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Almutairi N, Tenuta LMA, Sherbel J, Jankovich A, Chang SR, Dennison J, Yaman P, Lahann J, Clarkson B. Surface porosity of enamel white spot lesions and penetration of fluorapatite nanocrystals into their subsurface: proof-of-concept study. J Dent 2024; 149:105292. [PMID: 39111537 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2024.105292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2024] [Revised: 08/01/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In this study, we used atomic force microscopy (AFM) to quantify the size of surface pore apertures of enamel white spot lesions and then demonstrated the penetration of fluorapatite nanocrystals (nFA) into the subsurface of these lesions. METHODS For the porosity study, enamel lesions were created on three sound human teeth using a demineralizing gel for 8 days. The interface between sound enamel and the artificial lesion was analyzed by AFM. To visualize the penetration of nFA tagged with a calcium-binding fluorophore (Fluo-4) into the subsurface of white spot lesions, we used two-photon microscopy. Sixteen extracted human teeth with either active, natural, or in vitro-created carious lesions in enamel were randomly divided into three groups. The teeth were treated for 2 min with either a suspension of tagged nFA crystals, Fluo-4 alone, or deionized water, and left for 30 min before being washed with distilled water and examined microscopically. RESULTS A greater concentration of surface pores with larger areas was observed on the in vitro demineralized enamel (29 % of pores greater than 1.0 µm2) when compared with the adjacent sound enamel (8 % of pores greater than 1.0 µm2) (p=0.012, Fisher exact test). In vitro and natural lesions treated with tagged nFA showed fluorescence at depths ranging from 50 to 170 µm, demonstrating penetration of the nFA into the lesion subsurface. The lesions treated with Fluo-4 alone with no crystals showed mostly surface fluorescence (restricted to the outer 25 µm), while those treated with deionized water showed minimal (restricted to the outer 20 µm) to no fluorescence. CONCLUSION We have demonstrated the use of AFM to quantify the surface pore apertures and two-photon microscopy to visualize nFA crystals in the subsurface of non-cavitated enamel lesions. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The restoration of the subsurface of non-cavitated caries lesions is a clinical challenge. This study demonstrated that a 2 min application of nFA could penetrate through the surface apertures of non-cavitated enamel lesions into their subsurface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nader Almutairi
- Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences, and Endodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Conservative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - Livia M A Tenuta
- Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences, and Endodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jason Sherbel
- Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences, and Endodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Adam Jankovich
- Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences, and Endodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Sywe-Ren Chang
- Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences, and Endodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Joseph Dennison
- Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences, and Endodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Peter Yaman
- Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences, and Endodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Joerg Lahann
- Macromolecular Science and Engineering, BioInterfaces Institute and Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Brian Clarkson
- Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences, and Endodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Srinarawat W, Hemstapat R, Tawonsawatruk T, Patikarnmonthon N, Hamachi I, Ojida A, Wongkongkatep J. Fluorescence identification of arthropathic calcium pyrophosphate single crystals using alizarin red S and a xanthene dipicolylamine Zn II complex. Analyst 2022; 147:4910-4918. [DOI: 10.1039/d2an01257j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Calcium pyrophosphate deposition disease or pseudogout is a type of chronic and painful joint arthropathy. Accurate identification of calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate (CPPD) single crystals is crucial for determining the best course of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waralee Srinarawat
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, 272 Rama 6 Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Ruedee Hemstapat
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, 272 Rama 6 Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Tulyapruek Tawonsawatruk
- Department of Orthopedics, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, 270 Rama 6 Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Nisa Patikarnmonthon
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, 272 Rama 6 Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Itaru Hamachi
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Akio Ojida
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Jirarut Wongkongkatep
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, 272 Rama 6 Road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
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Birkin PR, Youngs JJ, Truscott TT, Martini S. Development of an optical flow through detector for bubbles, crystals and particles in oils. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 24:1544-1552. [PMID: 34940769 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp03655f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The characterisation of bubbles or particles in an oil poses some unique challenges. In contrast to water solutions, the use of electrochemical detection approaches is more difficult in an oil. However, optical sensing systems have considerable potential in this area. Here we use a flow through channel approach and monitor the light propagation through this structure in an optical transmission sensor arrangement (OTS). This simple approach is demonstrated to be useful at detecting bubbles produced in the oil as a result of cavitation induced by high intensity ultrasound (HIU). The optical technique is shown to have an analytical basis. Bubble detection from an operating HIU source is shown to depend on position of the sensor with respect to the source. Critically, the bubble population can be followed for extended time periods after the ultrasonic source has been terminated. The detection of crystals is also demonstrated. Hence, this technique is ideal for the study of the effects of HIU on oils as they crystallise over extended time periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter R Birkin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - Jack J Youngs
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - Tadd T Truscott
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84322-4130, USA
| | - Silvana Martini
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Food Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84322-8700, USA
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4
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Physical attributes of salivary calcium particles and their interaction with gingival epithelium. Biomed J 2021; 44:686-693. [PMID: 35166207 PMCID: PMC8847823 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2020.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The formation of dental plaque and its involvement in the pathogenesis of periodontitis is a topic of intense interest given the high prevalence of periodontitis in humans. Even though calcium-based particles play an active role in both dental plaque formation and periodontitis, few publications describe the physical-chemical properties of these particles. Methods Saliva samples were collected from healthy volunteers. From these samples, saliva-derived particles were isolated and stained for calcium using calcein or Fluo-4. The salivary particles were also subjected to characterization by flow cytometry and immunoblotting. Internalization of calcein-labeled salivary particles by gingival epithelial cells was visualized by confocal microscopy. Results We found that calcium-based salivary particles from healthy volunteers varied greatly in size but were enriched in particles of sizes at or greater than 1.5 μm. Immunoblotting analysis of the salivary particles identified several proteins including albumin, fetuin-A, and statherin, which have been found in calcium phosphate particles from other tissues or are known to modulate calcium homeostasis in saliva. In addition, calcium particles were internalized by both gingival epithelial cells and monocyte-derived macrophages. Conclusion Salivary calcium particles were enriched in the micrometer range, internalized by gingival epithelial cells, and contain albumin, fetuin-A and statherin, regulators of particle formation. These characteristics of the calcium-based salivary particles and their biological activities provide a basis for further studies to understand the molecular basis for pathogenesis of periodontitis.
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Kumar P, Bell A, Mitchell T. Estimation of Urinary Nanocrystals in Humans using Calcium Fluorophore Labeling and Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis. J Vis Exp 2021. [PMID: 33645589 DOI: 10.3791/62192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Kidney stones are becoming more prevalent worldwide in adults and children. The most common type of kidney stone is comprised of calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystals. Crystalluria occurs when urine becomes supersaturated with minerals (e.g., calcium, oxalate, phosphate) and precedes kidney stone formation. Standard methods to assess crystalluria in stone formers include microscopy, filtration, and centrifugation. However, these methods primarily detect microcrystals and not nanocrystals. Nanocrystals have been suggested to be more harmful to kidney epithelial cells than microcrystals in vitro. Here, we describe the ability of Nanoparticle Tracking analysis (NTA) to detect human urinary nanocrystals. Healthy adults were fed a controlled oxalate diet prior to drinking an oxalate load to stimulate urinary nanocrystals. Urine was collected for 24 hours before and after the oxalate load. Samples were processed and washed with ethanol to purify samples. Urinary nanocrystals were stained with the calcium binding fluorophore, Fluo-4 AM. After staining, the size and count of nanocrystals were determined using NTA. The findings from this study show NTA can efficiently detect nanocrystalluria in healthy adults. These findings suggest NTA could be a valuable early detection method of nanocrystalluria in patients with kidney stone disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parveen Kumar
- Department of Urology, University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - Andrew Bell
- Department of Urology, University of Alabama at Birmingham
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Araújo N, Viegas CSB, Zubía E, Magalhães J, Ramos A, Carvalho MM, Cruz H, Sousa JP, Blanco FJ, Vermeer C, Simes DC. Amentadione from the Alga Cystoseira usneoides as a Novel Osteoarthritis Protective Agent in an Ex Vivo Co-Culture OA Model. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:E624. [PMID: 33297528 PMCID: PMC7762386 DOI: 10.3390/md18120624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) remains a prevalent chronic disease without effective prevention and treatment. Amentadione (YP), a meroditerpenoid purified from the alga Cystoseira usneoides, has demonstrated anti-inflammatory activity. Here, we investigated the YP anti-osteoarthritic potential, by using a novel OA preclinical drug development pipeline designed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and anti-mineralizing activities of potential OA-protective compounds. The workflow was based on in vitro primary cell cultures followed by human cartilage explants assays and a new OA co-culture model, combining cartilage explants with synoviocytes under interleukin-1β (IL-1β) or hydroxyapatite (HAP) stimulation. A combination of gene expression analysis and measurement of inflammatory mediators showed that the proposed model mimicked early disease stages, while YP counteracted inflammatory responses by downregulation of COX-2 and IL-6, improved cartilage homeostasis by downregulation of MMP3 and the chondrocytes hypertrophic differentiation factors Col10 and Runx2. Importantly, YP downregulated NF-κB gene expression and decreased phosphorylated IkBα/total IkBα ratio in chondrocytes. These results indicate the co-culture as a relevant pre-clinical OA model, and strongly suggest YP as a cartilage protective factor by inhibiting inflammatory, mineralizing, catabolic and differentiation processes during OA development, through inhibition of NF-κB signaling pathways, with high therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuna Araújo
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; (N.A.); (C.S.B.V.)
| | - Carla S. B. Viegas
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; (N.A.); (C.S.B.V.)
- GenoGla Diagnostics, Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Eva Zubía
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Cadiz, 11510 Puerto Real (Cádiz), Spain;
| | - Joana Magalhães
- Unidad de Medicina Regenerativa, Grupo de Investigación en Reumatología (GIR), Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (CHUAC), Sergas, 15006 A Coruña, Spain; (J.M.); (F.J.B.)
- Agrupación Estratégica CICA-INIBIC, Universidade da Coruña (UDC), 15006 A Coruña, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Acácio Ramos
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Hospital Particular do Algarve (HPA), 8005-226 Gambelas-Faro, Portugal; (A.R.); (M.M.C.); (H.C.); (J.P.S.)
| | - Maria M. Carvalho
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Hospital Particular do Algarve (HPA), 8005-226 Gambelas-Faro, Portugal; (A.R.); (M.M.C.); (H.C.); (J.P.S.)
| | - Henrique Cruz
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Hospital Particular do Algarve (HPA), 8005-226 Gambelas-Faro, Portugal; (A.R.); (M.M.C.); (H.C.); (J.P.S.)
| | - João Paulo Sousa
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Hospital Particular do Algarve (HPA), 8005-226 Gambelas-Faro, Portugal; (A.R.); (M.M.C.); (H.C.); (J.P.S.)
| | - Francisco J. Blanco
- Unidad de Medicina Regenerativa, Grupo de Investigación en Reumatología (GIR), Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (CHUAC), Sergas, 15006 A Coruña, Spain; (J.M.); (F.J.B.)
- Agrupación Estratégica CICA-INIBIC, Universidade da Coruña (UDC), 15006 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Cees Vermeer
- Cardiovascular Research Institute CARIM, Maastricht University, 6229 EV Maastricht, The Netherlands;
| | - Dina C. Simes
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; (N.A.); (C.S.B.V.)
- GenoGla Diagnostics, Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
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Vinod E, Jefferson TE, Amirtham SM, Prince N, Geevar T, Rebekah G, Ramasamy B, Kachroo U. Correlation between synovial fluid calcium containing crystal estimation and varying grades of osteoarthritis created using a rabbit model: Potential diagnostic tool. J Clin Orthop Trauma 2020; 11:S506-S511. [PMID: 32774019 PMCID: PMC7394792 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcot.2020.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Accurate diagnosis of osteoarthritis (OA) is the first important step in ensuring appropriate management of the disease. A multitude of tests involving assessment of biomarkers help in assessment of severity and grading of osteoarthritic damage. However, most tests are time consuming and are limited by the paucity in synovial fluid volume. In majority of OA effusions, calcium containing crystals are found. The aim of our study was to evaluate whether a correlation existed between the amount of calcium containing crystals present in synovial fluid and severity scoring of OA to propose a quick and inexpensive technique for disease assessment. MATERIALS AND METHODS Monosodium-iodoacetate was used to induce high- and low-grade knee OA in adult New Zealand white rabbits (n = 6 joint each group). At 16 weeks, synovial fluid and joints were harvested for histopathological analysis. OA grading was established based on OARSI scoring. Synovial fluid calcium crystal count was assessed by light microscopy (Alizarin red) and confirmed by Fluo-4, AM imaging and polarized microscopy. Statistical analysis was performed using unpaired Student t-test and Pearson correlation. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION The clumps counted in low-grade OA were significantly lower than high-grade OA, in addition to showing a positive correlation (coefficient: 0.65; P=0.021) between calcium crystal count and the grade of OA created. Fluo-4, AM staining, and polarized microscopy were indicative of calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crystals. This is the first study to suggest that Alizarin red could serve as an effective and rapid, bed-side method for screening and assessing disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Vinod
- Department of Physiology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632002, India,Centre for Stem Cell Research, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632002, India
| | | | | | - Neetu Prince
- Department of Physiology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632002, India,Corresponding author. Department of Physiology, Christian Medical College, Vellore-632002, India. Tel.: 919994474506.
| | - Tulasi Geevar
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Immunohematology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632004, India
| | - Grace Rebekah
- Department of Biostatistics, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632002, India
| | - Boopalan Ramasamy
- Department of Orthopaedics, Royal Darwin Hospital, 105 Rocklands Drive, Tiwi NT, Australia, 0810
| | - Upasana Kachroo
- Department of Physiology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632002, India
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Kumar P, Patel M, Thomas V, Knight J, Holmes RP, Mitchell T. Dietary Oxalate Induces Urinary Nanocrystals in Humans. Kidney Int Rep 2020; 5:1040-1051. [PMID: 32647761 PMCID: PMC7335953 DOI: 10.1016/j.ekir.2020.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Crystalluria is thought to be associated with kidney stone formation and can occur when urine becomes supersaturated with calcium, oxalate, and phosphate. The principal method used to identify urinary crystals is microscopy, with or without a polarized light source. This method can detect crystals above 1 μm in diameter (microcrystals). However, analyses of calcium oxalate kidney stones have indicated that crystallite components in these calculi are 50–100 nm in diameter. Recent studies have suggested that nanocrystals (<200 nm) elicit more injury to renal cells compared to microcrystals. The purpose of this study was to determine whether (i) urinary nanocrystals can be detected and quantified by nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA, a high-resolution imaging technology), (ii) early-void urine samples from healthy subjects contain calcium nanocrystals, and (iii) a dietary oxalate load increases urinary nanocrystal formation. Methods Healthy subjects consumed a controlled low-oxalate diet for 3 days before a dietary oxalate load. Urinary crystals were isolated by centrifugation and assessed using NTA before and 5 hours after the oxalate load. The morphology and chemical composition of crystals was assessed using electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and ion chromatography-mass spectrometry (IC–MS). Results Urinary calcium oxalate nanocrystals were detected in pre-load samples and increased substantially following the oxalate load. Conclusion These findings indicate that NTA can quantify urinary nanocrystals and that meals rich in oxalate can promote nanocrystalluria. NTA should provide valuable insight about the role of nanocrystals in kidney stone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parveen Kumar
- Department of Urology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Mikita Patel
- Department of Urology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Vinoy Thomas
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - John Knight
- Department of Urology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Ross P Holmes
- Department of Urology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Tanecia Mitchell
- Department of Urology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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Nonlinear optical microscopy is a novel tool for the analysis of cutaneous alterations in pseudoxanthoma elasticum. Lasers Med Sci 2020; 35:1821-1830. [PMID: 32372237 PMCID: PMC7505829 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-020-03027-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE, OMIM 264800) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder with ectopic mineralization and fragmentation of elastin fibers. It is caused by mutations of the ABCC6 gene that leads to decreased serum levels of inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi) anti-mineralization factor. The occurrence of severe complications among PXE patients highlights the importance of early diagnosis so that prompt multidisciplinary care can be provided to patients. We aimed to examine dermal connective tissue with nonlinear optical (NLO) techniques, as collagen emits second-harmonic generation (SHG) signal, while elastin can be excited by two-photon excitation fluorescence (TPF). We performed molecular genetic analysis, ophthalmological and cardiovascular assessment, plasma PPi measurement, conventional histopathological examination, and ex vivo SHG and TPF imaging in five patients with PXE and five age- and gender-matched healthy controls. Pathological mutations including one new variant were found in the ABCC6 gene in all PXE patients and their plasma PPi level was significantly lower compared with controls. Degradation and mineralization of elastin fibers and extensive calcium deposition in the mid-dermis was visualized and quantified together with the alterations of the collagen structure in PXE. Our data suggests that NLO provides high-resolution imaging of the specific histopathological features of PXE-affected skin. In vivo NLO may be a promising tool in the assessment of PXE, promoting early diagnosis and follow-up.
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Lotlikar SR, Kayastha BB, Vullo D, Khanam SS, Braga RE, Murray AB, McKenna R, Supuran CT, Patrauchan MA. Pseudomonas aeruginosa β-carbonic anhydrase, psCA1, is required for calcium deposition and contributes to virulence. Cell Calcium 2019; 84:102080. [PMID: 31589941 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2019.102080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Calcification of soft tissue leads to serious diseases and has been associated with bacterial chronic infections. However, the origin and the molecular mechanisms of calcification remain unclear. Here we hypothesized that a human pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa deposits extracellular calcium, a process requiring carbonic anhydrases (CAs). Transmission electron microscopy confirmed the formation of 0.1-0.2 μm deposits by P. aeruginosa PAO1 growing at 5 mM CaCl2, and X-ray elemental analysis confirmed they contain calcium. Quantitative analysis of deposited calcium showed that PAO1 deposits 0.35 and 0.75 mM calcium/mg protein when grown at 5 mM and 10 mM CaCl2, correspondingly. Fluorescent microscopy indicated that deposition initiates at the cell surface. We have previously characterized three PAO1 β-class CAs: psCA1, psCA2, and psCA3 that hydrate CO2 to HCO3-, among which psCA1 showed the highest catalytic activity (Lotlikar et. al. 2013). According to immunoblot and RT-qPCR, growth at elevated calcium levels increases the expression of psCA1. Analyses of the deletion mutants lacking one, two or all three psCA genes, determined that psCA1 plays a major role in calcium deposition and contributes to the pathogen's virulence. In-silico modeling of the PAO1 β-class CAs identified four amino acids that differ in psCA1 compared to psCA2, and psCA3 (T59, A61A, A101, and A108), and these differences may play a role in catalytic rate and thus calcium deposition. A series of inhibitors were tested against the recombinant psCA1, among which aminobenzene sulfonamide (ABS) and acetazolamide (AAZ), which inhibited psCA1 catalytic activity with KIs of 19 nM and 37 nM, correspondingly. The addition of ABS and AAZ to growing PAO1 reduced calcium deposition by 41 and 78, respectively. Hence, for the first time, we showed that the β-CA psCA1 in P. aeruginosa contributes to virulence likely by enabling calcium salt deposition, which can be partially controlled by inhibiting its catalytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalaka R Lotlikar
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Biraj B Kayastha
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Daniela Vullo
- Università degli Studi di Firenze, Polo Scientifico, Laboratorio di Chimica Bioinorganica, Rm. 188, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Sharmily S Khanam
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Reygan E Braga
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Akilah B Murray
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Robert McKenna
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- Università degli Studi di Firenze, Polo Scientifico, Dipartimento Neurofarba, Sezione di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Marianna A Patrauchan
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.
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Sim AM, Rashdan NA, Cui L, Moss AJ, Nudelman F, Dweck MR, MacRae VE, Hulme AN. A novel fluorescein-bisphosphonate based diagnostic tool for the detection of hydroxyapatite in both cell and tissue models. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17360. [PMID: 30478332 PMCID: PMC6255785 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35454-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A rapid and efficient method for the detection of hydroxyapatite (HAP) has been developed which shows superiority to existing well-established methods. This fluorescein-bisphosphonate probe is highly selective for HAP over other calcium minerals and is capable of detecting lower levels of calcification in cellular models than either hydrochloric acid-based calcium leaching assays or the Alizarin S stain. The probe has been shown to be effective in both in vitro vascular calcification models and in vitro bone calcification models. Moreover we have demonstrated binding of this probe to vascular calcification in rat aorta and to areas of microcalcification, in human vascular tissue, beyond the resolution of computed tomography in human atherosclerotic plaques. Fluorescein-BP is therefore a highly sensitive and specific imaging probe for the detection of vascular calcification, with the potential to improve not only ex vivo assessments of HAP deposition but also the detection of vascular microcalcification in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisia M Sim
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Chancellor's Building, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Nabil A Rashdan
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Lin Cui
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Alastair J Moss
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Chancellor's Building, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Fabio Nudelman
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK
| | - Marc R Dweck
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Chancellor's Building, Edinburgh, EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Vicky E MacRae
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Alison N Hulme
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, UK.
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12
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Implication of a novel vitamin K dependent protein, GRP/Ucma in the pathophysiological conditions associated with vascular and soft tissue calcification, osteoarthritis, inflammation, and carcinoma. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 113:309-316. [PMID: 29499263 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.02.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Gla-rich protein (GRP) or unique cartilage matrix-associated protein (Ucma), the newest member of vitamin K dependent proteins, carries exceptionally high number of γ-carboxyglutamic acid (Gla) residues which contributes to its outstanding capacity of binding with calcium in the extracellular environment indicating its potential role as a global calcium modulator. Recent studies demonstrated a critical function of GRP in the regulation of different pathophysiological conditions associated with vascular and soft tissue calcification including cardiovascular diseases, osteoarthritis, inflammation, and skin and breast carcinomas. These findings established an important relationship between γ-carboxylation of GRP and calcification associated disease pathology suggesting a critical role of vitamin K in the pathophysiological features of various health disorders. This review for the first time summarizes all of the updated findings related to the functional activities of GRP in the pathogenesis of several diseases associated with vascular and soft tissue mineralization, osteoarthritis, inflammation, and carcinoma. The outcome of this review will improve the understanding about the role of GRP in the pathogenesis of tissue calcification and its associated health disorders, which should in turn lead to the design of clinical interventions to improve the condition of patients associated with these health disorders.
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13
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Jungwirth-Weinberger A, Gerber C, Boyce G, Jentzsch T, Roner S, Meyer DC. Restriction of Passive Glenohumeral Abduction Combined With Normal Passive External Rotation Is a Diagnostic Feature of Calcific Tendinitis. Orthop J Sports Med 2018; 6:2325967117752907. [PMID: 29450206 PMCID: PMC5808976 DOI: 10.1177/2325967117752907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Passive glenohumeral range of motion may be characteristically limited to specific shoulder pathologies. While pain associated with loss of range of passive external glenohumeral rotation is recognized as a salient feature in adhesive capsulitis, restriction of glenohumeral range of motion in calcific tendinitis of the supraspinatus tendon has never been studied. Hypothesis: On the basis of clinical observation, we hypothesized that calcific tendinitis of the supraspinatus tendon is associated with loss of passive glenohumeral abduction without loss of external rotation. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: Ranges of passive glenohumeral rotation and abduction, which are measured with a standardized protocol in our institution, were retrospectively reviewed and compared for patients diagnosed with either adhesive capsulitis or calcific tendinitis of the supraspinatus tendon. A total of 57 patients met the inclusion criteria for the calcific tendinitis, and 77 met the inclusion criteria for the adhesive capsulitis group. Results: When compared with the contralateral, unaffected shoulder, glenohumeral abduction in the calcific tendinitis group was restricted by a median of 10° (interquartile range [IQR], –20° to –5°) as opposed to glenohumeral external rotation, which was not restricted at all (median, 0°; IQR, 0° to 0°). The adhesive capsulitis group showed a median restriction of glenohumeral abduction of 40° (IQR, –50° to –30°) and a median restriction of passive glenohumeral external rotation of 40° (IQR, –60° to –30°). Conclusion: Calcific tendinitis of the supraspinatus does not typically cause loss of external rotation but is frequently associated with mild isolated restriction of abduction. This finding can be used to clinically differentiate adhesive capsulitis from calcific tendinitis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Glenn Boyce
- Barwon Health, University Hospital, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Simon Roner
- Universitätsklinik Der Balgrist, Zürich, Switzerland
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14
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Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis for the Enumeration and Characterization of Mineralo-Organic Nanoparticles in Feline Urine. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166045. [PMID: 28005930 PMCID: PMC5179072 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Urinary stone disease, particularly calcium oxalate, is common in both humans and cats. Calcifying nanoparticles (CNP) are spherical nanocrystallite material, and are composed of proteins (fetuin, albumin) and inorganic minerals. CNP are suggested to play a role in a wide array of pathologic mineralization syndromes including urolithiasis. We documented the development of a clinically relevant protocol to assess urinary CNP in 9 healthy cats consuming the same diet in a controlled environment using Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis (NTA®). NTA® is a novel method that allows for characterization of the CNP in an efficient, accurate method that can differentiate these particles from other urinary submicron particulates. The predominant nanoscale particles in feline urine are characteristic of CNP in terms of their size, their ability to spontaneously form under suitable conditions, and the presence of an outer layer that is rich in calcium and capable of binding to hydroxyapatite binders such as alendronate and osteopontin. The expansion of this particle population can be suppressed by the addition of citrate to urine samples. Further, compounds targeting exosomal surfaces do not label these particulates. As CNP have been associated with a number of significant urologic maladies, the method described herein may prove to be a useful adjunct in evaluating lithogenesis risk in mammals.
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15
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Cavaco S, Viegas CSB, Rafael MS, Ramos A, Magalhães J, Blanco FJ, Vermeer C, Simes DC. Gla-rich protein is involved in the cross-talk between calcification and inflammation in osteoarthritis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:1051-65. [PMID: 26337479 PMCID: PMC11108449 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-2033-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a whole-joint disease characterized by articular cartilage loss, tissue inflammation, abnormal bone formation and extracellular matrix (ECM) mineralization. Disease-modifying treatments are not yet available and a better understanding of osteoarthritis pathophysiology should lead to the discovery of more effective treatments. Gla-rich protein (GRP) has been proposed to act as a mineralization inhibitor and was recently shown to be associated with OA in vivo. Here, we further investigated the association of GRP with OA mineralization-inflammation processes. Using a synoviocyte and chondrocyte OA cell system, we showed that GRP expression was up-regulated following cell differentiation throughout ECM calcification, and that inflammatory stimulation with IL-1β results in an increased expression of COX2 and MMP13 and up-regulation of GRP. Importantly, while treatment of articular cells with γ-carboxylated GRP inhibited ECM calcification, treatment with either GRP or GRP-coated basic calcium phosphate (BCP) crystals resulted in the down-regulation of inflammatory cytokines and mediators of inflammation, independently of its γ-carboxylation status. Our results strengthen the calcification inhibitory function of GRP and strongly suggest GRP as a novel anti-inflammatory agent, with potential beneficial effects on the main processes responsible for osteoarthritis progression. In conclusion, GRP is a strong candidate target to develop new therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Cavaco
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
| | - Carla S B Viegas
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
- GenoGla Diagnostics, Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Marta S Rafael
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
| | - Acácio Ramos
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Algarve Medical Centre (CHAlgarve), Faro, Portugal
| | - Joana Magalhães
- Grupo de Bioingeniería Tisular y Terapia Celular (GBTTC-CHUAC), Servicio de Reumatología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (CHUAC), Sergas, Universidad de A Coruña (UDC), A Coruña, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco J Blanco
- Grupo de Bioingeniería Tisular y Terapia Celular (GBTTC-CHUAC), Servicio de Reumatología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (CHUAC), Sergas, Universidad de A Coruña (UDC), A Coruña, Spain
| | - Cees Vermeer
- VitaK, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Dina C Simes
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal.
- GenoGla Diagnostics, Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal.
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16
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Rafael MS, Cavaco S, Viegas CSB, Santos S, Ramos A, Willems BAG, Herfs M, Theuwissen E, Vermeer C, Simes DC. Insights into the association of Gla-rich protein and osteoarthritis, novel splice variants and γ-carboxylation status. Mol Nutr Food Res 2014; 58:1636-46. [PMID: 24867294 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201300941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE Gla-rich protein (GRP) is a vitamin K dependent protein, characterized by a high density of γ-carboxylated Glu residues, shown to accumulate in mouse and sturgeon cartilage and at sites of skin and vascular calcification in humans. Therefore, we investigated the involvement of GRP in pathological calcification in osteoarthritis (OA). METHODS AND RESULTS Comparative analysis of GRP patterning at transcriptional and translational levels was performed between controls and OA patients. Using a RT-PCR strategy we unveiled two novel splice variants in human-GRP-F5 and F6-potentially characterized by the loss of full γ-carboxylation and secretion functional motifs. GRP-F1 is shown to be the predominant splice variant expressed in mouse and human adult tissues, particularly in OA cartilage, while an overexpressing human cell model points it as the major γ-carboxylated isoform. Using validated conformational antibodies detecting carboxylated or undercarboxylated GRP (c/uc GRP), we have demonstrated cGRP accumulation in controls, whereas ucGRP was the predominant form in OA-affected tissues, colocalizing at sites of ectopic calcification. CONCLUSION Overall, our results indicate the predominance of GRP-F1, and a clear association of ucGRP with OA cartilage and synovial membrane. Levels of vitamin K should be further assessed in these patients to determine its potential therapeutic use as a supplement in OA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta S Rafael
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
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Kachewar SG, Kulkarni DS. Calcific tendinitis of the rotator cuff: a review. J Clin Diagn Res 2013; 7:1482-5. [PMID: 23998102 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2013/4473.3180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2012] [Accepted: 06/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Calcifying tendinitis of the rotator cuff is a common disorder; its underlying mechanism still remains unknown. Although details of the clinical presentation(s) and pathological changes which are associated with calcific tendinitis are available, conservative management of this condition remains a topic of debate. About 90% of the patients can be treated non - operatively, but as some are resistant to conservative treatment; newer techniques or surgery should be indicated. Rheumatologists and radiologists have often described this shoulder abnormality, leading to its progressive differentiation from other painful shoulder syndromes. The conservative treatment includes the use of non - steroidal anti - inflammatory agents, roentegen therapy, physical modalities for controlling the pain and for preventing loss of joint mobility, local steroid injections, and open or arthroscopic surgeries. Results of non - operative treatments have also been satisfactory. These include heat, cold, range of motion and pendulum exercises, diathermy, short - wave, and radiation therapy. Rest, immobilization with a sling, and oral non - steroidal and steroid anti - inflammatory medications have also been mentioned. This review aimed at looking at calcific tendinitis of the rotator cuff with a wide vision in the light of modern advances; while at the same time, not disregarding the past experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushil G Kachewar
- Associate Professor, Department of Radio-diagnosis, Rural Medical College (RMC) , PIMS, Loni, India
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