for Cancer Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hyuk Ki
- Song-Dang Institute for Cancer Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Soo Kim
- Song-Dang Institute for Cancer Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Cheol Chung
- Song-Dang Institute for Cancer Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Sciences, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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10
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Parmar MB, Arteaga Ballesteros BE, Fu T, K C RB, Montazeri Aliabadi H, Hugh JC, Löbenberg R, Uludağ H. Multiple siRNA delivery against cell cycle and anti-apoptosis proteins using lipid-substituted polyethylenimine in triple-negative breast cancer and nonmalignant cells. J Biomed Mater Res A 2016; 104:3031-3044. [PMID: 27465922 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Conventional breast cancer therapies have significant limitations that warrant a search for alternative therapies. Short-interfering RNA (siRNA), delivered by polymeric biomaterials and capable of silencing specific genes critical for growth of cancer cells, holds great promise as an effective, and more specific therapy. Here, we employed amphiphilic polymers and silenced the expression of two cell cycle proteins, TTK and CDC20, and the anti-apoptosis protein survivin to determine the efficacy of polymer-mediated siRNA treatment in breast cancer cells as well as side effects in nonmalignant cells in vitro. We first identified effective siRNA carriers by screening a library of lipid-substituted polyethylenimines (PEI), and PEI substituted with linoleic acid (LA) emerged as the most effective carrier for selected siRNAs. Combinations of TTK/CDC20 and CDC20/Survivin siRNAs decreased the growth of MDA-MB-231 cells significantly, while only TTK/CDC20 combination inhibited MCF7 cell growth. The effects of combinational siRNA therapy was higher when complexes were formulated at lower siRNA:polymer ratio (1:2) compared to higher ratio (1:8) in nonmalignant cells. The lead polymer (1.2PEI-LA6) showed differential transfection efficiency based on the cell-type transfected. We conclude that the lipid-substituted polymers could serve as a viable platform for delivery of multiple siRNAs against critical targets in breast cancer therapy. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 104A: 3031-3044, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj B Parmar
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Bárbara E Arteaga Ballesteros
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Timothy Fu
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Remant Bahadur K C
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Judith C Hugh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Raimar Löbenberg
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Hasan Uludağ
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. .,Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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11
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Wengner AM, Siemeister G, Koppitz M, Schulze V, Kosemund D, Klar U, Stoeckigt D, Neuhaus R, Lienau P, Bader B, Prechtl S, Raschke M, Frisk AL, von Ahsen O, Michels M, Kreft B, von Nussbaum F, Brands M, Mumberg D, Ziegelbauer K. Novel Mps1 Kinase Inhibitors with Potent Antitumor Activity. Mol Cancer Ther 2016; 15:583-92. [PMID: 26832791 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-15-0500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Monopolar spindle 1 (Mps1) has been shown to function as the key kinase that activates the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) to secure proper distribution of chromosomes to daughter cells. Here, we report the structure and functional characterization of two novel selective Mps1 inhibitors, BAY 1161909 and BAY 1217389, derived from structurally distinct chemical classes. BAY 1161909 and BAY 1217389 inhibited Mps1 kinase activity with IC50 values below 10 nmol/L while showing an excellent selectivity profile. In cellular mechanistic assays, both Mps1 inhibitors abrogated nocodazole-induced SAC activity and induced premature exit from mitosis ("mitotic breakthrough"), resulting in multinuclearity and tumor cell death. Both compounds efficiently inhibited tumor cell proliferation in vitro (IC50 nmol/L range). In vivo, BAY 1161909 and BAY 1217389 achieved moderate efficacy in monotherapy in tumor xenograft studies. However, in line with its unique mode of action, when combined with paclitaxel, low doses of Mps1 inhibitor reduced paclitaxel-induced mitotic arrest by the weakening of SAC activity. As a result, combination therapy strongly improved efficacy over paclitaxel or Mps1 inhibitor monotreatment at the respective MTDs in a broad range of xenograft models, including those showing acquired or intrinsic paclitaxel resistance. Both Mps1 inhibitors showed good tolerability without adding toxicity to paclitaxel monotherapy. These preclinical findings validate the innovative concept of SAC abrogation for cancer therapy and justify clinical proof-of-concept studies evaluating the Mps1 inhibitors BAY 1161909 and BAY 1217389 in combination with antimitotic cancer drugs to enhance their efficacy and potentially overcome resistance. Mol Cancer Ther; 15(4); 583-92. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Ulrich Klar
- Bayer Pharma AG, Drug Discovery, Berlin, Germany
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12
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Zhang S, Huo X, Li Z, Li X, Tang W, Li C, Guo M, Du X, Chen Z. Microsatellite instability detected in tumor-related genes in C57BL/6J mice with thymic lymphoma induced by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea. Mutat Res 2015; 782:7-16. [PMID: 26498208 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Revised: 09/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Microsatellite instability (MSI) has been observed within tumors and found to be closely associated with the degree of malignancy and prognosis in tumors. However, whether MSI in tumor-related genes can be induced by a chemical and whether a connection exists between MSI and tumors remain unclear. In the present study, we detected MSI in the tissues of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) treated mice by targeting to 5, 29, 30 microsatellite loci in 3 mismatch repair (MMR) genes, 1 DNA repair gene, and 5 tumor suppressor (TS) genes, respectively. Among 26 mice survived in the MNU-group, 18 (69%) mice presented thymic lymphomas. Moreover, 61% (11/18) of the tumors metastasized to the other organs, including the liver, spleen, and kidney. We examined 104 tissues from MNU-treated mice using the 64 loci, and found 8 MSI events involved 4 loci in 4 tissues types. The MSI incidence in MMR, DNA repair, and TS genes was 67% (2/3), 0% (0/1) and 40% (2/5), respectively. MSI occurrence in tumor and non-tumor tissues was 5.6% (1/18) and 0% (0/8) and that in metastasis and non-metastasis tissues was 7.1% (1/14) and 9.4% (6/64), showing no significant difference. MSI loci in intronic regions of Atm, Msh6 and p21 and MSI in the 3'UTR of Pms2 were detected in MNU-treated mice. Specifically, we found a loss of heterozygosity in intron of Atm (ATM-8) in one metastasis mouse. Four similar events occurred in p21 gene intron (P21-1) of another non-metastasis mouse. Another MSI was a heterozygous mutation existed in an Msh6 allele (MSH6-2) in metastasis mouse. We also found a homozygous 2-bp insertion in the 3'UTR of Pms2 in two non-metastasis mice. These results imply that MNU can induce MSI in MMR and TS genes in C57BL/6J mice. MSI frequency does not seem to be associated with tumorigenesis or metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangyue Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion & Metastasis Research, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Xueyun Huo
- School of Basic Medical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion & Metastasis Research, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Zhenkun Li
- School of Basic Medical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion & Metastasis Research, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Xiaohong Li
- School of Basic Medical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion & Metastasis Research, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Wang Tang
- School of Basic Medical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion & Metastasis Research, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Changlong Li
- School of Basic Medical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion & Metastasis Research, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Meng Guo
- School of Basic Medical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion & Metastasis Research, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Xiaoyan Du
- School of Basic Medical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion & Metastasis Research, Beijing 100069, China.
| | - Zhenwen Chen
- School of Basic Medical Science, Capital Medical University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion & Metastasis Research, Beijing 100069, China.
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13
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Salmela AL, Kallio MJ. Mitosis as an anti-cancer drug target. Chromosoma 2013; 122:431-49. [PMID: 23775312 DOI: 10.1007/s00412-013-0419-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Revised: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Suppression of cell proliferation by targeting mitosis is one potential cancer intervention. A number of existing chemotherapy drugs disrupt mitosis by targeting microtubule dynamics. While efficacious, these drugs have limitations, i.e. neuropathy, unpredictability and development of resistance. In order to overcome these issues, a great deal of effort has been spent exploring novel mitotic targets including Polo-like kinase 1, Aurora kinases, Mps1, Cenp-E and KSP/Eg5. Here we summarize the latest developments in the discovery and clinical evaluation of new mitotic drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Leena Salmela
- VTT Biotechnology for Health and Wellbeing, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Itäinen Pitkäkatu 4C, Pharmacity Bldg, 4th Floor, P.O. Box 106, 20521, Turku, Finland
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14
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Kim JW, Im SA, Kim MA, Cho HJ, Lee DW, Lee KH, Kim TY, Han SW, Oh DY, Lee HJ, Kim TY, Yang HK, Kim WH, Bang YJ. Ataxia-telangiectasia-mutated protein expression with microsatellite instability in gastric cancer as prognostic marker. Int J Cancer 2013; 134:72-80. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Won Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine; Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University; Seoul; Korea
| | | | | | - Hyun Jin Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine; Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University; Seoul; Korea
| | - Dae Won Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine; Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University; Seoul; Korea
| | - Kyung-Hun Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine; Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University; Seoul; Korea
| | - Tae-Yong Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine; Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University; Seoul; Korea
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15
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Abstract
MPS1 protein kinases are found widely, but not ubiquitously, in eukaryotes. This family of potentially dual-specific protein kinases is among several that regulate a number of steps of mitosis. The most widely conserved MPS1 kinase functions involve activities at the kinetochore in both the chromosome attachment and the spindle checkpoint. MPS1 kinases also function at centrosomes. Beyond mitosis, MPS1 kinases have been implicated in development, cytokinesis, and several different signaling pathways. Family members are identified by virtue of a conserved C-terminal kinase domain, though the N-terminal domain is quite divergent. The kinase domain of the human enzyme has been crystallized, revealing an unusual ATP-binding pocket. The activity, level, and subcellular localization of Mps1 family members are tightly regulated during cell-cycle progression. The mitotic functions of Mps1 kinases and their overexpression in some tumors have prompted the identification of Mps1 inhibitors and their active development as anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuedong Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA.
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16
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Exome sequencing identifies frequent mutation of ARID1A in molecular subtypes of gastric cancer. Nat Genet 2011; 43:1219-23. [PMID: 22037554 DOI: 10.1038/ng.982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 599] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2011] [Accepted: 09/23/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Gastric cancer is a heterogeneous disease with multiple environmental etiologies and alternative pathways of carcinogenesis. Beyond mutations in TP53, alterations in other genes or pathways account for only small subsets of the disease. We performed exome sequencing of 22 gastric cancer samples and identified previously unreported mutated genes and pathway alterations; in particular, we found genes involved in chromatin modification to be commonly mutated. A downstream validation study confirmed frequent inactivating mutations or protein deficiency of ARID1A, which encodes a member of the SWI-SNF chromatin remodeling family, in 83% of gastric cancers with microsatellite instability (MSI), 73% of those with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection and 11% of those that were not infected with EBV and microsatellite stable (MSS). The mutation spectrum for ARID1A differs between molecular subtypes of gastric cancer, and mutation prevalence is negatively associated with mutations in TP53. Clinically, ARID1A alterations were associated with better prognosis in a stage-independent manner. These results reveal the genomic landscape, and highlight the importance of chromatin remodeling, in the molecular taxonomy of gastric cancer.
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Abstract
The basic biology of the cell division cycle and its control by protein kinases was originally studied through genetic and biochemical studies in yeast and other model organisms. The major regulatory mechanisms identified in this pioneer work are conserved in mammals. However, recent studies in different cell types or genetic models are now providing a new perspective on the function of these major cell cycle regulators in different tissues. Here, we review the physiological relevance of mammalian cell cycle kinases such as cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks), Aurora and Polo-like kinases, and mitotic checkpoint regulators (Bub1, BubR1, and Mps1) as well as other less-studied enzymes such as Cdc7, Nek proteins, or Mastl and their implications in development, tissue homeostasis, and human disease. Among these functions, the control of self-renewal or asymmetric cell division in stem/progenitor cells and the ability to regenerate injured tissues is a central issue in current research. In addition, many of these proteins play previously unexpected roles in metabolism, cardiovascular function, or neuron biology. The modulation of their enzymatic activity may therefore have multiple therapeutic benefits in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Malumbres
- Cell Division and Cancer Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre, Madrid, Spain.
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18
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Meta-analysis of gene expression microarrays with missing replicates. BMC Bioinformatics 2011; 12:84. [PMID: 21435268 PMCID: PMC3224118 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2105-12-84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2010] [Accepted: 03/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Many different microarray experiments are publicly available today. It is natural to ask whether different experiments for the same phenotypic conditions can be combined using meta-analysis, in order to increase the overall sample size. However, some genes are not measured in all experiments, hence they cannot be included or their statistical significance cannot be appropriately estimated in traditional meta-analysis. Nonetheless, these genes, which we refer to as incomplete genes, may also be informative and useful. Results We propose a meta-analysis framework, called "Incomplete Gene Meta-analysis", which can include incomplete genes by imputing the significance of missing replicates, and computing a meta-score for every gene across all datasets. We demonstrate that the incomplete genes are worthy of being included and our method is able to appropriately estimate their significance in two groups of experiments. We first apply the Incomplete Gene Meta-analysis and several comparable methods to five breast cancer datasets with an identical set of probes. We simulate incomplete genes by randomly removing a subset of probes from each dataset and demonstrate that our method consistently outperforms two other methods in terms of their false discovery rate. We also apply the methods to three gastric cancer datasets for the purpose of discriminating diffuse and intestinal subtypes. Conclusions Meta-analysis is an effective approach that identifies more robust sets of differentially expressed genes from multiple studies. The incomplete genes that mainly arise from the use of different platforms may also have statistical and biological importance but are ignored or are not appropriately involved by previous studies. Our Incomplete Gene Meta-analysis is able to incorporate the incomplete genes by estimating their significance. The results on both breast and gastric cancer datasets suggest that the highly ranked genes and associated GO terms produced by our method are more significant and biologically meaningful according to the previous literature.
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Niittymäki I, Gylfe A, Laine L, Laakso M, Lehtonen HJ, Kondelin J, Tolvanen J, Nousiainen K, Pouwels J, Järvinen H, Nuorva K, Mecklin JP, Mäkinen M, Ristimäki A, Ørntoft TF, Hautaniemi S, Karhu A, Kallio MJ, Aaltonen LA. High frequency of TTK mutations in microsatellite-unstable colorectal cancer and evaluation of their effect on spindle assembly checkpoint. Carcinogenesis 2010; 32:305-11. [PMID: 21163887 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgq272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Frameshift mutations frequently accumulate in microsatellite-unstable colorectal cancers (MSI CRCs) typically leading to downregulation of the target genes due to nonsense-mediated messenger RNA decay. However, frameshift mutations that occur in the 3' end of the coding regions can escape decay, which has largely been ignored in previous works. In this study, we characterized nonsense-mediated decay-escaping frameshift mutations in MSI CRC in an unbiased, genome wide manner. Combining bioinformatic search with expression profiling, we identified genes that were predicted to escape decay after a deletion in a microsatellite repeat. These repeats, located in 258 genes, were initially sequenced in 30 MSI CRC samples. The mitotic checkpoint kinase TTK was found to harbor decay-escaping heterozygous mutations in exon 22 in 59% (105/179) of MSI CRCs, which is notably more than previously reported. Additional novel deletions were found in exon 5, raising the mutation frequency to 66%. The exon 22 of TTK contains an A(9)-G(4)-A(7) locus, in which the most common mutation was a mononucleotide deletion in the A(9) (c.2560delA). When compared with identical non-coding repeats, TTK was found to be mutated significantly more often than expected without selective advantage. Since TTK inhibition is known to induce override of the mitotic spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC), we challenged mutated cancer cells with the microtubule-stabilizing drug paclitaxel. No evidence of checkpoint weakening was observed. As a conclusion, heterozygous TTK mutations occur at a high frequency in MSI CRCs. Unexpectedly, the plausible selective advantage in tumourigenesis does not appear to be related to SAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iina Niittymäki
- Department of Medical Genetics, Genome-Scale Biology Research Program, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Finland
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