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Getz JA, Nguy T, Dere R, Maia M. A novel biomarker assay qualification strategy for rare human matrices - a case study of biomarkers in aqueous humor. Bioanalysis 2024; 16:239-247. [PMID: 38506259 PMCID: PMC11216247 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2023-0127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Measuring pharmacodynamic biomarkers near the therapeutic site of action presents considerable challenges for sites with limited matrix volume or difficult access. Bioanalytical method qualification requires the use of numerous matrix samples, which is problematic for rare matrices. The aim of this study was to design and implement a streamlined, fit-for-purpose strategy for qualification of biomarker assays in rare matrices. Materials & methods: A multiplexed biomarker immunoassay was developed in human aqueous humor. Results: Our strategy was successfully implemented, providing characterization of assay performance while reducing number of samples in assay qualification. Our assay was used in clinical trial support for an ophthalmic drug candidate. Conclusion: Our results indicate this approach can be applied to other early stage drug development programs facing similar challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Getz
- Bioanalytical Sciences, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Trung Nguy
- Bioanalytical Sciences, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Randall Dere
- Bioanalytical Sciences, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Mauricio Maia
- Bioanalytical Sciences, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, USA
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2
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Bisen AC, Bhatta RS. Ocular bioanalysis of moxifloxacin and ketorolac tromethamine in rabbit lacrimal matrix using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Bioanalysis 2024; 16:219-232. [PMID: 38197429 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2023-0233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Aim: The fixed-dose combination of moxifloxacin (MOXI) and ketorolac tromethamine (KTR) is widely used for the treatment of bacterial keratitis. Thus, a new LC-MS/MS method was developed to determine MOXI and KTR in lacrimal fluid. Methods: Bioanalysis was performed using a Shimadzu 8050 LC-MS/MS in electrospray ionization-positive mode and the method was validated per US FDA guidelines. Isocratic separation was performed with a Waters Symmetry C18 column using methanol and 0.1% formic acid containing deionized water (85:15, v/v). Results & conclusion: An easy, quick and selective method was established and applied to assess the ocular pharmacokinetic profile of a commercially available formulation containing MOXI and KTR. Based on the pharmacokinetic data, this work describes pharmacokinetics-based dosage regimen calculations and their clinical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amol Chhatrapati Bisen
- Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-HRDC Campus, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India
| | - Rabi Sankar Bhatta
- Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-HRDC Campus, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India
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3
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Gijs M, Arumugam S, van de Sande N, Webers CAB, Sethu S, Ghosh A, Shetty R, Vehof J, Nuijts RMMA. Pre-analytical sample handling effects on tear fluid protein levels. Sci Rep 2023; 13:1317. [PMID: 36693949 PMCID: PMC9873914 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-28363-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Tear fluid is emerging as a source of non-invasive biomarkers, both for ocular and systemic conditions. Accurate quantification of tear proteins can be improved by standardizing methods to collect and process tear fluid. The aim of this study was to determine sample handling factors that may influence the tear protein biomarker profile. Tear fluid was collected using Schirmer's strips. Tear proteins were extracted by elution through centrifugation. Total protein content was determined using the bicinchoninic acid assay. Key concepts that apply to the entire sample processing cycle are tear sampling, tear storage, protein extraction and data normalization. Differences in wetting or migration length were observed between Schirmer's strips from different manufacturers, and between protein-free and protein-rich solutions. One unit of migration length (mm) did not correspond to one unit of volume (µL). A positive correlation (r = 0.6671, p < 0.0001) was observed between migration length and total tear protein content. The most beneficial storage conditions were strips that were not stored (+ 21.8%), or underwent 'wet' storage (+ 11.1%). Protein recovery was the highest in 400 µL extraction buffer and independent of protein molecular weight. This study helps to explain inter- and intra-variability that is often seen with tear biomarker research. This information is critical to ensure accuracy of test results, as tear biomarkers will be used for patient management and in clinical trials in the near future. This study also highlights the need for standardization of Schirmer's strip manufacturing, tear fluid processing and analyte concentration normalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlies Gijs
- University Eye Clinic Maastricht, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC+), P. Debyelaan 25, 6229 HX, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Sinthuja Arumugam
- University Eye Clinic Maastricht, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC+), P. Debyelaan 25, 6229 HX, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Nienke van de Sande
- University Eye Clinic Maastricht, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC+), P. Debyelaan 25, 6229 HX, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Carroll A B Webers
- University Eye Clinic Maastricht, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC+), P. Debyelaan 25, 6229 HX, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Swaminathan Sethu
- GROW Research Laboratory, Narayana Nethralaya Foundation, Bangalore, India
| | - Arkasubhra Ghosh
- GROW Research Laboratory, Narayana Nethralaya Foundation, Bangalore, India
| | - Rohit Shetty
- University Eye Clinic Maastricht, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC+), P. Debyelaan 25, 6229 HX, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,GROW Research Laboratory, Narayana Nethralaya Foundation, Bangalore, India.,Department of Cornea and Refractive Surgery, Narayana Nethralaya, Bangalore, India
| | - Jelle Vehof
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Dutch Dry Eye Clinic, Velp, The Netherlands.,Department of Ophthalmology, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Tønsberg, Norway
| | - Rudy M M A Nuijts
- University Eye Clinic Maastricht, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC+), P. Debyelaan 25, 6229 HX, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Ophthalmology, Zuyderland Medical Center, Heerlen, The Netherlands
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4
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González Iglesias LG, Messaoudi S, Kalia YN. Non-Invasive Iontophoretic Delivery of Cytochrome c to the Posterior Segment and Determination of Its Ocular Biodistribution. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14091832. [PMID: 36145581 PMCID: PMC9504550 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14091832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The intact porcine eye globe model was used to demonstrate that transscleral iontophoresis could deliver a small protein, cytochrome c (Cyt c), to the posterior segment and to investigate post-iontophoretic biodistribution in the different ocular compartments. The effects of Cyt c concentration (1, 5, and 10 mg/mL), current density (3.5 and 5.5 mA/cm2), and duration of the current application (10 min and 1, 2, and 4 h) were evaluated. The data confirmed that transscleral iontophoresis enhanced the intraocular delivery of Cyt c under all conditions as compared to passive controls (same setup but without the current application). Increasing the Cyt c concentration resulted in a proportional enhancement in the Cyt c delivery. Increasing the current density from 3.5 to 5.5 mA/cm2 increased iontophoretic delivery at a Cyt c concentration of 10 mg/mL but did not appear to do so at 5 mg/mL; this was attributed in part to the effect of melanin binding. Short duration iontophoresis (10 min, 3.5 mA/cm2) of a 10 mg/mL Cyt c solution created a depot in the sclera. When this was followed by a 4 h incubation period, post-iontophoretic Cyt c diffusion from the sclera resulted in a different biodistribution, and Cyt c could be quantified in the posterior segment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Gisela González Iglesias
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Siwar Messaoudi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Yogeshvar N. Kalia
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- Correspondence:
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da Silva PHR, Cunha Júnior ADS, Pianetti GA, Fernandes C. Chromatographic bioanalysis of antiglaucoma drugs in ocular tissues. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2021; 1166:122388. [PMID: 33578274 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2020.122388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Glaucoma is a heterogeneous group of multifactorial optic neuropathies and the leading cause of irreversible blindness and visual impairment. Epidemiological data has estimated that in 2020 there will be more than 80 million individuals affected by the disease worldwide. Nowadays, intraocular pressure (IOP) lowering is carried out mainly by pharmacotherapy, with different drugs. The study of ocular pharmacokinetics of antiglaucoma drugs, crucial for better understanding of ocular distribution, bioavailability, and pharmacodynamic parameters, can benefit the development of antiglaucoma drugs or formulations. Bioanalysis of drugs in ocular matrices is still underestimated, since it is challenging and rarely performed. Therefore, this review summarized the chromatographic methods employed for the quantification of several antiglaucoma drugs in different ocular matrices, discussing bioanalytical steps, such as sample preparation, separation, and detection. Animals and matrices as well as the challenges faced in ocular bioanalysis were also discussed. Ocular bioanalysis has been performed mainly in rabbits, the most adequate animal model for ocular studies. The matrix most used is aqueous humor, because it is cleaner and easier to sample. Sample preparation was carried out primarily employing classic techniques, such as liquid-liquid extraction, protein precipitation, and solid-phase extraction, with conventional solvents and sorbents. Chromatographic separation was achieved predominantly by reversed-phase liquid chromatography. Ultraviolet spectrophotometry and tandem mass spectrometry prevailed for detection, although other techniques, such as fluorimetry, have also been used. It was evidenced that more efforts must be directed towards miniaturized, eco-friendly, and non-terminal sampling for sample preparation. In its turn, ultra high-performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry should gain prominence in ocular bioanalysis for separation and detection, respectively, since it combines high separation capacity with selectivity and sensitivity, in addition to being an environmental friendly approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Henrique Reis da Silva
- Departamento de Produtos Farmacêuticos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Armando da Silva Cunha Júnior
- Departamento de Produtos Farmacêuticos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Gerson Antônio Pianetti
- Departamento de Produtos Farmacêuticos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Christian Fernandes
- Departamento de Produtos Farmacêuticos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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6
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Wójtowicz A, Wietecha-Posłuszny R, Snamina M. Contemporary trends in drug analysis of vitreous humor: A critical review. Trends Analyt Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2020.115935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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7
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Sebbag L, Showman L, McDowell EM, Perera A, Mochel JP. Impact of Flow Rate, Collection Devices, and Extraction Methods on Tear Concentrations Following Oral Administration of Doxycycline in Dogs and Cats. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2018; 34:452-459. [PMID: 29708819 PMCID: PMC6088255 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2018.0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Compare the precision of doxycycline quantification in tear fluid collected with either Schirmer strips or polyvinyl acetal (PVA) sponges following oral drug administration. Methods: Three dogs and 3 cats were administered doxycycline orally at a dose of 4.2–5 mg/kg every 12 h for 6 consecutive days. At day 5 and 6, blood and tear fluid were sampled to capture doxycycline trough and maximal concentrations. Tear fluid was collected 3 times (spaced 10 min apart) at each session with the absorbent material placed in the lower conjunctival fornix until the 20-mm mark was reached (Schirmer strip, one eye) or for 1 min (PVA sponge, other eye). Tear extraction was performed with either centrifugation or elution in methanol. Doxycycline concentrations were measured with liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. Low (100 ng/mL) and high (1,000 ng/mL) tear concentrations measured in vivo were spiked into each absorbent material in vitro to evaluate percentage drug recovery. Results: After oral administration of doxycycline, the drug reached the tear compartment at concentrations of 45.1–900.7 ng/mL in cats and 45.4–632.0 ng/mL in dogs, representing a tear-to-serum ratio of 12% and 16%, respectively. Doxycycline tear concentrations were significantly more precise when tear collection was performed with Schirmer strips rather than PVA sponges (P = 0.007), but were not correlated with tear flow rate. In vitro doxycycline recovery was poor to moderate (<75%). Conclusions: Schirmer strips represent a good option for lacrimal doxycycline quantification, although the collection and subsequent extraction have to be optimized to improve drug recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lionel Sebbag
- 1 Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University , College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, Iowa.,2 Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University , College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, Iowa
| | - Lucas Showman
- 3 W.M. Keck Metabolomics Research Laboratory, Iowa State University , Ames, Iowa
| | - Emily M McDowell
- 4 Lloyd Veterinary Medical Center, Iowa State University , College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, Iowa
| | - Ann Perera
- 3 W.M. Keck Metabolomics Research Laboratory, Iowa State University , Ames, Iowa
| | - Jonathan P Mochel
- 1 Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University , College of Veterinary Medicine, Ames, Iowa
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