Development and validation of a UPLC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous determination of paritaprevir and ritonavir in rat liver

Analytical Techniques for the Analysis of Lopinavir and Ritonavir in Pharmaceutical Dosage Form and Biological Matrices: A Review

Background:

Lopinavir and Ritonavir are the protease inhibitor type of anti-retroviral drugs. Both are used for the treatment of HIV/AIDS. This paper reviews many analytical methods for the analysis of LPV and RTV in pharmaceutical formulations (tablet, capsule, syrup, and bulk) and biological fluids (human plasma, serum, cerebrospinal fluid, rat plasma, and human hair).

Objective:

The study aims to summarize various ana¬lytical techniques, such as Chromatography, Spectrophotometry; and also hyphenated techniques, such as LC-MS/MS, UPLC-MS for analysis of Lopinavir and Ritonavir.

Method:

The review deals with com¬prehensive details about the type of various analytical techniques, such as spectroscopy (UV), chromatography (RP-HPLC, HPTLC, UPLC), and hyphenated techniques, i.e., LC-MS/MS, UPLC-MS for the analysis of lopinavir and ritonavir. These techniques are either explored for the quantification, de¬tection of metabolite or for stability studies of the LPV & RTV.

Conclusion:

The present studies revealed that the HPLC technique along with the spectro-scopic, have been most widely used for the analysis. Out of the developed methods, hyphenated UPLC-MS and LC-MS are very sensitive and helps in the easy estimation of drugs compared to that of the other techniques. This review may provide comprehensive details to the researchers working in the area of analytical research of LPV & RTV.

Combining subsidiary and synchronous approaches for concurrent spectrofluorimetric assurance of lopinavir and ritonavir in tablets utilized in convention for treatment of coronavirus infection (COVID-19) and biological fluids

In this think about, assurance of lopinavir and ritonavir down to organic concentration level has been carried out. The assurance is based on expanding the selectivity of the spectrofluorimetric procedure by combining both subordinate and synchronous spectrofluorimetric approaches, which allow effective estimation of lopinavir at 248.8 nm and ritonavir at 300.1 nm within the nearness of each other at Δλ of 60 nm. Worldwide Conference on Harmonization approval rules were taken after to completely approve the strategy, and linearity was gotten for the two drugs over the extend of 0.4-2.4 µg mL^-1 for Lopinavir and 0.1-0.6 µg mL^-1 for ritonavir. Application of of the strategy was successfully carried out within the commercial tablets with great understanding with the comparison strategies. As the detection limits were down to 0.133 and 0.022 µg mL^-1 and quantitation limits were 0.395 and 0.068 µg mL^-1 for lopinavir and ritonavir, individually; the in vivo assurance of lopinavir and ritonavir in spiked plasma tests was pertinent. The rate recuperations in natural tests were 99.10 ± 0.77 and 99.54 ± 0.60 for lopinavir and ritonavir, individually. Water was utilized as the ideal weakening dissolvable within the proposed strategy which includes an eco-friendly justify.

Detection and quantification of Covid-19 antiviral drugs in biological fluids and tissues

Since coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) started as a fast-spreading pandemic, causing a huge number of deaths worldwide, several therapeutic options have been tested to counteract or reduce the clinical symptoms of patients infected with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Currently, no specific drugs for COVID-19 are available, but many antiviral agents have been authorised by several national agencies. Most of them are under investigation in both preclinical and clinical trials; however, pharmacokinetic and metabolism studies are needed to identify the most suitable dose to achieve the desired effect on SARS-CoV-2. Therefore, the efforts of the scientific community have focused on the screening of therapies able to counteract the most severe effects of the infection, as well as on the search of sensitive and selective analytical methods for drug detection in biological matrices, both fluids and tissues. In the last decade, many analytical methods have been proposed for the detection and quantification of antiviral compounds currently being tested for COVID-19 treatment. In this review, a critical discussion on the overall analytical procedure is provided, i.e (a) sample pre-treatment and extraction methods such as protein precipitation (PP), solid-phase extraction (SPE), liquid–liquid extraction (LLE), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe), (b) detection and quantification methods such as potentiometry, spectrofluorimetry and mass spectrometry (MS) as well as (c) methods including a preliminary separation step, such as high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and capillary electrophoresis (CE) coupled to UV–Vis or MS detection. Further current trends, advantages and disadvantages and prospects of these methods have been discussed, to help the analytical advances in reducing the harm caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus.

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Fourteen antiviral drugs were tested to counteract the effects of COVID-19.

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A review of analytical methods for antivirals detection is presented.

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Method validation, drugs extraction, separation and detection are discussed.

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LC-MS and MS/MS is mostly used for accurate and sensitive drugs quantification.

Development and Validation of a New LC-MS/MS Analytical Method for Direct-Acting Antivirals and Its Application in End-Stage Renal Disease Patients

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE

The effectiveness of direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) is not well established in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients. Assessment of the plasma concentrations may support understanding of their therapeutic outcomes in this population. The aim of this study is to develop a direct, yet matrix-effect tolerant, analytical method for determining DAAs in the plasma of ESRD patients while maintaining a moderate cost per sample and with an improved analyte extraction recovery.

METHODS

In this study, a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric (LC-MS/MS) method was developed for the analysis of ombitasvir (OMB), paritaprevir (PRT) and ritonavir (RIT) in plasma. Sample preparation was performed using the liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) method. Isocratic separation was performed using a mixture of methanol and 10 mM ammonium acetate (79:21, v/v) followed by MS/MS detection. The method was validated and applied to determine DAAs in the plasma of ESRD patients (n = 7).

RESULTS

The developed method was linear (r²> 0.995), accurate (89.4 ± 7.8 to 108.3 ± 3.0) and precise (% CV 0.9-15.0) and showed improved recovery (> 80) over previously published ones in the range 5-250, 30-1,500, 20-1,000 ng/mL for OMB, PRT and RIT, respectively. Relative matrix effect was absent, and the method accurately determined the three DAAs in real-life samples (n = 7).

CONCLUSIONS

An efficient analytical method for the determination of DAAs is presented. The method overcomes the potential analytical response fluctuation in ESRD. The developed method show improved extraction recoveries and is suitable for routine application in developing economies where hepatitis C virus is most prevalent.

Hepatic Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics With Ombitasvir/Paritaprevir/Ritonavir Plus Dasabuvir Treatment and Variable Ribavirin Dosage

Background

It is unknown whether ribavirin (RBV) coadministration modifies the early rate of decline of hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA in the liver versus plasma compartments, specifically.

Methods

This partially randomized, open-label, phase 2 study enrolled treatment-naive, noncirrhotic patients with HCV genotype 1a. Patients were randomized 1:1 into Arms A and B, and then enrolled in Arm C. Patients received ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir plus dasabuvir for 12 weeks with either: no RBV for the first 2 weeks followed by weight-based dosing thereafter (Arm A), weight-based RBV for all 12 weeks (Arm B), or low-dose RBV (600 mg) once daily for all 12 weeks. Fine needle aspiration (FNA) was used to determine HCV RNA decline within liver.

Results

Baseline HCV RNA was higher and declined more rapidly in plasma than liver; however, RBV dosing did not impact either median plasma or liver HCV RNA decline during the first 2 weeks of treatment. Liver-to-plasma drug concentrations were variable over time. The most common adverse event was pain associated with FNA.

Conclusions

Coadministration of RBV had minimal visible impact on the plasma or liver kinetics of HCV RNA decline during the first 2 weeks of treatment, regardless of RBV dosing.

Ocular bioanalysis: challenges and advancements in recent years for these rare matrices

There are many ocular diseases still presenting unmet medical needs. Therefore, new ophthalmologic drugs are being developed. Bioanalysis of eye compartments (along with plasma and other tissues) is important to determine exposure of the target organ to the drug and to help interpret local pharmacological or toxic effects. This review article identifies several challenges that occur within ocular bioanalysis. They include sample collection and preparation, analytical issues, sourcing control matrix, data interpretation and regulatory requirements. It summarizes how these challenges have been recently addressed, how research has advanced and which questions remain unanswered. Recommendations are made based on the literature and our practical experience within ocular bioanalysis and future perspectives are discussed.

Paritaprevir and Ritonavir Liver Concentrations in Rats as Assessed by Different Liver Sampling Techniques

The liver is crucial to pharmacology, yet substantial knowledge gaps exist in the understanding of its basic pharmacologic processes. An improved understanding for humans requires reliable and reproducible liver sampling methods. We compared liver concentrations of paritaprevir and ritonavir in rats by using samples collected by fine-needle aspiration (FNA), core needle biopsy (CNB), and surgical resection. Thirteen Sprague-Dawley rats were evaluated, nine of which received paritaprevir/ritonavir at 30/20 mg/kg of body weight by oral gavage daily for 4 or 5 days. Drug concentrations were measured using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry on samples collected via FNA (21G needle) with 1, 3, or 5 passes (FNA₁, FNA₃, and FNA₅); via CNB (16G needle); and via surgical resection. Drug concentrations in plasma were also assessed. Analyses included noncompartmental pharmacokinetic analysis and use of Bland-Altman techniques. All liver tissue samples had higher paritaprevir and ritonavir concentrations than those in plasma. Resected samples, considered the benchmark measure, resulted in estimations of the highest values for the pharmacokinetic parameters of exposure (maximum concentration of drug in serum [C_max] and area under the concentration-time curve from 0 to 24 h [AUC_0-24]) for paritaprevir and ritonavir. Bland-Altman analyses showed that the best agreement occurred between tissue resection and CNB, with 15% bias, followed by FNA₃ and FNA₅, with 18% bias, and FNA₁ and FNA₃, with a 22% bias for paritaprevir. Paritaprevir and ritonavir are highly concentrated in rat liver. Further research is needed to validate FNA sampling for humans, with the possible derivation and application of correction factors for drug concentration measurements.

Ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry for determination of Direct Acting Antiviral drugs in human liver fine needle aspirates

An ultra-performance liquid chromatography with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry method was developed and validated for the determination of direct acting antiviral drug concentrations in human liver fine needle aspirates. Liver fine needle aspirate (FNA) biopsy samples were homogenized in acetonitrile to stabilize the analytes and precipitate protein. The acetonitrile supernatants were diluted with internal standards and mobile phase. Separation was achieved with a Waters Acquity BEH C18 column (50×2.1mm, 1.7um) with a gradient elution of 0.1% formic acid in water and acetonitrile. The total run time was 4.25min. Detection of analytes was achieved using electrospray ionization (positive mode) and triple quadrupole selected reaction monitoring. Standard curve concentrations ranged from 12.5 to 5000ng/mL for dasabuvir and the m1 metabolite of dasabuvir, 1.25 to 2500ng/mL for ombitasvir and ritonavir, and 5.00 to 5000ng/mL for paritaprevir. The intra- and inter-day accuracy and precision were less than 13.7% in low, medium, and high quality control samples. The validated method was applied to the analysis of a liver fine needle aspirate of a patient undergoing direct acting antiviral therapy for hepatitis C virus.