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Bisen AC, Bhatta RS. Ocular bioanalysis of moxifloxacin and ketorolac tromethamine in rabbit lacrimal matrix using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Bioanalysis 2024; 16:219-232. [PMID: 38197429 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2023-0233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Aim: The fixed-dose combination of moxifloxacin (MOXI) and ketorolac tromethamine (KTR) is widely used for the treatment of bacterial keratitis. Thus, a new LC-MS/MS method was developed to determine MOXI and KTR in lacrimal fluid. Methods: Bioanalysis was performed using a Shimadzu 8050 LC-MS/MS in electrospray ionization-positive mode and the method was validated per US FDA guidelines. Isocratic separation was performed with a Waters Symmetry C18 column using methanol and 0.1% formic acid containing deionized water (85:15, v/v). Results & conclusion: An easy, quick and selective method was established and applied to assess the ocular pharmacokinetic profile of a commercially available formulation containing MOXI and KTR. Based on the pharmacokinetic data, this work describes pharmacokinetics-based dosage regimen calculations and their clinical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amol Chhatrapati Bisen
- Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-HRDC Campus, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India
| | - Rabi Sankar Bhatta
- Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-HRDC Campus, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India
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Zhang X, Chang J, Ran R, Xiao Y, Cao H, Wang Y. Effect of Ketorolac Tromethamine Combined With Remifentanil on Reducing Complications During the General Anesthesia Emergence. J Perianesth Nurs 2023; 38:748-752. [PMID: 37245134 DOI: 10.1016/j.jopan.2023.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To observe the effect of ketorolac tromethamine combined with remifentanil in sedation and analgesia during general anesthesia emergence and reducing general anesthesia complications. DESIGN This is an experimental design. METHODS A total of 90 patients who underwent partial or total thyroidectomy in our hospital were selected and randomly divided into three groups with 30 cases in each group. Routine general anesthesia combined with endotracheal intubation was given for general anesthesia, and different treatments were administered when the skin was sutured. Group K: intravenous injection of ketorolac tromethamine 0.9 mg/kg, intravenous injection of normal saline 10 mL/h by micropump until awakening and extubation; R group: intravenous injection of normal saline 2 mL, micropump intravenous injection of remifentanil 0.1 mcg/kg/min until awakening and extubation; KR group: intravenous injection of ketorolac tromethamine 0.5 mg/kg, micropump intravenous injection remifentanil 0.05 mcg/kg/min until awakening and extubation. After the operation, all patients entered the postanesthesia care unit (PACU) for recovery, extubation, scoring. The incidence and condition of various complications were counted. FINDINGS There was no significant difference in the general information or operation duration of the patients (P > .05). The types of general anesthesia induction drugs in each group were the same, and there was no significant difference in drug measurement (P > .05). The visual analogue scales of KR group were: 2.2 ± 0.6(T0) and 2.4 ± 0.9(T1), the Self-Rating Anxiety Scale scores of the KR groups were: 4.1 ± 0.6(T0), 3.7 ± 0.4(T1). Compared with the KR group, the visual analogue scale and Self-Rating Anxiety Scale scores of the K and R groups at T0 and T1 were increased (P < .05); the visual analogue scale and Self-Rating Anxiety Scale scores of the K and R groups at T0 and T1 were not significantly different (P > .05); at T2, there was no significant difference in visual analogue scale and Self-Rating Anxiety Scale scores among the three groups (P > .05). There was no significant difference in extubation time or PACU transfer time among the three groups (P > .05). The incidence of adverse reactions in KR group were: 3.3% (nausea), 3.3% (vomit), 0 (coughing and drowsiness). Compared with the KR group, the incidence of adverse reactions was higher in the K and R groups. CONCLUSIONS Ketorolac tromethamine combined with remifentanil can effectively relieve pain and sedation during general anesthesia recovery and reduce the incidence of complications related to general anesthesia recovery. At the same time, the application of ketorolac tromethamine can reduce the dosage of remifentanil and inhibit the occurrence of adverse reactions when used alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Jie Chang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Ran Ran
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Yun Xiao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Hong Cao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Yuqi Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, PR China; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, PR China; Jinzhou Medical University Union Training Base, Shiyan, Hubei, PR China.
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Driller GK, Remigio A, Teng J, Fang A, Hootman J, Chang A. Retrospective Review of the Efficacy of Droperidol Compared to Prochlorperazine for Headache Management in the Emergency Department. Cureus 2023; 15:e39848. [PMID: 37404431 PMCID: PMC10314824 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.39848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Headaches are a common presentation to the emergency department, representing approximately 3% of visits. The standard treatment of headaches has consisted of either monotherapy with an antidopaminergic agent or combination therapy with an antidopaminergic agent, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), and diphenhydramine. Although droperidol is an antidopaminergic medication, it previously was not widely used in the treatment of headaches due to safety concerns. Given its pharmacokinetics, droperidol may provide faster relief in migrainous headaches compared to more commonly used antidopaminergic agents. Methods We conducted a single-center retrospective chart review to examine the impact of droperidol compared to other standard migraine therapies on pain scores. The study consisted of three treatment arms: droperidol monotherapy, a droperidol bundle (droperidol and ketorolac), and a prochlorperazine bundle (prochlorperazine and ketorolac). Patients who received medications in treatment arms and who had an encounter diagnosis including either "headache" or "migraine" were included. Patients were excluded if under 18 years of age, imprisoned, pregnant, or received potentially migraine-altering medications prior to the first documented pain score. The primary outcome was a mean reduction in pain scores. Secondary outcomes included length of emergency department stay, rates of inpatient admission, need for rescue therapies, and adverse events. Results A total of 361 droperidol orders were reviewed, of which 79 met the inclusion criteria. Of those included, 30 orders were within the droperidol monotherapy arm, 19 were within the droperidol bundle arm, and 30 were within the prochlorperazine bundle arm. There were no significant differences in reduction of pain scores, emergency department length of stay, rates of inpatient admission, rates of rescue therapy, or adverse events between the three treatment arms. Conclusion In this study, we found no statistical difference in migraine treatment efficacy between droperidol monotherapy and droperidol and prochlorperazine-based bundle therapies. Further studies are needed with larger sample sizes and predefined timing between pain score charting and medication administration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jason Teng
- Emergency Medicine, Virginia Hospital Center, Arlington, USA
| | - Andrea Fang
- Emergency Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, USA
| | - Jonathan Hootman
- Critical Care Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, USA
| | - Allen Chang
- Emergency Medicine, Kaiser North Valley, Roseville, USA
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Hou Z, Wen Q, Zhou W, Yan P, Zhang H, Ding J. Topical Delivery of Ketorolac Tromethamine via Cataplasm for Inflammatory Pain Therapy. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15051405. [PMID: 37242647 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15051405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have been widely used in the treatment of inflammatory pain, such as in osteoarthritis. Ketorolac tromethamine is considered to be an NSAID with strong anti-inflammatory and analgesic potency, however, traditional applications, such as oral administration and injections, often induce high systemic exposure, leading to adverse events such as gastric ulceration and bleeding. To address this key limitation, herein we designed and fabricated a topical delivery system for ketorolac tromethamine via cataplasm, which is based on a three-dimensional mesh structure formed by the cross-linking of dihydroxyaluminum aminoacetate (DAAA) and sodium polyacrylate. The viscoelasticity of the cataplasm was characterized by rheological methods and exhibited a "gel-like" elastic property. The release behavior showed a Higuchi model characteristic with a dose dependence. To enhance the skin permeation, permeation enhancers were added and screened utilizing ex vivo pig skin, in which 1,2-propanediol was found to have the optimal permeation-promoting effect. The cataplasm was further applied to a rat carrageenan-induced inflammatory pain model, which showed comparable anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects with oral administration. Finally, the biosafety of the cataplasm was tested in healthy human volunteers, and reduced side effects were achieved as compared to the tablet formulation, which can be ascribed to less systemic drug exposure and lower blood drug concentrations. Therefore, the constructed cataplasm can reduce the risk of adverse events while maintaining efficacy, thus serving as a better alternative for the treatment of inflammatory pain, including osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Hou
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Science, Central South University, Changsha 410006, China
| | - Qiang Wen
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Science, Central South University, Changsha 410006, China
| | - Wenhu Zhou
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Science, Central South University, Changsha 410006, China
| | - Peng Yan
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Science, Central South University, Changsha 410006, China
| | - Hailong Zhang
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Science, Central South University, Changsha 410006, China
- Changsha Jingyi Pharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd., Changsha 410006, China
| | - Jinsong Ding
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Science, Central South University, Changsha 410006, China
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Aldawsari HM, Naveen NR, Alhakamy NA, Goudanavar PS, Rao GK, Budha RR, Nair AB, Badr-Eldin SM. Compression-coated pulsatile chronomodulated therapeutic system: QbD assisted optimization. Drug Deliv 2022; 29:2258-2268. [PMID: 35838522 PMCID: PMC9477481 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2022.2094500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulsatile drug delivery systems have drawn attention in contemporary research for designing chronotherapeutic systems. The current work aims to design pulsatile ketorolac tromethamine tablets using compression coating for delayed delivery with a lag time suitable for the treatment of morning stiffness in arthritis. Rapidly disintegrating core tablets of ketorolac tromethamine were formulated using super-disintegrants, and the optimized formulation was compression using PEO WSR coagulant and Eudragit RLPO for delaying the release. The central composite design and response surface methodology were employed to optimize the formulation and process parameters namely PEO WSR Coagulant (X1), Eudragit RLPO (X2), and Hardness (X3). The dependent variables optimized were lag time and time required for 95% drug release. Analysis using response surface graphs and mathematical modeling of the results allowed identifying and quantifying the formulation variables active on the selected responses. A polynomial equation fitted to the data was used to predict the composition with optimum responses. Compression-coated pulsatile tablets’ optimized composition exhibited a lag time of 9 h and released 95% of the ketorolac tromethamine in 17.42 h. Validation of the mathematical model assured the reliability of QBD in formulation design. In vivo X-ray imaging and pharmacokinetic studies established a strong relationship between the coated polymers maintaining the desired lag time for delayed delivery of the active to coincide with the chronobiology for enhanced bioavailability at the right time when needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hibah M Aldawsari
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Center of Excellence for Drug Research and Pharmaceutical Industries, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - N Raghavendra Naveen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Sri Adichunchanagiri College of Pharmacy, Adichunchanagiri University, Karnataka, India
| | - Nabil A Alhakamy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Center of Excellence for Drug Research and Pharmaceutical Industries, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Mohamed Saeed Tamer Chair for Pharmaceutical Industries, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Prakash S Goudanavar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Sri Adichunchanagiri College of Pharmacy, Adichunchanagiri University, Karnataka, India
| | - Gsn Koteswara Rao
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medical and Allied Sciences, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, India
| | - Roja Rani Budha
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Sri Padmavati Mahila Visvavidyalayam, Tirupati, India
| | - Anroop B Nair
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shaimaa M Badr-Eldin
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Center of Excellence for Drug Research and Pharmaceutical Industries, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Naeem S, Barkat K, Shabbir M, Khalid I, Anjum I, Shamshad N, Mehmood Y, Khan DH, Badshah SF, Syed MA, Afzal S, Abdullah Z. Fabrication of pH responsive hydrogel blends of chondroitin sulfate/pluronic F-127 for the controlled release of ketorolac: its characterization and acute oral toxicity study. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2022; 48:611-622. [PMID: 36420771 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2022.2150773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Ketorolac tromethamine (KT), selected as a model drug, is used in management of moderate to severe acute pain. It has a short half-life (∼5.5 h) and requires frequent dose administration when needed for longer period of time. In our current project, we designed pH responsive hydrogel blends of chondroitin sulfate/pluronic F-127 (CS/Pl) for the controlled release of ketorolac. METHODS Hydrogel blends were fabricated using free radical polymerization reaction technique utilizing different ratios of chondroitin sulfate (CS) (polymer) and pluronic F-127 (polymer), acrylic acid (monomer), N,N'-methyl-bisacrylamide (MBA) (cross-linker), initiator ammonium persulfate (APS) and tween-80 (surfactant). The fabricated hydrogel blends were studied and evaluated for pH responsiveness, swelling, water absorbency, in vitro drug release, and morphological characteristics such as SEM, XRD, FTIR, and TGA/DSC. Acute toxicity study was performed on rabbits. RESULTS Maximum swelling and water absorbency were shown by CS/Pl blends being significantly greater at 7.4 (basic pH) than in 1.2 (acidic pH). In vitro dissolution demonstrated pH responsive controlled KT release following zero order at higher pH (7.4) medium up to 36 h. FTIR studies confirmed the structures of our blends; SEM results showed porous framework; thermal studies revealed higher stability of hydrogels than the individual polymers; and XRD confirmed the nature of our blends. Toxicity study revealed the nontoxic nature of the hydrogel blends. CONCLUSION The prepared CS/Pl hydrogels demonstrated stimuli-controlled release with delivery of drug for prolonged period of time and thus can minimize dosing frequency, safe drug delivery, increased patient compliance and easiness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Naeem
- Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Kashif Barkat
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Maryam Shabbir
- Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ikrima Khalid
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Irfan Anjum
- Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Nadia Shamshad
- Faculty of Pharmacy, CUST University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Daulat Haleem Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Lahore College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | | | - Sana Afzal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Zainab Abdullah
- Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
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Nurathirah MN, Yazid MB, Norhayati MN, Baharuddin KA, Abu Bakar MA. Efficacy of ketorolac in the treatment of acute migraine attack: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Acad Emerg Med 2022; 29:1118-1131. [PMID: 35138658 DOI: 10.1111/acem.14457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This review was designated to evaluate the efficacy of parenteral ketorolac in treating acute migraine headache. METHODS We searched databases Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), Medline, and Google Scholar up to January 2021 and identified randomized controlled trials comparing ketorolac to any other medications in treating patients presenting with migraine headache. RESULTS Thirteen trials were included in our review, comprising 944 participants. We derived seven comparisons: ketorolac versus phenothiazines, metoclopramide, sumatriptan, dexamethasone, sodium valproate, caffeine, and diclofenac. There were no significant differences in the reduction of pain intensity at 1 h under the comparisons between ketorolac and phenothiazines (standard mean difference [SMD] = 0.09, p = 0.74) or metoclopramide (SMD = 0.02, p = 0.95). We also found no difference in the outcome recurrence of headache (ketorolac vs. phenothiazines (risk ratio [RR] =0.98, p = 0.97)], ability to return to work or usual activity (ketorolac vs. metoclopramide [RR = 0.64, p = 0.13]), need for rescue medication (ketorolac vs. phenothiazines [RR = 1.72, p = 0.27], ketorolac vs. metoclopramide [RR 2.20, p = 0.18]), and frequency of adverse effects (ketorolac vs. metoclopramide [RR = 1.07, p = 0.82]). Limited trials suggested that ketorolac offered better pain relief at 1 h compared to sumatriptan and dexamethasone; had lesser frequency of adverse effects than phenothiazines; and was superior to sodium valproate in terms of reduction of pain intensity at 1 h, need for rescue medication, and sustained headache freedom within 24 h. CONCLUSIONS Ketorolac may have similar efficacy to phenothiazines and metoclopramide in treating acute migraine headache. Ketorolac may also offer better pain control than sumatriptan, dexamethasone, and sodium valproate. However, given the lack of evidence due to inadequate number of trials available, future studies are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Noor Nurathirah
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, School of Medical Sciences, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Boniami Yazid
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, School of Medical Sciences, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Noor Norhayati
- Department of Family Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, School of Medical Sciences, Kubang Kerian, Malaysia
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Zhang W, Mei R, Wu S. Ketorolac tromethamine represses senescence in aging articular chondrocytes. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2022; 86:837-845. [PMID: 35404445 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbac047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The present study aims to explore the potential function of ketorolac tromethamine in treating osteoarthritis by examining its effects on interleukin-1β (IL-1β)-triggered cellular senescence in chondrocytes. More β-galactosidase (SA-β-Gal) positively stained cells, promoted cell fraction in the G0/G1 phase, increased release of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-3 and MMP-13, and upregulated cellular senescence-related genes (p21 and p53) were observed in IL-1β-challenged HC-A cells, all of which were significantly reversed by 25 and 50 mg/mL ketorolac tromethamine. Furthermore, the upregulated cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and elevated release of prostaglandin E2 in IL-1β- challenged HC-A cells were dramatically repressed by ketorolac tromethamine. Lastly, the inhibitory effects of ketorolac tromethamine on the activation of SA-β-Gal and the upregulation of p21 and p53 were greatly abolished by the overexpression of COX-2. Collectively, ketorolac tromethamine repressed cellular senescence in aging articular chondrocytes by inhibiting COX-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Jinlong hospital, Central Hospital of Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Enshi City, Hubei Province, China
| | - Rong Mei
- Department of Anesthesiology, Jinlong hospital, Central Hospital of Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Enshi City, Hubei Province, China
| | - Shuxuan Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Jinlong hospital, Central Hospital of Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Enshi City, Hubei Province, China
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Wu Y, Cai Z, Li Y, Kang Y, Fu B, Wang J. Effect of ketorolac tromethamine combined with dezocine prior administration on hemodynamics and postoperative analgesia in patients undergoing laparoscopic hernia repair. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e29320. [PMID: 35608433 PMCID: PMC9276157 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000029320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To observe the effect of Ketorolac tromethamine combined with dezocine prior administration on hemodynamics and postoperative sedation in patients undergoing laparoscopic hernia repair. METHODS 100 male patients aged 60 to 80 years old, a line to elective laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair, were randomly divided into four groups: control group (Group A) and dezocine group (Group B), ketorolac tromethamine group (Group C), ketorolac tromethamine combined with dezocine group (Group D). Patients were administrated with 0.1 mg/kg dezocine in Group B, 0.5 mg/kg ketorolac in Group C, 0.1 mg/kg dezocine, and 0.5 mg/kg ketorolac in Group D, and with an equal dose of normal saline in group A. The heart rate (HR) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) of patients in 4 groups were recorded at each time point as follows, T0 (enter the operating room), T1 (before skin resection), 10 min after pneumoperitoneum (T2), mesh placement (T3), and laryngeal mask extraction (T4). Operation time, awakening time (time from drug withdrawal to consciousness recovery), the dosage of propofol, sufentanil, remifentanil, and intraoperative vasoactive drug dosage were recorded to compare. Visual analog scale score and sedation Ramsay score were evaluated 1, 6, 12, and 24 hours after extubation. RESULTS There was no significant difference in operation time, anesthesia recovery time, sufentanil dosage, and vasoactive drugs among all groups. The amount of propofol in Group B and D was less than that in Group A and C (P < .05), and there was no difference between Group B and D, A and C (P > .05). The amount of remifentanil in Group B, C, and D was less than that in Group A (P < .05), and Group D was less than B and C (P < .05). After extubation, HR and MAP were significantly higher than before (P < .05). Compared with T0, HR and MAP increased in each group at T4, but MAP and HR in Group D increased the least (P < .05). There were significant differences between Group B, C, D, and A, MAP and HR fluctuated little during extubation (P < .05), but there was a significant difference between Group D and B, C (P < .05). Visual analog scale scores of Group B, C, and D were lower than those of A at 1, 6, and 12 hours after surgery (P < .05), and there was a significant difference between Group D, and B, C (P < .05). Ramsay scores in Group B and D were higher than those in A and C at 1 and 6 hours after the operation (P < .05). There was no difference in the incidence of adverse reactions among groups. CONCLUSION The prophylactic use of ketorolac tromethamine and dezocine before laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair can reduce hemodynamic disorder during anesthesia recovery, increase postoperative sedative and analgesic effects.
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Abdellatif AAH, Mohammed AM, Zayed G, El-Rasoul SA, Almawash S, Safwat MA, Osman SK. Cyclodextrin/Adamantane-Grafted Polyethylene Glycol-Based Self-assembling Constructs for Topical Delivery of Ketorolac Tromethamine: Formulation, Characterization, and In Vivo Studies. AAPS PharmSciTech 2022; 23:45. [PMID: 34981280 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-021-02188-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Topical formulation of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) exhibits many advantages over the oral administration route, such as avoiding the direct effect on GIT and avoiding the poor oral bioavailability of such drugs. Our study aims to develop a new self-assembling construct based on the hydrophobic interaction between adamantane terminated poly (ethylene glycol) polymers and polymerized β-cyclodextrin. The viscous constructs were developed from direct mixing of host and guest polymer solutions, indicating spontaneous formation without cross-linkers. The modified system was evaluated by different analyses, including X-ray diffractometry, electron microscopy, isothermal titration calorimetry, and rheological analysis. Moreover, such a system's ability for drug loading and release was investigated via the in vitro release of ketorolac tromethamine (KT) as a model of NSAIDs. Finally, the prepared formulas were applied on a rat paw edema model to prove the enhanced anti-inflammatory activities. The obtained results indicated that the modified constructs have a rubbery porous structure with an amorphous nature. Also, from rheological results, the modified system exhibited a viscous behavior with higher loss modulus (G″) compared with storage (G'). The inclusion complexation between cyclodextrin and adamantane moieties was proved by the recorded high binding constants with a 1:1 stoichiometric ratio. Furthermore, the results showed the successful KT incorporation into the modified system and quantitatively released through a semi-permeable membrane in a sustained fashion (over 24 h). Finally, the in vivo results of the medicated constructs showed a significant inhibition of the induced inflammation and swelling, indicating that the modified construct has a great utility for safe non-irritating topical delivery applications.
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El Moussaoui S, Abo-Horan I, Halbaut L, Alonso C, Coderch L, Garduño-Ramírez ML, Clares B, Soriano JL, Calpena AC, Fernández-Campos F, Mallandrich M. Polymeric Nanoparticles and Chitosan Gel Loading Ketorolac Tromethamine to Alleviate Pain Associated with Condyloma Acuminata during the Pre- and Post-Ablation. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13111784. [PMID: 34834198 PMCID: PMC8618351 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13111784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study describes the preparation and evaluation of two formulations, a hydrogel and a nanostructured system, containing ketorolac tromethamine as an anti-inflammatory agent for the local therapy against the inflammatory process derived from the surgical excision of Condyloma acuminata. Both formulations were physicochemically characterized. In vitro release profiles show that the nanoparticles release 92% ± 2.3 of the total ketorolac tromethamine encapsulated, while the chitosan gel releases 18.6% ± 0.2. The ex vivo permeation and distribution through human skin were also assayed and was observed how the main amount of ketorolac tromethamine is retained in the epidermis. In vivo studies were accomplished to evaluate the anti-inflammatory efficacy in mice which also involved the histological analysis to confirm the in vivo results. The nanoparticles present a significantly higher anti-inflammatory efficacy than chitosan gel. The tolerability of developed formulations was assessed by monitoring the biomechanical properties of the skin before and after application of both formulations. No statistical differences in trans-epidermal water loss and skin hydration with respect to the basal values were observed and the formulations exhibited higher anti-inflammatory activity compared to a reference ketotorlac tromethamine solution. Therefore, it can be concluded that both formulations can be proposed as outstanding candidates for offering a local anti-inflammatory therapeutical tool with potential clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salima El Moussaoui
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical-Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (S.E.M.); (I.A.-H.); (L.H.); (A.C.C.); (M.M.)
| | - Ismael Abo-Horan
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical-Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (S.E.M.); (I.A.-H.); (L.H.); (A.C.C.); (M.M.)
| | - Lyda Halbaut
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical-Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (S.E.M.); (I.A.-H.); (L.H.); (A.C.C.); (M.M.)
| | - Cristina Alonso
- Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia-CSIC (IQAC-CSIC), 18-26 Jordi Girona St., 08034 Barcelona, Spain; (C.A.); (L.C.)
| | - Lluïsa Coderch
- Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia-CSIC (IQAC-CSIC), 18-26 Jordi Girona St., 08034 Barcelona, Spain; (C.A.); (L.C.)
| | - María Luisa Garduño-Ramírez
- Centro de Investigaciones Químicas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Avenida Universidad 1001, Cuernavaca 62209, Mexico;
| | - Beatriz Clares
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain;
- Institut de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia IN2UB, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - José Luis Soriano
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain;
| | - Ana Cristina Calpena
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical-Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (S.E.M.); (I.A.-H.); (L.H.); (A.C.C.); (M.M.)
- Institut de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia IN2UB, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Mireia Mallandrich
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical-Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (S.E.M.); (I.A.-H.); (L.H.); (A.C.C.); (M.M.)
- Institut de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia IN2UB, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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12
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Suhail M, Hsieh YH, Shao YF, Minhas MU, Wu PC. Formulation and In-Vitro Characterization of pH-Responsive Semi-Interpenetrating Polymer Network Hydrogels for Controlled Release of Ketorolac Tromethamine. Gels 2021; 7:167. [PMID: 34698162 DOI: 10.3390/gels7040167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ketorolac tromethamine is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug used in the management of severe pain. The half-life of Ketorolac tromethamine is within the range of 2.5–4 h. Hence, repeated doses of Ketorolac tromethamine are needed in a day to maintain the therapeutic level. However, taking several doses of Ketorolac tromethamine in a day generates certain complications, such as acute renal failure and gastrointestinal ulceration. Therefore, a polymeric-controlled drug delivery system is needed that could prolong the release of Ketorolac tromethamine. Therefore, in the current study, pH-responsive carbopol 934/sodium polystyrene sulfonate-co-poly(acrylic acid) (CP/SpScPAA) hydrogels were developed by the free radical polymerization technique for the controlled release of Ketorolac tromethamine. Monomer acrylic acid was crosslinked with the polymers carbopol 934 and sodium polystyrene sulfonate by the cross-linker N’,N’-methylene bisacrylamide. Various studies were conducted to evaluate and assess the various parameters of the fabricated hydrogels. The compatibility of the constituents used in the preparation of hydrogels was confirmed by FTIR analysis, whereas the thermal stability of the unreacted polymers and developed hydrogels was analyzed by TGA and DSC, respectively. A smooth and porous surface was indicated by SEM. The crystallinity of carbopol 934, sodium polystyrene sulfonate, and the prepared hydrogels was evaluated by PXRD, which revealed a reduction in the crystallinity of reactants for the developed hydrogels. The pH sensitivity of the polymeric hydrogel networks was confirmed by dynamic swelling and in vitro release studies with two different pH media i.e., pH 1.2 and 7.4, respectively. Maximum swelling was exhibited at pH 7.4 compared to pH 1.2 and, likewise, a greater percent drug release was perceived at pH 7.4. Conclusively, we can demonstrate that the developed pH-sensitive hydrogel network could be employed as a suitable carrier for the controlled delivery of Ketorolac tromethamine.
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13
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Tsu E, Mathew P, Ernst E, Vesel T. Intravenous Ketorolac Infusion for Intractable Pleuritic Pain Secondary to Metastatic Epithelioid Hemangioendothelioma. J Palliat Med 2021; 24:1744-1748. [PMID: 34297626 DOI: 10.1089/jpm.2021.0277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Epithelioid hemangioendothelioma (EHE) patients can experience severe pain. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, including ketorolac tromethamine, can effectively treat cancer-related pain, provide an opioid-sparing effect, and may be particularly effective for EHE pain. There are limited data describing prolonged (>5 days) continuous intravenous (IV) ketorolac infusion for cancer-related pain and no data on its use in EHE. Case Description: A 67-year-old woman with metastatic hepatic EHE suffered from chronic intractable pleuritic pain unresponsive to trials of nonopioid, opioid, adjuvant medications, and nonpharmacological interventions. In the hospital, continuous IV ketorolac infusion at 3.8 mg/hour (91.2 mg/day) effectively managed pain. With thorough monitoring, the patient was discharged on continuous IV ketorolac infusion at 3 mg/hour (72 mg/day). Infusion continued for 79 days without clinical or laboratory evidence of ketorolac toxicity. Conclusion: Ketorolac tromethamine as a long-term infusion is a potentially viable analgesic for patients with intractable EHE-related pain unresponsive to standard therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Tsu
- Department of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Paul Mathew
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Emma Ernst
- Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tamara Vesel
- Division of Palliative Care, Department of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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14
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Smail SS, Ghareeb MM, Omer HK, Al-Kinani AA, Alany RG. Studies on Surfactants, Cosurfactants, and Oils for Prospective Use in Formulation of Ketorolac Tromethamine Ophthalmic Nanoemulsions. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13040467. [PMID: 33808316 PMCID: PMC8065503 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13040467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoemulsions (NE) are isotropic, dispersions of oil, water, surfactant(s) and cosurfactant(s). A range of components (11 surfactants, nine cosurfactants, and five oils) were investigated as potential excipients for preparation of ketorolac tromethamine (KT) ocular nanoemulsion. Diol cosurfactants were investigated for the effect of their carbon chain length and dielectric constant (DEC), Log P, and HLB on saturation solubility of KT. Hen's Egg Test-ChorioAllantoic Membrane (HET-CAM) assay was used to evaluate conjunctival irritation of selected excipients. Of the investigated surfactants, Tween 60 achieved the highest KT solubility (9.89 ± 0.17 mg/mL), followed by Cremophor RH 40 (9.00 ± 0.21 mg/mL); amongst cosurfactants of interest ethylene glycol yielded the highest KT solubility (36.84 ± 0.40 mg/mL), followed by propylene glycol (26.23 ± 0.82 mg/mL). The solubility of KT in cosurfactants was affected by four molecular descriptors: carbon chain length, DEC, log P and HLB. KT solubility was directly proportional to DEC and the HLB yet, inversely proportional to carbon chain length and log P. All surfactants, except Labrasol ALF, were non-irritant. The majority of cosurfactants were slightly irritant, butylene glycol was a moderate irritant, pentylene and hexylene glycols were strong irritants. These findings will inform experiments aimed at developing NE formulations for ocular administration of KT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahla S. Smail
- Drug Discovery, Delivery and Patient Care (DDDPC) Theme, Department of Pharmacy, Kingston University, Kingston upon Thames, London KT1 2EE, UK;
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Hawler Medical University, Kurdistan Region, Erbil 44001, Iraq;
- Correspondence: (S.S.S.); (A.A.A.-K.)
| | - Mowafaq M. Ghareeb
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Baghdad, Baghdad 10011, Iraq;
| | - Huner K. Omer
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Hawler Medical University, Kurdistan Region, Erbil 44001, Iraq;
| | - Ali A. Al-Kinani
- Drug Discovery, Delivery and Patient Care (DDDPC) Theme, Department of Pharmacy, Kingston University, Kingston upon Thames, London KT1 2EE, UK;
- Correspondence: (S.S.S.); (A.A.A.-K.)
| | - Raid G. Alany
- Drug Discovery, Delivery and Patient Care (DDDPC) Theme, Department of Pharmacy, Kingston University, Kingston upon Thames, London KT1 2EE, UK;
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
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15
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Mallandrich M, Calpena AC, Clares B, Parra A, García ML, Soriano JL, Fernández-Campos F. Nano-engineering of ketorolac tromethamine platforms for ocular treatment of inflammatory disorders. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2021; 16:401-414. [PMID: 33586454 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2020-0403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The development and optimization of Ketorolac tromethamine-loaded polylactic-co-glycolic acid nanoparticles (KT-NPs) for the treatment of inflammatory processes of the eye. Materials & methods: KT-NPs were developed by factorial design and characterized by assessing their physicochemical properties. Biopharmaceutical behavior studies, ocular tolerance, anti-inflammatory efficacy and bioavailability tests were performed on pigs. Results: Optimized KT-NPs of 112 nm, narrow distribution with encapsulation efficiency near 100% were obtained. KT release followed the Weibull model and there was significantly greater retention in the cornea and sclera than in the commercial reference. KT-NPs showed no signs of ocular irritancy and similar anti-inflammatory efficacy to the commercial reference. Conclusion: KT-NPs were a suitable alternative for the treatment of inflammatory disorders of the anterior and posterior segments of the eye as an alternative to conventional topical formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireia Mallandrich
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Technology & Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy & Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.,Nanoscience & Nanotechnology Institute (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana C Calpena
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Technology & Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy & Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.,Nanoscience & Nanotechnology Institute (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Beatriz Clares
- Nanoscience & Nanotechnology Institute (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Alexander Parra
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Technology & Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy & Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - María L García
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Technology & Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy & Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.,Nanoscience & Nanotechnology Institute (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - José L Soriano
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco Fernández-Campos
- Department of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Technology & Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy & Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.,Reig-Jofre Laboratories, Av. de les Flors s/n, 08970 Sant Joan Despí, Spain
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16
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Nivedha V, Sherwood IA, Abbott PV, Ramaprabha B, Bhargavi PV. Pre-operative ketorolac efficacy with different anesthetics, irrigants during single visit root canal treatment of mandibular molars with acute irreversible pulpitis. AUST ENDOD J 2020; 46:343-350. [PMID: 32243716 DOI: 10.1111/aej.12407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mandibular molar teeth with acute irreversible pulpitis pose challenges in single visit root canal treatment - (i) success of local anaesthesia and (ii) post-operative pain. One hundred and twenty-six patients with pain associated with carious mandibular molar teeth were enrolled. All patients were administered 10 mg of ketorolac tromethamine prior to local anaesthesia. Local anesthetics used were 2% lignocaine with 1:80 000 adrenaline and 4% articaine with 1:100 000 adrenaline. Three irrigation solutions were used - saline, 3% sodium hypochlorite and dexamethasone. Mean intra-operative pain scores for the lignocaine and articaine groups were 4.33 (±2.58) and 4.22 (±2.88), respectively. There was a statistically significant difference (P = 0.000) in post-operative pain incidence between the lignocaine and articaine groups with 16.7% (10 patients) and 49.2% (29 patients), respectively. Pre-operative ketorolac tromethamine was not effective in reducing the intra-operative pain incidence. However, it was effective in controlling post-operative pain with lignocaine anesthetic group.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Nivedha
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, CSI College of Dental Sciences, Madurai, India
| | - I Anand Sherwood
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, CSI College of Dental Sciences, Madurai, India
| | - Paul V Abbott
- UWA Dental School, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - B Ramaprabha
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Tamil Nadu Government Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, India
| | - P V Bhargavi
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, CSI College of Dental Sciences, Madurai, India
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17
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Salvi V, Pawar P. Eudragit RL100 Based Moxifloxacin Hydrochloride and Ketorolac Tromethamine Combination Nanoparticulate System for Ocular Drug Delivery. Pharm Nanotechnol 2020; 8:133-147. [PMID: 32167436 DOI: 10.2174/2211738508666200313140902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacterial conjunctivitis is a serious ocular infection if left untreated. It is caused by several species of bacteria like Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus and Mycobacterium. OBJECTIVE The present investigation explores the development and characterization of moxifloxacin hydrochloride and ketorolac tromethamine combination loaded Eudragit RL 100 nanosuspension for ocular drug delivery in order to overcome the problems associated with conventional dosage forms. METHODS The nanosuspension prepared by nanoprecipitation technique showed successful entrapment of both water-soluble drugs in the polymer matrix indicated by their % entrapment efficiencies. RESULTS Formulations showed a mean particle size <200 nm with narrow size distribution and positive surface charge due to the presence of quaternary ammonium groups of Eudragit RL100. FTIR study revealed compatibility among the components, while a reduction in the crystallinity of formulation was observed in the PXRD study. The release of both the drugs was found to be sustained in nanosuspension as compared to commercial eyedrops. Ex vivo studies showed increased transcorneal permeation of drugs from nanosuspension, where approximately 2.5-fold and 2-fold increase in the permeation was observed for moxifloxacin hydrochloride and ketorolac tromethamine, respectively. The formulation was stable at 4°C and room temperature. CONCLUSION Due to their sustained release, positive surface charge and higher transcorneal permeation, this will be a promising ocular drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vedanti Salvi
- Department of Pharmaceutics (PG), Gourishankar Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Limb, Survey No.990, NH-4, Satara-4150415, MS, India
| | - Pravin Pawar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Annasaheb Dange College of B Pharmacy, Ashta, Tal-Walwa, Dist. Sangli-415301, MS, India
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18
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Jahr JS, Searle S, McCallum S, Mack R, Minger K, Freyer A, Du W, Hobson S. Platelet Function: Meloxicam Intravenous in Whole Blood Samples From Healthy Volunteers. Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev 2020; 9:841-848. [PMID: 31961516 PMCID: PMC7587000 DOI: 10.1002/cpdd.772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are effective treatments for pain but may induce bleeding events due to platelet dysfunction associated with inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX)‐1 impairing thromboxane production. An intravenous nanocrystal formulation of meloxicam, a COX‐2 preferential nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drug, is under development for the treatment of moderate to severe pain. This single‐center ex vivo study evaluated the effect of meloxicam intravenous and ketorolac on platelet function in whole blood samples from healthy volunteers. Each whole blood sample was aliquoted to allow analysis using a platelet function analyzer under negative control (untreated), positive control (2 therapeutic ketorolac concentrations), and meloxicam intravenous (1 therapeutic, 3 supratherapeutic concentrations) using both collagen with epinephrine and collagen with adenosine diphosphate reagent cartridges. The platelet function analyzer determines closure time by simulating platelet adhesion and aggregation following vascular injury. The final analysis set included data from 8 subjects. The collagen with adenosine diphosphate analysis (sensitive to thrombocytopathies) showed no significant differences in closure time for meloxicam‐ or ketorolac‐treated samples and untreated control. The collagen with epinephrine analysis (sensitive to aspirin‐induced platelet abnormalities) produced no significant difference in closure time between any meloxicam concentration and untreated control. Ketorolac was associated with significantly longer closure times vs untreated control at both the 2.5‐ and 5‐µg/mL concentrations (P = .003 and .0257, respectively) and vs meloxicam at several concentrations. Similar results were observed when all analyzed samples were included. Meloxicam intravenous had no significant effect on closure times at therapeutic or supratherapeutic concentrations in this ex vivo study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan S Jahr
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center/UCLA Health, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | - Stewart McCallum
- Baudax Bio (formerly Recro Pharma, Inc.), Malvern, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Randall Mack
- Baudax Bio (formerly Recro Pharma, Inc.), Malvern, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kim Minger
- Baudax Bio (formerly Recro Pharma, Inc.), Malvern, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Alex Freyer
- Baudax Bio (formerly Recro Pharma, Inc.), Malvern, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Wei Du
- Clinical Statistics Consulting, Blue Bell, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sue Hobson
- Baudax Bio (formerly Recro Pharma, Inc.), Malvern, Pennsylvania, USA
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Abstract
Aim: At present, various ophthalmic formulations show low bioavailability. The rationale of present work was to design and develop stable ketorolac tromethamine nanosuspension with sustained effect and greater permeability for ocular drug delivery and increased ocular residence. Materials & methods: Formulations were designed by using central composite design, developed by combined nanoprecipitation and probe sonication method. Results & discussion: Nanosuspensions depicted the size range of the particles in between 199 and 441 nm with slight reduction in crystallinity of drug. In vitro drug release revealed that higher % entrapment efficiency of drug in nanosuspension delays the drug release. Conclusion: Eudragit RL-100-based nanosuspension increases viscosity and avoids problems like drug loss from precorneal surface and rapid drainage through nasolacrimal areas.
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20
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Chiu CH, Chen P, Chen ACY, Chan YS, Hsu KY, Rei H, Lei KF. Real-Time Monitoring of Ascorbic Acid-Mediated Reduction of Cytotoxic Effects of Analgesics and NSAIDs on Tenocytes Proliferation. Dose Response 2019; 17:1559325819832143. [PMID: 30886547 PMCID: PMC6413432 DOI: 10.1177/1559325819832143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tendinopathy is a common painful musculoskeletal disorder treated by injection of
analgesics and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), which are believed to have
cytotoxicity toward tenocytes. Ascorbic acid is an antioxidant that promotes collagen
biosynthesis and prevents free radical formation. It is believed to protect tenocytes from
oxidative stress. The optimal concentration of ascorbic acid, especially when used in
conjunction with anesthetics and NSAIDs injection, to treat different stages of
tendinopathies is unknown. Human tenocytes were isolated from a torn edge of the
supraspinatus tendon of a 51-year-old male patient during arthroscopic repair. We
monitored real-time changes in human tenocyte proliferation upon exposure to different
concentrations of ascorbic acid, bupivacaine, and ketorolac tromethamine using the
xCELLigence system. No significant changes in cell index were observed between the control
group and tenocytes treated with the 3 concentrations of ascorbic acid. Tenocytes exposed
to 0.5% bupivacaine and 30 or 15 mg/mL ketorolac tromethamine revealed significant
reduction in tenocytes proliferation. Bupivacaine 0.5% with 250 μg/mL ascorbic acid and 15
mg/mL ketorolac tromethamine with 250 μg/mL ascorbic acid showed the least cytotoxicity
against tenocytes. The optimal ascorbic acid concentration required to reduce the
cytotoxic effects of bupivacaine and ketorolac tromethamine was demonstrated using this
platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Hao Chiu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan.,Bone and Joint Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou
| | - Poyu Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan.,Department of Occupational Therapy and Graduate Institute of Behavioral Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan.,Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan
| | - Alvin Chao-Yu Chen
- Bone and Joint Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou
| | - Yi-Sheng Chan
- Bone and Joint Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou
| | - Kuo-Yao Hsu
- Bone and Joint Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou
| | - Higashikawa Rei
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan
| | - Kin Fong Lei
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou
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21
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Stock RA, Galvan DK, Godoy R, Bonamigo EL. Comparison of macular thickness by optical coherence tomography measurements after uneventful phacoemulsification using ketorolac tromethamine, nepafenac, vs a control group, preoperatively and postoperatively. Clin Ophthalmol 2018; 12:607-611. [PMID: 29636596 PMCID: PMC5880183 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s157738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To analyze, using optical coherence tomography, the macular thickness values of patient groups using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) eye drops or artificial tears during uncomplicated cataract surgery. Methods A total of 77 eyes from 42 patients were analyzed. The patients were divided into three groups, each using one of the following ophthalmic sterile suspensions: nepafenac (21 eyes), propylene glycol (24 eyes), or ketorolac tromethamine (32 eyes). Results The mean macular thicknesses of the nepafenac group, preoperatively as well as at 1, 7, and 45 days postoperatively, were 216.42, 216.61, 222.47, and 218.28, respectively; those of the propylene glycol control group were 218.29, 214.50, 219.37, and 228.45, respectively; and those of the ketorolac tromethamine group were 217.46, 220.71, 225.25, and 228.46, respectively. There were no significant differences between groups at any time, with p-values of 0.971, 0.6742, 0.6711, and 0.327, respectively. Conclusion During the study period, no significant differences in macular thickness were observed between the patient groups using two types of NSAIDs or between those groups and the control group that used propylene glycol, indicating that neither drug was superior to the other or the placebo. However, a slight macular thickening, without reduction of visual acuity, was observed in all groups.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rafael Godoy
- Universidade do Oeste de Santa Catarina, Joaçaba, Santa Catarina, Brazil
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Mallandrich M, Fernández-Campos F, Clares B, Halbaut L, Alonso C, Coderch L, Garduño-Ramírez ML, Andrade B, Del Pozo A, Lane ME, Calpena AC. Developing Transdermal Applications of Ketorolac Tromethamine Entrapped in Stimuli Sensitive Block Copolymer Hydrogels. Pharm Res 2017; 34:1728-1740. [PMID: 28540502 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-017-2181-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE In order to obtain dermal vehicles of ketorolac tromethamine (KT) for the local treatment of inflammation and restrict undesirable side effects of systemic levels hydrogels (HGs) of poloxamer and carbomer were developed. METHODS KT poloxamer based HG (KT-P407-HG) and KT carbomer based HG (KT-C940-HG) were elaborated and characterized in terms of swelling, degradation, porosity, rheology, stability, in vitro release, ex vivo permeation and distribution skin layers. Finally, in vivo anti-inflammatory efficacy and skin tolerance were also assessed. RESULTS HGs were transparent and kept stable after 3 months exhibiting biocompatible near neutral pH values. Rheological patterns fitted to Herschel-Bulkley for KT-C940-HG and Newton for KT-P407-HG due to its low viscosity at 25°C. Rapid release profiles were observed through first order kinetics. Following the surface the highest concentration of KT from C940-HG was found in the epidermis and the stratum corneum for P407-HG. Relevant anti-inflammatory efficacy of KT-P407-HG revealed enough ability to provide sufficient bioavailability KT to reach easily the site of action. The application of developed formulations in volunteers did not induce any visual skin irritation. CONCLUSIONS KT-P407-HG was proposed as suitable formulation for anti-inflammatory local treatment without theoretical systemic side effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireia Mallandrich
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 27-31 Joan XXIII Av,, 08028, Barcelona,, Spain.,Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Institute (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, 27-31 Joan XXIII Av, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco Fernández-Campos
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 27-31 Joan XXIII Av,, 08028, Barcelona,, Spain
| | - Beatriz Clares
- Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Institute (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, 27-31 Joan XXIII Av, 08028, Barcelona, Spain. .,Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Campus of Cartuja s/n,, 18071, Granada,, Spain.
| | - Lyda Halbaut
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 27-31 Joan XXIII Av,, 08028, Barcelona,, Spain.,Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Institute (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, 27-31 Joan XXIII Av, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Alonso
- Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia, 18-26 Jordi Girona St, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luisa Coderch
- Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia, 18-26 Jordi Girona St, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria L Garduño-Ramírez
- Centro de Investigaciones Químicas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Avenida Universidad 1001,, 62209, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Berenice Andrade
- Centro de Investigaciones Químicas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Avenida Universidad 1001,, 62209, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Alfonso Del Pozo
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 27-31 Joan XXIII Av,, 08028, Barcelona,, Spain
| | - Majella E Lane
- Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square,, London,, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Ana C Calpena
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 27-31 Joan XXIII Av,, 08028, Barcelona,, Spain.,Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Institute (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, 27-31 Joan XXIII Av, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
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Shahi P, Kumari N, Pathak K. Microspheres and tablet in capsule system: A novel chronotherapeutic system of ketorolac tromethamine for site and time specific delivery. Int J Pharm Investig 2015; 5:161-70. [PMID: 26258058 PMCID: PMC4522866 DOI: 10.4103/2230-973x.160854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the present work was to develop a novel delivery system of ketorolac tromethamine (KT) for dual pulse release based on microspheres and tablet in capsule system (MATICS) as a treatment modality for rheumatoid arthritis. The design consisted of an impermeable hard gelatin capsule body, in which a core tablet was (second pulse) placed in the bottom and sealed with a hydrogel plug (HP2). The body was locked with enteric coated cap filled with KT microspheres (first pulse). The microspheres for first pulse were selected by screening the formulations (M1–M6), and M1 with least particle size of 96.38 ± 0.05 μm, highest drug loading of 25.10% ± 0.28% and maximum CDR of 89.32% ± 0.21% was adjudged as the best formulation. The HP2 tablet was selected based on its capability for maintaining a lag period of 6 h. The selection criterion of the second pulse (core tablet: T3) was its disintegration time of 4.02 ± 0.53 min and CDR of 99.10% ± 0.32% in 30 min. All the optimized formulations were assembled in accordance with the proposed design to form pulsatile MATICS and evaluated for in vitro release. MATICS displayed delayed sustained CDR of 80.15% in 8 h from the first pulse (microspheres) after a lag time of 2 h, followed by 97.05% KT release from second pulse (core tablet) in simulated colonic fluid within 10 h. Conclusively, in vitro pulsatile release was a rational combination of delayed sustained and immediate release of KT that has the potential to combat the pain at night and morning stiffness. Incorporation of two pulses in one system offers a reduction in dose frequency and better pain management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Shahi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Rajiv Academy for Pharmacy, Mathura - 281 001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Neeraj Kumari
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Rajiv Academy for Pharmacy, Mathura - 281 001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kamla Pathak
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Rajiv Academy for Pharmacy, Mathura - 281 001, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Kondolot Solak E, Er A. pH-sensitive interpenetrating polymer network microspheres of poly(vinyl alcohol) and carboxymethyl cellulose for controlled release of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug ketorolac tromethamine. Artif Cells Nanomed Biotechnol 2015; 44:817-24. [PMID: 25619756 DOI: 10.3109/21691401.2014.982805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to produce pH-sensitive microspheres for the controlled release of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, ketorolac tromethamine (KT). For this purpose, an interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) of microspheres of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)/sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (NaCMC) were prepared, based on different formulations using glutaraldehyde (GA) (0.66 M) and hydrochloric acid (HCl) (3%, v/v). The preparation conditions of the microspheres were optimized by considering the percentage of entrapment efficiency and swelling capacity of the microspheres, and their release data. The effects of PVA and NaCMC ratio on the release of KT for over a period of 6 h, at three pH values (1.2, 6.8, and 7.4), have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebru Kondolot Solak
- a Department of Chemistry and Chemical Processing Technology , Atatürk Vocational High School, Gazi University , Teknikokullar, Ankara
| | - Akın Er
- a Department of Chemistry and Chemical Processing Technology , Atatürk Vocational High School, Gazi University , Teknikokullar, Ankara
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25
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Jethava JK, Jethava GK. Design, formulation, and evaluation of novel sustain release bioadhesive in-situ gelling ocular inserts of ketorolac tromethamine. Int J Pharm Investig 2014; 4:226-32. [PMID: 25426444 PMCID: PMC4241628 DOI: 10.4103/2230-973x.143131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The eye is an interesting organ. The tear flow and blinking reflex maintains a good environment and removes foreign material from the eye. Several polymeric systems have been used to fabricate ocular inserts for better ocular bioavailability and retention to drug of which gelling systems have shown advantages of convenient administration and increased contact time. AIM The purpose of the present study was to develop a bioadhesive in-situ gelling ocular insert of Ketorolac tromethamine using polymeric system of sodium alginate as gelling and chitosan as bioadhesive agent. METHODS Various batches of ketorolac tromethamine bioadhesive in-situ gelling ocular inserts were prepared using sodium alginate and chitosan with glycerin as a plasticizer by solvent casting method. The formulated bioadhesive in-situ gelling ocular insert were then evaluated for physical appearance, thickness, weight variation, folding endurance, percentage moisture loss, percentage moisture absorption, tensile strength, percentage flatness, bioadhesive strength, force of adhesive, drug content, in vitro drug release, sterility test, in vitro antimicrobial efficacy, and stability study. RESULTS The formulation F4 was shown 98.62 % drug release at the end of 12 h. Hence that F4 formulation was maximum sustain drug release than other formulation and also optimum and better result of physicochemical properties than other formulation. This optimized formulation was subjected to sterility and stability test. There was no evidence of microbial growth and hence the ocular insert passed the sterility test and there was no significant change in the physicochemical properties from 0(th) to 30(th) day. Hence, the formulation was found to be stable. CONCLUSION The said promising formulation (F4) would be able to offer benefits such as increase residence time, prolonged drug release, reduction in frequency of administration and thereby definitely prove to improve the patient compliance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayesh K Jethava
- S. J. Thakkar Pharmacy College, Rajkot, Postbox No. 1508, Avadh Road, Near N. R. I. Bunglows, Kalawad Road, Opp. Drive In Cinema, Rajkot 360005, Gujarat, India
| | - Gaurang K Jethava
- S. J. Thakkar Pharmacy College, Rajkot, Postbox No. 1508, Avadh Road, Near N. R. I. Bunglows, Kalawad Road, Opp. Drive In Cinema, Rajkot 360005, Gujarat, India
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Abstract
Background: The osmotic drug delivery systems suitable for oral administration typically consist of a compressed tablet core that is coated with a semipermeable membrane that has an orifice drilled on it by means of a laser beam or mechanical drill. Ketorolac is a nonsteroidal agent with powerful analgesic. Oral bioavailability of ketorolac was reported to be 90% with very low hepatic first-pass elimination; the biological half-life of 4-6 hours requires frequent administration to maintain the therapeutic effect. Aim: The aim of the current study was to design a controlled porosity osmotic pump (CPOP)based drug delivery system for controlled release of an NSAID agent, ketorolac tromethamine, which is expected to improve patient compliance due to reduced frequency; it also eliminates the need for complicated and expensive laser drilling and maintain continuous therapeutic concentration. Design: The CPOP was designed containing pore-forming water-soluble additives in the coating membrane, which after coming in contact with water, dissolve, resulting in an in situ formation of a micro porous structure. Materials and Methods: The effect of different formulation variables, namely level of pore former (PVP), plasticizer (dibutyl phthalate) in the membrane, and membrane weight gain were studied. Results and Conclusion: Drug release was inversely proportional to the membrane weight but directly related to the initial concentration of pore former (PVP) in the membrane. Drug release was independent of pH and agitational intensity, but dependent on the osmotic pressure of the release media. Based on the in vitro dissolution profile, formulation F3C1 (containing 0.5 g PVP and 1 g dibutyl phthalate in coating membrane) exhibited Peppas kinetic with Fickian diffusion-controlled release mechanism with a drug release of 93.67% in 12 hours and hence it was selected as optimized formulation. SEM studies showed the formation of pores in the membrane. The formulations were stable after 3 months of accelerated stability studies. CPOP was designed for effective administration of drugs for prolonged period of time.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mahesh Ningangowdar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, K.L.E.U's College of Pharmacy, Vidyanagar, Hubli, Karnataka, India
| | - Hasanpasha Sholapur
- Department of Pharmacognosy, K.L.E.U's College of Pharmacy, Vidyanagar, Hubli, Karnataka, India
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27
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Kalariya PD, Raju B, Borkar RM, Namdev D, Gananadhamu S, Nandekar PP, Sangamwar AT, Srinivas R. Characterization of forced degradation products of ketorolac tromethamine using LC/ESI/Q/TOF/MS/MS and in silico toxicity prediction. J Mass Spectrom 2014; 49:380-391. [PMID: 24809899 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Revised: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Ketorolac, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, was subjected to forced degradation studies as per International Conference on Harmonization guidelines. A simple, rapid, precise, and accurate high-performance liquid chromatography combined with electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (LC/ESI/Q/TOF/MS/MS) method has been developed for the identification and structural characterization of stressed degradation products of ketorolac. The drug was found to degrade in hydrolytic (acidic, basic, and neutral), photolytic (acidic, basic, and neutral solution), and thermal conditions, whereas the solid form of the drug was found to be stable under photolytic conditions. The method has shown adequate separation of ketorolac tromethamine and its degradation products on a Grace Smart C-18 (250 mm × 4.6 mm i.d., 5 µm) column using 20 mM ammonium formate (pH = 3.2): acetonitrile as a mobile phase in gradient elution mode at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min. A total of nine degradation products were identified and characterized by LC/ESI/MS/MS. The most probable mechanisms for the formation of degradation products have been proposed on the basis of a comparison of the fragmentation of the [M + H](+) ions of ketorolac and its degradation products. In silico toxicity of the drug and degradation products was investigated by using topkat and derek softwares. The method was validated in terms of specificity, linearity, accuracy, precision, and robustness as per International Conference on Harmonization guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradipbhai D Kalariya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Balanagar, Hyderabad, 500037, AP, India
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28
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES The efficacy of ketorolac tromethamine (KT) floating alginate beads as a drug delivery system for better control of KT release was investigated. The formulation with the highest drug loading, entrapment efficiency, swelling, buoyancy, and in vitro release would be selected for further in vivo analgesic effect in the mice and pharmacokinetics study in rats compared to the tablet dosage form. METHODS KT floating alginate beads were prepared by extrusion congealing technique. KT in plasma samples was analyzed using a UPLC MS/MS assay. RESULTS The percentage yield, drug loading and encapsulation efficiency were increased proportionally with the hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose (HPMC) polymer amount in the KT floating beads. A reverse relationship was observed between HPMC amount in the beads and the KT in vitro release rate. F3-floating beads were selected, due to its better in vitro results (continued floating for >8 h) than others. A longer analgesic effect was observed for F3 in fed mice as compared to the tablets. After F3 administration to rats, the Cmax (2.2 ± 0.3 µg/ml) was achieved at ∼2 h and the decline in KT concentration was slower. F3 showed a significant increase in the AUC (1.89 fold) in rats as compared to the tablets. CONCLUSION KT was successfully formulated as floating beads with prolonged in vitro release extended to a better in vivo characteristic with higher bioavailability in rats. KT in floating beads shows a superior analgesic effect over tablets, especially in fed mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahasen A Radwan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Practice, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia
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29
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Dubey SK, Duddelly S, Jangala H, Saha RN. Rapid and Sensitive Reverse-phase High-performance Liquid Chromatography Method for Estimation of Ketorolac in Pharmaceuticals Using Weighted Regression. Indian J Pharm Sci 2013; 75:89-93. [PMID: 23901166 PMCID: PMC3719155 DOI: 10.4103/0250-474x.113535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2012] [Revised: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A reliable, rapid and sensitive isocratic reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography method has been developed and validated for assay of ketorolac tromethamine in tablets and ophthalmic dosage forms using diclofenac sodium as an internal standard. An isocratic separation of ketorolac tromethamine was achieved on Oyster BDS (150×4.6 mm i.d., 5 μm particle size) column using mobile phase of methanol:acetonitrile:sodium dihydrogen phosphate (20 mM; pH 5.5) (50:10:40, %v/v) at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min. The eluents were monitored at 322 nm for ketorolac and at 282 nm for diclofenac sodium with a photodiode array detector. The retention times of ketorolac and diclofenac sodium were found to be 1.9 min and 4.6 min, respectively. Response was a linear function of drug concentration in the range of 0.01-15 μg/ml (R2=0.994; linear regression model using weighing factor 1/x2) with a limit of detection and quantification of 0.002 μg/ml and 0.007 μg/ml, respectively. The % recovery and % relative standard deviation values indicated the method was accurate and precise.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Dubey
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani 333 031, India
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30
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Liu S, Liu W, Ma Y, Liu K, Wang M. Suprachoroidal injection of ketorolac tromethamine does not cause retinal damage. Neural Regen Res 2012; 7:2770-7. [PMID: 25317126 PMCID: PMC4190858 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2012.35.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2012] [Accepted: 11/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabbit right eyes were injected with 3 or 6 mg ketorolac tromethamine into the suprachoroidal space. Electroretinography results demonstrated no abnormal changes in rod cell response, maximum rod cell or cone cell mixing reaction, oscillation potential, cone cell response, waveform, amplitude, and potential of 30 Hz scintillation response in right eyes before injection, and at 1, 2, and 4 weeks after injection. There was no difference between left (control) and right eyes. Under light microscopy, the histomorphology of cells in each retinal layer was normal at 4 weeks following 6 mg ketorolac tromethamine administration. These results indicate that a single suprachoroidal injection of 3 or 6 mg ketorolac tromethamine into rabbits was safe. Suprachoroidal space injection appears to be safe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumeng Liu
- General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China
| | - Wu Liu
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University; Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Lab, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Yaling Ma
- General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China
| | - Kegao Liu
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University; Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Lab, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Meizi Wang
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University; Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Lab, Beijing 100730, China
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Paliwal SK, Chauhan R, Sharma V, Majumdar DK, Paliwal S. Entrapment of ketorolac tromethamine in polymeric vehicle for controlled drug delivery. Indian J Pharm Sci 2011; 71:687-91. [PMID: 20376226 PMCID: PMC2846478 DOI: 10.4103/0250-474x.59555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2007] [Revised: 09/01/2009] [Accepted: 12/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The most common method for applying a drug in to the eye is to formulate the drug in the form of an eye drop, but this method is not considered ideal for ocular delivery of drug because of poor bioavailability arising from precorneal loss processes, this loss of drug from the precorneal area is a net effect of drainage, tear secretion and noncorneal absorption. Following the above lead we tried to improve the ocular bioavailability by increasing the corneal contact time and the feasible way was to formulate a drug with mucoadhesive/viscosity imparting agents. The adhesive strength of various polymers on corneal surface was studied with the help of self modified Franz diffusion cell and freshly excised goat/bovine cornea. The polymers hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, carboxymethylcellulose sodium, Eudragit type E/RL/RS, Carbopol ETD 2020 and Carbopol 934 National Formulary were formulated with drug, ketorolac tromethamine. The adhesive strength of polymers on corneal surface and permeation characteristics of drug through cornea were investigated by using above said formulations. Eudragit type E/RL/RS did not show any improvement in mucoadhesion, but the formulations containing Carbopol ETD 2020 and Carbopol 934 national formulary showed good mucoadhesion on corneal surface in the concentration as low as 0.75%. The mucoadhesive strength was also evaluated using the combination of Carbopol acrylates/C 10-30 alkylacrylate with allylpentaerithrital and preservative benzalkonium chloride, which also resulted in good mucoadhesion with improved corneal permeation. Observations made in this study indicate the potentiality of the ophthalmic formulations containing mucoadhesive/viscosity imparting agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Paliwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of life Sciences, Banasthali Vidyapith-304 022, India
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32
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Reddy R, Kim SJ. Critical appraisal of ophthalmic ketorolac in treatment of pain and inflammation following cataract surgery. Clin Ophthalmol 2011; 5:751-8. [PMID: 21750608 PMCID: PMC3130912 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s7633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The purpose of this review was to provide a critical appraisal of the literature supporting the efficacy of ophthalmic ketorolac (Acuvail®) in the treatment of pain and inflammation after cataract surgery. Methods: Literature search and expert opinion of the authors. Results: Recent studies indicate greater intraocular drug levels in the anterior chamber and iris-ciliary body after topical application of Acuvail in comparison with older formulations of ketorolac. A large randomized, multicenter, placebo-controlled study demonstrated significantly less inflammation and pain after cataract surgery using Acuvail. Conclusion: Acuvail appears to be effective in reducing post-cataract surgery pain and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Reddy
- Department of Ophthalmology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
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Di Stefano V, Pitonzo R, Bavetta S, Polidori P, Sidoti MG. Chemical stability of tramadol hydrochloride injection admixed with selected pain drugs. Int J Pharm Investig 2011; 1:48-52. [PMID: 23071920 PMCID: PMC3465115 DOI: 10.4103/2230-973x.76729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2010] [Revised: 11/23/2010] [Accepted: 11/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tramadol hydrochloride (HCl) and ketorolac tromethamine are analgesic drugs, which are commonly used in combination in postoperative pain management. According to some studies, metoclopramide and magnesium sulfate (MgSO(4)) as adjuvant agents can improve analgesia and decrease the need for other pain drugs. MATERIALS AND METHODS The chemical stability of tramadol HCl combined with ketorolac tromethamine and metoclopramide HCl has been studied using a stability-indicating high-performance liquid chromatographic assay method. Calibration curves were produced using linear regression of the peak area against concentration of each drug, with an r(2) value ≥ 0.96. Our aim was to investigate the stability of admixture solution of tramadol HCl combined with ketorolac tromethamine and metoclopramide HCl for 48 h (25°C) and 5 days (5°C), with MgSO(4), which has never been assessed. RESULTS Data obtained for admixtures prepared and stored at temperatures of 25°C and 5°C, show that all drugs have reached at least 98% of the initial concentration. CONCLUSIONS For the purpose of pre-preparing drug admixtures to use with confidence, tramadol HCl infusions may be prepared in advance and then thawed before use in clinical units. On the basis of our results, the intravenous mixture of tramadol (7.69 mg/mL), metoclopramide (0.19 mg/mL), ketorolac (1.15 mg/mL), and magnesium sulfate (77 mg/mL) may be considered for a possible commercial formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Di Stefano
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - R Pitonzo
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - S Bavetta
- Pharmacy Department, ISMETT – Via Ernesto Tricomi, 1 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - P Polidori
- Pharmacy Department, ISMETT – Via Ernesto Tricomi, 1 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - MG Sidoti
- Pharmacy Department, ISMETT – Via Ernesto Tricomi, 1 90127 Palermo, Italy
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Abdelkader H, Abdalla OY, Salem H. Formulation of controlled-release baclofen matrix tablets: influence of some hydrophilic polymers on the release rate and in vitro evaluation. AAPS PharmSciTech 2007; 8:E100. [PMID: 18181521 PMCID: PMC2750449 DOI: 10.1208/pt0804100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2006] [Accepted: 08/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This work aims at investigating different types and levels of hydrophilic matrixing agents, including methylcellulose (MC), sodium alginate (Alg), and sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), in an attempt to formulate controlled-release matrix tablets containing 25 mg baclofen. The tablets were prepared by wet granulation. Prior to compression, the prepared granules were evaluated for flow and compression characteristics. In vitro, newly formulated controlled-release tablets were compared with standard commercial tablets (Lioresal and baclofen). The excipients used in this study did not alter physicochemical properties of the drug, as tested by the thermal analysis using differential scanning calorimetry. The flow and compression characteristics of the prepared granules significantly improved by virtue of granulation process. Also, the prepared matrix tablets showed good mechanical properties (hardness and friability). MC- and Alg-based tablet formulations showed high release-retarding efficiency, and good reproducibility and stability of the drug release profiles when stored for 6 months in ambient room conditions, suggesting that MC and Alg are good candidates for preparing modified-release baclofen tablet formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamdy Abdelkader
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia, Egypt.
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