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Zidarič T, Majer D, Maver T, Finšgar M, Maver U. The development of an electropolymerized, molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) sensor for insulin determination using single-drop analysis. Analyst 2023; 148:1102-1115. [PMID: 36723087 DOI: 10.1039/d2an02025d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
An electrochemical sensor for the detection of insulin in a single drop (50 μL) was developed based on the concept of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIP). The synthetic MIP receptors were assembled on a screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) by the electropolymerization of pyrrole (Py) in the presence of insulin (the protein template) using cyclic voltammetry. After electropolymerization, insulin was removed from the formed polypyrrole (Ppy) matrix to create imprinting cavities for the subsequent analysis of the insulin analyte in test samples. The surface characterization, before and after each electrosynthesis step of the MIP sensors, was performed using atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The performance of the developed MIP-SPCE sensor was evaluated using a single drop of solution containing K3Fe(CN)6 and the square-wave voltammetry technique. The MIP-SPCE showed a linear concentration range of 20.0-70.0 pM (R2 = 0.9991), a limit of detection of 1.9 pM, and a limit of quantification of 6.2 pM. The rapid response time to the protein target and the portability of the developed sensor, which is considered a disposable MIP-based system, make this MIP-SPCE sensor a promising candidate for point-of-care applications. In addition, the MIP-SPCE sensor was successfully used to detect insulin in a pharmaceutical sample. The sensor was deemed to be accurate (the average recovery was 108.46%) and precise (the relative standard deviation was 7.23%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Zidarič
- University of Maribor, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Taborska ulica 8, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - David Majer
- University of Maribor, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Smetanova ulica 17, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia.
| | - Tina Maver
- University of Maribor, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Taborska ulica 8, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia.,University of Maribor, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Taborska ulica 8, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Matjaž Finšgar
- University of Maribor, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Smetanova ulica 17, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia.
| | - Uroš Maver
- University of Maribor, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Taborska ulica 8, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia.,University of Maribor, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Taborska ulica 8, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
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Bottinelli C, Cartiser N, Bévalot F, Fanton L, Guitton J. Is insulin intoxication still the perfect crime? Analysis and interpretation of postmortem insulin: review and perspectives in forensic toxicology. Crit Rev Toxicol 2020; 50:324-347. [PMID: 32458714 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2020.1762540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Insulin is an anabolic hormone essential to glucose homeostasis. Insulin therapy, comprising human insulin (HI) or biosynthetic analogs, is critical for the management of type-1 diabetes and many of type-2 diabetes. However, medication error including non-adapted dose and confusion of insulin type, and misuse, such as massive self-administration or with criminal intent, can have lethal consequences. The aim of this paper is to review the state of knowledge of insulin analysis in biological samples and of the interpretation of insulin concentrations in the situation of insulin-related death investigations. Analytic aspects are considered, as quantification can be strongly impacted by methodology. Immunoanalysis, the historical technique, has a prominent role due to its sensitivity and ease of implementation. Recently, liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry has provided indispensable selectivity in forensic contexts, distinguishing HI, analogs, and degradation products. We review the numerous antemortem (dose, associated pathology, injection-to-death interval, etc.) and postmortem parameters (in corpore degradation, in vitro degradation related to hemolysis, etc.) involved in the interpretation of insulin concentration. The interest and limitations of various alternative matrices providing a valuable complement to blood analysis are discussed. Vitreous humor is one of the most interesting, but the low diffusion of insulin in this matrix entails very low concentrations. Injection site analysis is relevant for identifying which type of insulin was administered. Muscle and renal cortex are matrices of particular interest, although additional studies are required. A table containing most case reports of fatal insulin poisoning published, with analytical data, completes this review. A logic diagram is proposed to highlight analytical issues and the main parameters to be considered for the interpretation of blood concentrations. Finally, it remains a challenge to provide reliable biological data and solid interpretation in the context of death related to insulin overdose. However, the progress of analytical tools is making the "perfect crime" ever more difficult to commit.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nathalie Cartiser
- Département de médecine légale, Hôpital Edouard-Herriot, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | | | - Laurent Fanton
- Département de médecine légale, Hôpital Edouard-Herriot, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Faculté de médecine Lyon Est, Institut de Médecine Légale, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Jérôme Guitton
- Laboratoire de Toxicologie, ISPB-Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,Hospices Civils de Lyon, Laboratoire de Pharmacologie-Toxicologie, Centre Hospitalier Lyon-Sud, Pierre Bénite Cedex, France
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Simmons E, Johnson D, Delhaye R, Colwell J, Clor E, Santa P, Bowsher RR. Development and validation of a noncompetitive electrochemiluminescence-based immunoassay (ECLIA) for specific determination of insulin lispro (Humalog®) in human serum to support pharmacokinetic assessments. J Immunoassay Immunochem 2019; 40:314-327. [DOI: 10.1080/15321819.2019.1596950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Emma Clor
- B2S Life Sciences LLC®, Franklin, IN, USA
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Abstract
Diabetes is a complex immune disorder that requires extensive medical care beyond glycemic control. Recently, the prevalence of diabetes, particularly type 1 diabetes (T1D), has significantly increased from 5% to 10%, and this has affected the health-associated complication incidences in children and adults. The 2012 statistics by the American Diabetes Association reported that 29.1 million Americans (9.3% of the population) had diabetes, and 86 million Americans (age ≥20 years, an increase from 79 million in 2010) had prediabetes. Personalized glucometers allow diabetes management by easy monitoring of the high millimolar blood glucose levels. In contrast, non-glucose diabetes biomarkers, which have gained considerable attention for early prediction and provide insights about diabetes metabolic pathways, are difficult to measure because of their ultra-low levels in blood. Similarly, insulin pumps, sensors, and insulin monitoring systems are of considerable biomedical significance due to their ever-increasing need for managing diabetic, prediabetic, and pancreatic disorders. Our laboratory focuses on developing electrochemical immunosensors and surface plasmon microarrays for minimally invasive insulin measurements in clinical sample matrices. By utilizing antibodies or aptamers as the insulin-selective biorecognition elements in combination with nanomaterials, we demonstrated a series of selective and clinically sensitive electrochemical and surface plasmon immunoassays. This review provides an overview of different electrochemical and surface plasmon immunoassays for insulin. Considering the paramount importance of diabetes diagnosis, treatment, and management and insulin pumps and monitoring devices with focus on both T1D (insulin-deficient condition) and type 2 diabetes (insulin-resistant condition), this review on insulin bioassays is timely and significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vini Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.
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Development and validation of an electrochemiluminescent ELISA for quantitation of oral insulin tregopil in diabetes mellitus serum. Bioanalysis 2017; 9:975-986. [PMID: 28692306 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2017-0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Tregopil, a novel PEGylated human insulin is in clinical development for oral delivery in diabetes treatment. The aim of the study was to develop and validate a sensitive and specific ELISA method for quantitating Tregopil in diabetes subjects on basal Glargine, since most commercially available insulin kits either do not detect Tregopil or show significant reactivity to Glargine. METHODS An electrochemiluminescent ELISA was developed and validated for Tregopil quantitation in diabetes serum. RESULTS The method has a LLOQ of 0.25 ng/ml, shows minimum cross-reactivity to Glargine and was successfully tested using a subset of samples from Tregopil-dosed Type 1 diabetes mellitus patients. CONCLUSION The ELISA method is sensitive and can be used to support accurate measurement of Tregopil with no cross-reactivity to Glargine and its metabolites in clinical studies.
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Direct comparison of radioimmunoassay and LC–MS/MS for PK assessment of insulin glargine in clinical development. Bioanalysis 2014; 6:3311-23. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.14.219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: A direct comparison of radioimmunoassay (RIA) and LC–MS/MS for insulin glargine quantification in human plasma is provided. Results: Compared with the RIA, the LC–MS/MS assay exhibited comparable/improved sensitivity (LLOQ at 0.1 ng/ml [˜16.7 pM or 2.8 μU/ml] for glargine and its metabolites M1 and M2, respectively) and ruggedness. Most importantly, it demonstrated a superior specificity advantage against the interference from endogenous insulin, exogenous insulin analogs (e.g., Novolog®, Humalog® or Levemir®, routine treatment for diabetes mellitus) and potentially pre-existing anti-insulin antibodies in patient samples. The data obtained from diabetic patients suggested the LC–MS/MS assay substantially improved pharmacokinetic characterization of glargine. Conclusion: LC–MS/MS overcame common limitations of RIA, and provided critically needed specificity to support glargine clinical development, without sacrificing assay sensitivity and ruggedness.
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Abstract
Insulin analogues represent a major and growing class of biotherapeutics, and their quantitation is an important focus of commercial and public effort across a number of different fields. As LC-MS has developed, it has become an increasingly practicable and desirable alternative to ligand-binding-based approaches for quantitation of this class of compounds. The sensitivity challenge of measuring trace levels of this large peptide molecule in a protein-containing matrix is considerable; however, different approaches to detection, extraction and separation are described to overcome this challenge, including immunoaffinity capture, SPE and low-flow HPLC. Considerations such as bioanalytical assay acceptance criteria and antidrug antibody effects during drug development are included, alongside descriptions of recent sports doping and clinical applications. Factors affecting the correlation and agreement of MS with biological ligand-binding methods are discussed, with ways to anticipate and appreciate differences between the values derived from each technique. The 'future perspective' section discusses the likely trend towards MS-based analysis for these compounds and the impact of HRMS. A high degree of scientific creativity, combined with science-defined regulatory approaches that define suitable validation criteria, will be needed to meet the demanding requirements for high-throughput analysis of insulin by LC-MS.
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Chambers EE, Fountain KJ, Smith N, Ashraf L, Karalliedde J, Cowan D, Legido-Quigley C. Multidimensional LC-MS/MS Enables Simultaneous Quantification of Intact Human Insulin and Five Recombinant Analogs in Human Plasma. Anal Chem 2013; 86:694-702. [DOI: 10.1021/ac403055d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Erin E. Chambers
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, Franklin-Wilkins
Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
- Waters Centre for Innovation in Separation Science, Analytical & Environmental Science Division, King’s College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Kenneth J. Fountain
- Waters Corporation, 34 Maple
Street, Milford, Massachusetts 01757, United States
| | - Norman Smith
- Waters Centre for Innovation in Separation Science, Analytical & Environmental Science Division, King’s College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Leah Ashraf
- Cardiovascular
Division, King’s College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford
Street, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Janaka Karalliedde
- Cardiovascular
Division, King’s College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford
Street, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - David Cowan
- Drug Control Centre, Analytical & Environmental Science Division, King’s College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Cristina Legido-Quigley
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, King’s College London, Franklin-Wilkins
Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
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