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Kim SC, Han S, Yoon JH, Park S, Moon KH, Cheon SH, Park GM, Kwon T. Analysis of trend in the role of national and regional hubs in prostatectomy after prostate cancer diagnosis in the past 5 years: A nationwide population-based study. Investig Clin Urol 2024; 65:124-131. [PMID: 38454821 PMCID: PMC10925729 DOI: 10.4111/icu.20230333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The regions where patients diagnosed with prostate cancer by biopsy receive prostatectomy are divided into national hub and regional hubs, and to confirm the change in the role of regional hubs compared to national hub. MATERIALS AND METHODS Data from July 2013 to June 2017 encompassing 218,155 patients aged ≥18 years diagnosed with prostate cancer were analyzed using the Health Insurance Review & Assessment Service database. The degree of patient outflow was assessed by dividing the regional diagnosis-to-surgery ratio with the national ratio for each year. Based on this ratio, national and regional hubs were determined. RESULTS Seoul consistently maintained a patient influx with a ratio above 1.6. Busan and Gyeonggi consistently exceeded 0.9, while Ulsan and Daegu steadily increased, exceeding 1.0 between 2015 and 2016. Jeonnam province also consistently maintained the ratio above 0.7. Jeju, Daejeon, Gangwon, and Incheon remained below 0.5, indicative of substantial patient outflows, whereas Gwangju and Gyeongbuk had the highest patient outflows with ratios below 0.15. Therefore, Seoul was designated as a national hub, whereas Busan, Gyeonggi, Ulsan, Daegu, and Jeonnam were classified as regional hubs. Jeju, Daejeon, Gangwon, and Incheon were the dominant outflow areas, while Gwangju and Gyeongbuk were the highest outflow areas. CONCLUSIONS Seoul, as the national hub for prostate cancer surgery, operated on 1.76 times more patients than any other region during 2013-2017. Busan, Gyeonggi, Ulsan, Daegu, and Jeonnam functioned as regional hubs, but approximately 10%-20% of patients sought treatment at national hubs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Cheol Kim
- Department of Urology, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, Korea
- Basic-Clinical Convergence Research Center, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Korea
| | - Seungbong Han
- Department of Biostatistics, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Hyung Yoon
- Department of Urology, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, Korea
| | - Sungchan Park
- Department of Urology, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, Korea
- Basic-Clinical Convergence Research Center, University of Ulsan, Ulsan, Korea
| | - Kyung Hyun Moon
- Department of Urology, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, Korea
| | - Sang Hyeon Cheon
- Department of Urology, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, Korea
| | - Gyung-Min Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, Korea
| | - Taekmin Kwon
- Department of Urology, Ulsan University Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Ulsan, Korea.
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Choi DW, Kim S, Kim SJ, Kim DW, Ryu KS, Kim JH, Chang YJ, Han KT. Relationship between patient outcomes and patterns of fragmented cancer care in older adults with gastric cancer: A nationwide cohort study in South Korea. J Geriatr Oncol 2024; 15:101685. [PMID: 38104479 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgo.2023.101685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Fragmented cancer care, defined as receipt of care from multiple hospitals, has been shown to be associated with poor patient outcomes and high expense. However, evidence regarding the effects of hospital choice by patients with cancer on overall survival are lacking. Thus, we investigated the relationship between patterns of fragmented care and five-year mortality in patients with gastric cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS Using the Korean National Health Insurance senior cohort of adults aged ≥60 years, we identified patients with gastric cancer who underwent gastrectomy during 2007-2014. We examined the distribution of the study population by five-year mortality, and used Kaplan-Meier survival curves/log-rank test and Cox proportional hazard model to compare five-year mortality with fragmented cancer care. RESULTS Among the participants, 19.5% died within five years. There were more deaths among patients who received fragmented care, especially those who transferred to smaller hospitals (46.6%) than to larger ones (40.0%). The likelihood of five-year mortality was higher in patients who received fragmented cancer care upon moving from large to small hospitals than those who did not transfer hospitals (hazard ratio, 1.28; 95% confidence interval, 1.10-1.48, P = .001). Moreover, mortality was higher among patients treated in large hospitals or in the capital area for initial treatment, and this association was greater for patients from rural areas. DISCUSSION Fragmentation of cancer care was associated with reduced survival, and the risk of mortality was higher among patients who moved from large to small hospitals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Woo Choi
- Cancer Big Data Center, National Cancer Control Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungju Kim
- Department of Nursing, College of Nursing, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Jung Kim
- Department of Health Administration and Management, College of Medical Science, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Wook Kim
- Department of Information and Statistics, RINS, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Sun Ryu
- Cancer Big Data Center, National Cancer Control Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Ho Kim
- Cancer Big Data Center, National Cancer Control Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Jung Chang
- Cancer Big Data Center, National Cancer Control Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu-Tae Han
- Division of Cancer Control & Policy, National Cancer Control Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Republic of Korea.
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Jang J, Choi W, Sim SH, Kang S. Regional disparities in the availability of cancer clinical trials in Korea. Epidemiol Health 2023; 46:e2024006. [PMID: 38186251 PMCID: PMC11040215 DOI: 10.4178/epih.e2024006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Unequal access to cancer clinical trials is an important issue, given the potential benefits of participation for cancer patients. We evaluated regional disparities in access to cancer clinical trials in Korea. METHODS From the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety database, we extracted 2,465 records of all cancer clinical trials approved between January 2012 and April 2023. To measure disparities in cancer clinical trial access, we calculated the ratio of clinical trials open to non-capital areas relative to those open to capital areas. We then analyzed temporal trends in this ratio, which we termed the trial geographical equity index (TGEI). RESULTS Disparities in access to cancer clinical trials, as indicated by the TGEI, did not significantly improve during the study period (regression coefficient, 0.002; p=0.59). However, for phase II/III trials sponsored by global pharmaceutical companies, the TGEI improved significantly (regression coefficient, 0.021; p<0.01). In contrast, the TGEI deteriorated for trials initiated by investigators or those testing domestically developed therapeutics (regression coefficient, -0.015; p=0.05). Furthermore, the increasing trend of TGEI for phase II/III trials sponsored by global companies began to reverse after 2019, coinciding with the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). CONCLUSIONS Over the past decade, access to cancer clinical trials has improved in Korea, particularly for phase II/III trials evaluating therapeutics from global companies. However, this increase in accessibility has not extended to trials initiated by investigators or those assessing domestically developed therapeutics. Additionally, the impact of COVID-19 on disparities in clinical trial access should be closely monitored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieun Jang
- Division of Clinical Research, Research Institute, National cancer center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Wonyoung Choi
- Center for Clinical Trials, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
- Division of Cancer Biology, Cancer Molecular Biology Branch, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
- Department of Cancer Biomedical Science, National Cancer Center Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, Goyang, Korea
| | - Sung Hoon Sim
- Division of Clinical Research, Interventional Medicine Branch, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
- Center for Breast Cancer, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Sokbom Kang
- Division of Clinical Research, Research Institute, National cancer center, Goyang, Korea
- Center for Gynecologic Cancer, National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
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Symptom Experiences before Medical Help-Seeking and Psychosocial Responses of Patients with Esophageal Cancer: A Qualitative Study. Eur J Cancer Care (Engl) 2023. [DOI: 10.1155/2023/6506917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
Objective. The purpose of this study was to investigate patients with esophageal cancer symptom experiences before seeking medical help and psychosocial responses. Methods. Within one month of diagnosis, semistructured interviews were held with 14 adult patients with esophageal cancer. To fully comprehend the symptom experiences that patients with esophageal cancer had prior to seeking medical help and the psychosocial responses they had to these experiences, thematic analysis and interpretative phenomenological analysis were used. Results. Patients with esophageal cancer recounted their symptom experiences, and psychosocial responses were categorized into three main themes: physical, psychological, and social. Three subthemes were included in the physiological aspect: early symptoms (warning signs), specific symptoms (the catalyst for seeking medical help), and concurrent symptoms (masked side effects). Four subthemes were associated with psychological aspects: unfairness, regret, worry, and acceptance. Two subthemes were related to the social element, namely, dragging down one’s family and societal self-isolation. Conclusion. Due to the self-remitting nature of early symptoms, the normalization of their interpretation, and concealment by other illnesses, patients with esophageal cancer may delay medical help-seeking. The findings could serve as a reference for healthcare professionals to implement tailored psychosocial interventions and help patients identify symptoms early in order to seek medical help.
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Jeong JH, Jung J, Kim HJ, Lee JW, Ko BS, Son BH, Jung KH, Chung IY. Domestic medical travel from non-Seoul regions to Seoul for initial breast cancer treatment: a nationwide cohort study. Ann Surg Treat Res 2023; 104:71-79. [PMID: 36816739 PMCID: PMC9929435 DOI: 10.4174/astr.2023.104.2.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study was conducted to investigate the trend of domestic medical travel from non-Seoul areas to Seoul for initial breast cancer treatment, and identify factors associated with medical travel in breast cancer patients. Methods A nationwide retrospective cohort study was performed using the Health Insurance Review and Assessment data of South Korea. Patients were classified according to the regions in which they underwent breast biopsy (Seoul vs. metropolitan cities vs. other regions). Frequencies of biopsy, diagnosis, treatment, and domestic medical travel were analyzed according to regions, and factors associated with medical travel were investigated. Results A total of 150,709 breast cancer survivors who were diagnosed between January 2010 and December 2017 were included. The total rate of medical travel from non-Seoul regions to Seoul had increased from 14.2% (1,161 of 8,150) in 2010 to 19.8% (2,762 of 13,964) in 2017. Approximately a quarter of patients from other regions traveled to Seoul, and over 40% of patients from Chungbuk, Gyeongbuk, and Jeju regions traveled to Seoul for initial treatment in 2017. The difference in the annual frequencies of upfront surgery between Seoul and non-Seoul regions increased over time. Younger age and regions other than metropolitan cities were significantly related to medical travel. Patients covered by medical aid or past medical histories were significantly less likely to travel to Seoul for initial breast cancer treatment. Conclusion Medical travel to Seoul for upfront breast cancer surgery is increasing. Policies for appropriate healthcare delivery need to be established in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Ho Jeong
- Department of Oncology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jinhong Jung
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hee Jeong Kim
- Department of Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong Won Lee
- Department of Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Beom-Seok Ko
- Department of Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byung Ho Son
- Department of Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung Hae Jung
- Department of Oncology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Il Yong Chung
- Department of Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Kim W, Han KT, Kim S. Do Patients Residing in Provincial Areas Transport and Spend More on Cancer Treatment in Korea? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18179247. [PMID: 34501835 PMCID: PMC8431159 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18179247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Background: With the increasing burden of cancer worldwide, a need exists to investigate patterns of healthcare utilization and costs. This study aimed to investigate whether the area of residence is associated with the likelihood of a patient receiving treatment at an institution located outside their residing region. This study also analyzed whether medical travel was related to levels of healthcare utilization and costs. Methods: This study used the 2007 to 2015 National Health Insurance (NHI) claims data. The residing area was categorized into capital area, metropolitan cities, and provincial area. Healthcare utilization was measured based on days of care and costs based on direct, covered medical costs. Chi-square test and analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted to investigate the general characteristics of the study population. The relationship between the dependent and independent variables were analyzed using the generalized estimating equation (GEE) model. Results: Of the 64,505 participants included in this study, 19,975 (31.0%) visited medical institutions located outside their residing area. Compared to individuals residing in the capital area, those living in provincial regions (OR 2.202, 95% CI 2.068–2.344) were more likely to visit medical institutions outside their residing area. Healthcare costs were higher in individuals receiving treatment at hospitals located elsewhere (RR 1.054, 95% CI 1.017–1.093). Conclusion: Cancer patients residing in provincial areas were likely to visit institutions located outside their residing area for treatment. Medical travel was associated with higher levels of spent healthcare costs. Policies should focus on preventing possible related regional cancer disparity and promoting optimal configuration of cancer services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woorim Kim
- National Cancer Center, Division of Cancer Control & Policy, National Cancer Control Institute, Goyang 10408, Korea; (W.K.); (K.-T.H.)
| | - Kyu-Tae Han
- National Cancer Center, Division of Cancer Control & Policy, National Cancer Control Institute, Goyang 10408, Korea; (W.K.); (K.-T.H.)
| | - Seungju Kim
- Department of Nursing, College of Nursing, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-2258-7806; Fax: +82-2-2258-7772
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Lee HY, Kim DK, Doo SW, Yang WJ, Song YS, Lee B, Kim JH. Time Trends for Prostate Cancer Incidence from 2003 to 2013 in South Korea: An Age-Period-Cohort Analysis. Cancer Res Treat 2019; 52:301-308. [PMID: 31401823 PMCID: PMC6962480 DOI: 10.4143/crt.2019.194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Prostate cancer (PCa) incidence is affected by aging phenomenon and performance of screening test. In United States, PCa incidence is affected by period effect of U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommendation. However, no study has reported the effect of USPSTF recommendation or aging phenomenon on PCa incidence in South Korea. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate effects of age, period, and birth cohort on PCa incidence using age-period-cohort analysis. Materials and Methods Annual report of cancer statistics between 2003 and 2013 from National Health Insurance Service (NHIS) in South Korea for the number of PCa patients and Korean Statistical Information Service (KOSIS) data between 2003 and 2013 from national statistics in South Korea for the number of Korean male population were used. Age-period-cohort models were used to investigate effects of age, period, and birth cohort on PCa incidence. RESULTS Overall PCa incidence in South Korea was increased 8.8% in annual percentage (95% confidential interval, 6.5 to 11.2; p < 0.001). It showed an increasing pattern from 2003 to 2011 but a decreasing pattern from 2011 to 2013. Age increased the risk of PCa incidence. However, the speed of increase was slower with increasing age. PCa incidence was increased 1.4 times in 2008 compared to that in 2003 or 2013. Regarding cohort effect, the risk of PCa incidence started to increase from 1958 cohort. CONCLUSION PCa incidence was affected by period of specific year. There was a positive cohort effect on PCa incidence associated with age structural change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Young Lee
- Department of Urology, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Do Kyoung Kim
- Department of Urology, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Whan Doo
- Department of Urology, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Won Jae Yang
- Department of Urology, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yun Seob Song
- Department of Urology, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Bora Lee
- Department of Statistics, Graduate School of Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Heon Kim
- Department of Urology, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Khang YH, Bahk J. Why is Life Expectancy in Busan Shorter than in Seoul? Age and Cause-Specific Contributions to the Difference in Life Expectancy between Two Cities. Yonsei Med J 2019; 60:687-693. [PMID: 31250583 PMCID: PMC6597463 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2019.60.7.687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Seoul and Busan are the two largest cities in Korea. However, life expectancy (LE) in Busan is shorter than in Seoul and among the total Korean population. This study was conducted to decompose age- and cause-specific contributions to the LE difference between Seoul and Busan. MATERIALS AND METHODS We obtained population and mortality data for Seoul and Busan between 2015 and 2017 from Statistics Korea. We applied Arriaga's decomposition method to life table data to estimate age- and cause-specific contributions to the LE difference between Seoul and Busan. RESULTS During 2015-2017, LE in Busan was shorter than in Seoul by 2.22 years. Roughly two-thirds of the LE gap between Seoul and Busan was due to excess mortality among elderly people in Busan. The ≥85 age group alone contributed to approximately 20% of the LE gap, while no meaningful contribution was made by the 1-24 age groups. Cardiovascular disease accounted for over 40% of the total LE gap between Seoul and Busan, and this factor was more prominent in women. The top 15 leading specific causes of deaths explained nearly the entire LE difference between Seoul and Busan. CONCLUSION The difference in LE between Seoul and Busan was due to higher mortality rate in Busan than in Seoul, especially in the elderly population and from cardiovascular diseases. Information on age- and cause-specific contributions to the LE difference between Seoul and Busan may guide health policy-makers to plan strategies for reducing the gap in LE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Ho Khang
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Institute of Health Policy and Management, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jinwook Bahk
- Department of Public Health, Keimyung University, Daegu, Korea.
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Lee HY, Park S, Doo SW, Yang WJ, Song YS, Kim JH. Trends in Prostate Cancer Prevalence and Radical Prostatectomy Rate according to Age Structural Changes in South Korea between 2005 and 2015. Yonsei Med J 2019; 60:257-266. [PMID: 30799588 PMCID: PMC6391527 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2019.60.3.257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Radical prostatectomy (RP) is one of main treatments for prostate cancer (Pca). The prevalence of Pca has been decreasing in recent reports. However, no study has reported trends in Pca prevalence or RP rate according to age structural changes. The objective of this study was to investigate trends in Pca prevalence and frequency of RP according to age structural change. MATERIALS AND METHODS We evaluated trends in Pca prevalence and RP rate using National Health Insurance Data from 2005 to 2015. Relationships for Pca prevalence and RP rate with age structural change were also determined. Primary outcomes included trends in Pca prevalence and RP rates according to age groups, comparing those before and after 2011. RESULTS Pca prevalence tended to increase before 2011 and decreased after 2011 in persons in the 60-years age group. RP rate increased pattern before 2011 and decreased after 2011 in age groups of 50s, 60s, and over 70s. Pca prevalence and age structural change showed a significantly positive relationship in all age groups, except for the age group under 40 years. RP rate and age structural change also showed a significantly positive relationship in all age groups. CONCLUSION Age structural change can affect the decreasing trend in Pca prevalence and RP rate in South Korea. Future studies are needed to validate this result.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Young Lee
- Department of Urology, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Soonchunhyang University Medical College, Seoul, Korea
| | - Suyeon Park
- Department of Biostatistics, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Whan Doo
- Department of Urology, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Soonchunhyang University Medical College, Seoul, Korea
| | - Won Jae Yang
- Department of Urology, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Soonchunhyang University Medical College, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yun Seob Song
- Department of Urology, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Soonchunhyang University Medical College, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Heon Kim
- Department of Urology, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Soonchunhyang University Medical College, Seoul, Korea.
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