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New Psychoactive Substances: Major Groups, Laboratory Testing Challenges, Public Health Concerns, and Community-Based Solutions. J CHEM-NY 2023. [DOI: 10.1155/2023/5852315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Across communities worldwide, various new psychoactive substances (NPSs) continue to emerge, which worsens the challenges to global mental health, drug rules, and public health risks, as well as combats their usage. Specifically, the vast number of NPSs that are currently available, coupled with the rate at which new ones emerge worldwide, increasingly challenges both forensic and clinical testing strategies. The well-established NPS detection techniques include immunoassays, colorimetric tests, mass spectrometric techniques, chromatographic techniques, and hyphenated types. Nonetheless, mitigating drug abuse and NPS usage is achievable through extensive community-based initiatives, with increased focus on harm reduction. Clinically validated and reliable testing of NPS from human samples, along with community-driven solution, such as harm reduction, will be of great importance, especially in combating their prevalence and the use of other illicit synthetic substances. There is a need for continued literature synthesis to reiterate the importance of NPS, given the continuous emergence of illicit substances in the recent years. All these are discussed in this overview, as we performed another look into NPS, from differentiating the major groups and identifying with laboratory testing challenges to community-based initiatives.
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Dhurjad P, Jaiswal P, Gupta K, Wanjari P, Sonti R. Mass spectrometry: A key tool in anti‐doping. SEPARATION SCIENCE PLUS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/sscp.202200058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Dhurjad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Hyderabad India
| | - Pooja Jaiswal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Hyderabad India
| | - Kajal Gupta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Hyderabad India
| | - Parita Wanjari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Hyderabad India
| | - Rajesh Sonti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Hyderabad India
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Göschl L, Gmeiner G, Gärtner P, Steinacher M, Forsdahl G. Detection of DHCMT long-term metabolite glucuronides with LC-MSMS as an alternative approach to conventional GC-MSMS analysis. Steroids 2022; 180:108979. [PMID: 35183566 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2022.108979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Dehydrochloromethyltestosterone (DHCMT) is one of the most detected illicit used anabolic-androgenic steroids in professional sports. Therefore, a fast and accurate analysis of this substance is of great importance for a constructive fight against doping abuse. The conventional method for the analysis of this drug, GC-MSMS, is very sensitive and selective but also very time- and resource-consuming. With the presented work, a new approach for simple detection with LC-HRMSMS without any sample preparation is introduced. The method is based on the direct analysis of two newly described phase-II metabolites of the DHCMT long-term metabolite 4-chloro-18-nor-17β-hydroxymethyl-17α-methyl-5β-androst-13-en-3α-ol (M3). LC-HRMSMS, GC-MSMS, fractionation and derivatization experiments are combined to identify and characterize for the first time two different glucuronide-acid conjugates of this metabolite in positive human urine samples. In addition, a third glucuronide metabolite was identified, however without isomeric structure determination. The detection of these metabolites is particularly interesting for confirmation analyses, as the method is rapid and requires little sample material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenz Göschl
- Doping Control Laboratory, Seibersdorf Labor GmbH, Seibersdorf, Austria; Department of Pharmacy, University of Tromsø - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Günter Gmeiner
- Doping Control Laboratory, Seibersdorf Labor GmbH, Seibersdorf, Austria
| | - Peter Gärtner
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Technical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Steinacher
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Technical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Guro Forsdahl
- Doping Control Laboratory, Seibersdorf Labor GmbH, Seibersdorf, Austria; Department of Pharmacy, University of Tromsø - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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4
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Simultaneous detection of 93 anabolic androgenic steroids in dietary supplements using gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 211:114619. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.114619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Anabolic-Androgenic Steroid Misuse: Mechanisms, Patterns of Misuse, User Typology, and Adverse Effects. JOURNAL OF SPORTS MEDICINE 2021; 2021:7497346. [PMID: 34926695 PMCID: PMC8683244 DOI: 10.1155/2021/7497346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) encompass a broad group of natural and synthetic androgens. AAS misuse is highly prevalent on a global scale, with the lifetime prevalence of AAS misuse in males being estimated to be around 6%, with 15 to 25% of male gym attendees using it at any one time. AAS are associated with sudden cardiac death, neuropsychiatric manifestations, and infertility. The average AAS user is unlikely to voluntarily declare their usage to a physician, with around 1 in 10 actively engaging in unsafe injection techniques. The aim of this paper is to review the current evidence base on AAS with emphasis on mechanisms of action, adverse effects, and user profiles that are most likely to engage in AAS misuse. This paper also reviews terminologies and uses methods specific to the AAS user community.
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Göschl L, Gmeiner G, Gärtner P, Stadler G, Enev V, Thevis M, Schänzer W, Guddat S, Forsdahl G. Stanozolol-N-glucuronide metabolites in human urine samples as suitable targets in terms of routine anti-doping analysis. Drug Test Anal 2021; 13:1668-1677. [PMID: 34089570 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The exogenous anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) stanozolol stays one of the most detected substances in professional sports. Its detection is a fundamental part of doping analysis, and the analysis of this steroid has been intensively investigated for a long time. This contribution to the detection of stanozolol doping describes for the first time the unambiguous proof for the existence of 17-epistanozolol-1'N-glucuronide and 17-epistanozolol-2'N-glucuronide in stanozolol-positive human urine samples due to the access to high-quality reference standards. Examination of excretion study samples shows large detection windows for the phase-II metabolites stanozolol-1'N-glucuronide and 17-epistanozolol-1'N-glucuronide up to 12 days and respectively up to almost 28 days. In addition, we present appropriate validation parameters for the analysis of these metabolites using a fully automatic method online solid-phase extraction (SPE) method already published before. Limits of identification (LOIs) as low as 100 pg/ml and other validation parameters like accuracy, precision, sensitivity, robustness, and linearity are given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenz Göschl
- Doping Control Laboratory, Seibersdorf Labor GmbH, Seibersdorf, Austria.,Department of Pharmacy, University of Tromsø-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Günter Gmeiner
- Doping Control Laboratory, Seibersdorf Labor GmbH, Seibersdorf, Austria
| | - Peter Gärtner
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Technical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Georg Stadler
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Technical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Valentin Enev
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Technical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Mario Thevis
- Institute of Biochemistry/Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Schänzer
- Institute of Biochemistry/Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sven Guddat
- Institute of Biochemistry/Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Guro Forsdahl
- Doping Control Laboratory, Seibersdorf Labor GmbH, Seibersdorf, Austria.,Department of Pharmacy, University of Tromsø-The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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Göschl L, Gmeiner G, Enev V, Kratena N, Gärtner P, Forsdahl G. Development and validation of a simple online‐SPE method coupled to high‐resolution mass spectrometry for the analysis of stanozolol‐N‐glucuronides in urine samples. Drug Test Anal 2020; 12:1031-1040. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lorenz Göschl
- Doping Control Laboratory, Seibersdorf Labor GmbH Seibersdorf Austria
- Department of Pharmacy University of Tromsø – The Arctic University of Norway Tromsø Norway
| | - Günter Gmeiner
- Doping Control Laboratory, Seibersdorf Labor GmbH Seibersdorf Austria
| | - Valentin Enev
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry Technical University of Vienna Austria
| | - Nicolas Kratena
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry Technical University of Vienna Austria
| | - Peter Gärtner
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry Technical University of Vienna Austria
| | - Guro Forsdahl
- Doping Control Laboratory, Seibersdorf Labor GmbH Seibersdorf Austria
- Department of Pharmacy University of Tromsø – The Arctic University of Norway Tromsø Norway
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Lommen A, Elaradi A, Vonaparti A, Blokland M, Nielen MW, Saad KA, Abushreeda WM, Horvatovich P, Al-Muraikhi AE, Al-Maadheed M, Georgakopoulos C. Ultra-fast retroactive processing of liquid chromatography high-resolution full-scan Orbitrap mass spectrometry data in anti-doping screening of human urine. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2019; 33:1578-1588. [PMID: 31240795 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Retroactive analysis of previously tested urine samples has become an important sports anti-doping tool. Retroactive reprocessing of old data files acquired from a generic screening procedure can reveal detection of initially unknown substances, like illegal drugs and newly identified metabolites. METHODS To be able to efficiently search through hundreds to thousands of liquid chromatography high-resolution full-scan Orbitrap mass spectrometry data files of anti-doping samples, a combination of MetAlign and HR_MS_Search software has been developed. MetAlign reduced the data size ca 100-fold making possible local storage of a massive volume of data. RESULTS The newly developed HR_MS_Search module can search through the reduced data files for new compounds (mass or isotope pattern) defined by mass windows and retention time windows. A search for 33 analytes in 940 reduced data files lasted 10 s. The output of the automatic search was compared to the standard manual routine evaluation. The results of searching were evaluated in terms of false negatives and false positives. The newly banned b2-agonist higenamine and its metabolite coclaurine were successfully searched in reduced data files originating from a testing period for which these substances were not banned, as an example of retroactive analysis. CONCLUSIONS The freeware MetAlign software and its automatic searching module HR_MS_Search facilitated the retroactive reprocessing of reduced full-scan high-resolution liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry screening data files and created a new tool in anti-doping laboratories' network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjen Lommen
- RIKILT Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 230, 6700 AE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Marco Blokland
- RIKILT Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 230, 6700 AE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Michel W Nielen
- RIKILT Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 230, 6700 AE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Peter Horvatovich
- University of Groningen, PO Box 196, 9700 AD, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Sassone J, Muster M, Barrack MT. Prevalence and Predictors of Higher-Risk Supplement Use Among Collegiate Athletes. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 33:443-450. [PMID: 30531412 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Sassone, J, Muster, M, and Barrack, MT. Prevalence and predictors of higher-risk supplement use among National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I athletes. J Strength Cond Res 33(2): 443-450, 2019-This study aimed to identify the prevalence and predictors associated with the use of higher-risk dietary supplements, defined as supplements containing herbal ingredients, caffeine, or those classified for weight loss, muscle-building, or as a preworkout supplement, among 557 National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I male and female collegiate athletes. Although 252 (45.2%) athletes reported the use of a dietary supplement on ≥2 days per week over the past year, 46 (8.3%) athletes met criteria for higher-risk supplement use. Twenty (3.6%) athletes reported the use of herbal, 1 (0.2%) caffeinated, 5 (0.9%) weight loss, 28 (5.0%) preworkout, and 1 (0.2%) muscle-building supplements. Body mass index status (BMI ≥30 kg·m), sport-type (sports using the phosphocreatine energy system), and college year (≥4th year) were associated with the use of preworkout, muscle-building, or herbal supplements. A multiple regression analysis identified predictors of higher-risk supplement use including the number of dietary supplements used in the past year (odds ratio [OR] = 2.1, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.7-2.7, p < 0.001), the reported motivation of taking dietary supplements to gain muscle and lose body fat (OR = 3.5, 95% CI = 1.1-11.7, p = 0.04), and the motivation to increase athletic endurance (OR = 3.5, 95% CI = 4.0, 95% CI = 1.6-9.9, p < 0.005). These factors may be considered as a part of a screening process to evaluate athletes with an increased risk of higher-risk supplement use and potential consequences to health or eligibility status.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Sassone
- Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, California State University, Long Beach, Long Beach, California
| | - Mark Muster
- Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, California State University, Northridge, Northridge, California
| | - Michelle T Barrack
- Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, California State University, Long Beach, Long Beach, California
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11
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Abushareeda W, Tienstra M, Lommen A, Blokland M, Sterk S, Kraiem S, Horvatovich P, Nielen M, Al-Maadheed M, Georgakopoulos C. Comparison of gas chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight and quadrupole Orbitrap mass spectrometry in anti-doping analysis: I. Detection of anabolic-androgenic steroids. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2018; 32:2055-2064. [PMID: 30216576 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Revised: 08/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) encourages drug-testing laboratories to develop screening methods that can detect as many doping substances as possible in urine. The use of full-scan high-resolution acquisition (FS/HR) with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) for the detection of known and unknown trimethylsilyl (TMS) derivatives of anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) provides anti-doping testing bodies with a new analytical tool. METHODS The AAS were extracted from urine samples by generic liquid-liquid extraction, after enzymatic hydrolysis, and TMS derivatization. The extracted urine was analyzed by GC/Q-TOF and GC/Q-Orbitrap to compare the performance of the two instrument types for the detection of 46 AAS in human urine. The quantitation of endogenous anabolic steroids and the ability of the two analytical platforms to comply with the requirements for testing as part of the WADA Athlete Biological Passport (ABP) were also assessed. RESULTS The data presented show that the analytical performance for both instruments complies with the WADA specifications. The limits of detection (LODs) for both instruments are well below the WADA 50% Minimum Required Performance Levels. The mass errors in the current study for the GC/Q-Orbitrap platform are lower than those obtained for the GC/Q-TOF instrument. CONCLUSIONS The data presented herein proved that both molecular profiling platforms can be used for antidoping screening. The mass accuracies are excellent in both instruments; however, the GC/Q-Orbitrap performs better as it provides higher resolution than the GC/Q-TOF platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wadha Abushareeda
- Anti-Doping Lab Qatar, Sports City Road, P.O. Box 27775, Sports City, Doha, Qatar
| | - Marc Tienstra
- RIKILT, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Arjen Lommen
- RIKILT, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marco Blokland
- RIKILT, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Saskia Sterk
- RIKILT, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Suhail Kraiem
- Anti-Doping Lab Qatar, Sports City Road, P.O. Box 27775, Sports City, Doha, Qatar
| | - Peter Horvatovich
- University of Groningen, P.O. Box 196, 9700 AD, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Michel Nielen
- RIKILT, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Muhammad Al-Maadheed
- Anti-Doping Lab Qatar, Sports City Road, P.O. Box 27775, Sports City, Doha, Qatar
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12
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High resolution full scan liquid chromatography mass spectrometry comprehensive screening in sports antidoping urine analysis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 151:10-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 12/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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13
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Abushareeda W, Lyris E, Kraiem S, Wahaibi AA, Alyazidi S, Dbes N, Lommen A, Nielen M, Horvatovich PL, Alsayrafi M, Georgakopoulos C. Gas chromatographic quadrupole time-of-flight full scan high resolution mass spectrometric screening of human urine in antidoping analysis. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2017; 1063:74-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2017.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Fragkaki AG, Kioukia-Fougia N, Kiousi P, Kioussi M, Tsivou M. Challenges in detecting substances for equine anti-doping. Drug Test Anal 2017; 9:1291-1303. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A. G. Fragkaki
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens; Olympic Athletic Center of Athens ‘Spyros Louis’; 37 Kifisias Avenue 15123 Maroussi Greece
| | - N. Kioukia-Fougia
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens; Olympic Athletic Center of Athens ‘Spyros Louis’; 37 Kifisias Avenue 15123 Maroussi Greece
| | - P. Kiousi
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens; Olympic Athletic Center of Athens ‘Spyros Louis’; 37 Kifisias Avenue 15123 Maroussi Greece
| | - M. Kioussi
- Laboratory of Pesticides Residues, Department of Pesticides Control and Phytopharmacy; Benaki Phytopathological Institute; 8 St. Delta str., 14561 Kifissia Athens Greece
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry; University of Athens; 15771 Panepistimiopolis-Zographou Athens Greece
| | - M. Tsivou
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens; Olympic Athletic Center of Athens ‘Spyros Louis’; 37 Kifisias Avenue 15123 Maroussi Greece
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Marcos J, Pozo OJ. Current LC-MS methods and procedures applied to the identification of new steroid metabolites. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2016; 162:41-56. [PMID: 26709140 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2015.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The study of the metabolism of steroids has a long history; from the first characterizations of the major metabolites of steroidal hormones in the pre-chromatographic era, to the latest discoveries of new forms of excretions. The introduction of mass spectrometers coupled to gas chromatography at the end of the 1960's represented a major breakthrough for the elucidation of new metabolites. In the last two decades, this technique is being complemented by the use of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). In addition of becoming fundamental in clinical steroid determinations due to its excellent specificity, throughput and sensitivity, LC-MS has emerged as an exceptional tool for the discovery of new steroid metabolites. The aim of the present review is to provide an overview of the current LC-MS procedures used in the quest of novel metabolic products of steroidal hormones and exogenous steroids. Several aspects regarding LC separations are first outlined, followed by a description of the key processes that take place in the mass spectrometric analysis, i.e. the ionization of the steroids in the source and the fragmentation of the selected precursor ions in the collision cell. The different analyzers and approaches employed together with representative examples of each of them are described. Special emphasis is placed on triple quadrupole analyzers (LC-MS/MS), since they are the most commonly employed. Examples on the use of precursor ion scan, neutral loss scan and theoretical selected reaction monitoring strategies are also explained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josep Marcos
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; Toxicology Department, Labco Diagnostics, Verge de Guadalupe 18, 08950 Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Oscar J Pozo
- Bioanalysis Research Group, IMIM, Hospital del Mar, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.
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Hurski AL, Barysevich MV, Dalidovich TS, Iskryk MV, Kolasava NU, Zhabinskii VN, Khripach VA. C−H Acetoxylation-Based Chemical Synthesis of 17 β-Hydroxymethyl-17 α-methyl-18-norandrost-13-ene Steroids. Chemistry 2016; 22:14171-4. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201602957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alaksiej L. Hurski
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry; National Academy of Sciences of Belarus; Kuprevich str., 5/2 220141 Minsk Belarus
| | - Maryia V. Barysevich
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry; National Academy of Sciences of Belarus; Kuprevich str., 5/2 220141 Minsk Belarus
| | - Tatsiana S. Dalidovich
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry; National Academy of Sciences of Belarus; Kuprevich str., 5/2 220141 Minsk Belarus
| | - Marharyta V. Iskryk
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry; National Academy of Sciences of Belarus; Kuprevich str., 5/2 220141 Minsk Belarus
| | - Nastassia U. Kolasava
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry; National Academy of Sciences of Belarus; Kuprevich str., 5/2 220141 Minsk Belarus
| | - Vladimir N. Zhabinskii
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry; National Academy of Sciences of Belarus; Kuprevich str., 5/2 220141 Minsk Belarus
| | - Vladimir A. Khripach
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry; National Academy of Sciences of Belarus; Kuprevich str., 5/2 220141 Minsk Belarus
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Nicoli R, Guillarme D, Leuenberger N, Baume N, Robinson N, Saugy M, Veuthey JL. Analytical Strategies for Doping Control Purposes: Needs, Challenges, and Perspectives. Anal Chem 2015; 88:508-23. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b03994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raul Nicoli
- Swiss
Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Center of Legal Medicine,
Lausanne-Geneva, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Chemin des Croisettes 22, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Davy Guillarme
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Boulevard d’Yvoy 20, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Leuenberger
- Swiss
Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Center of Legal Medicine,
Lausanne-Geneva, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Chemin des Croisettes 22, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Norbert Baume
- Swiss
Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Center of Legal Medicine,
Lausanne-Geneva, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Chemin des Croisettes 22, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Neil Robinson
- Swiss
Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Center of Legal Medicine,
Lausanne-Geneva, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Chemin des Croisettes 22, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Martial Saugy
- Swiss
Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Center of Legal Medicine,
Lausanne-Geneva, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Chemin des Croisettes 22, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Luc Veuthey
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Boulevard d’Yvoy 20, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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Wójtowicz M, Jarek A, Chajewska K, Turek-Lepa E, Kwiatkowska D. Determination of designer doping agent – 2-ethylamino-1-phenylbutane – in dietary supplements and excretion study following single oral supplement dose. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 115:523-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Derivatization of steroids in biological samples for GC–MS and LC–MS analyses. Bioanalysis 2015; 7:2515-36. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.15.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The determination of steroids in biological samples is essential in different areas of knowledge. MS combined with either GC or LC is considered the best analytical technique for specific and sensitive determinations. However, due to the physicochemical properties of some steroids, and the low concentrations found in biological samples, the formation of a derivative prior to their analysis is required. In GC–MS determinations, derivatization is needed for generating volatile and thermally stable compounds. The improvement in terms of stability and chromatographic retention are the main reasons for selecting the derivatization agent. On the other hand, derivatization is not compulsory in LC–MS analyses and the derivatization is typically used for improving the ionization and therefore the overall sensitivity achieved.
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Cawley AT, Blakey K, Waller CC, McLeod MD, Boyd S, Heather A, McGrath KC, Handelsman DJ, Willis AC. Detection and metabolic investigations of a novel designer steroid: 3-chloro-17α-methyl-5α-androstan-17β-ol. Drug Test Anal 2015; 8:621-32. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam T. Cawley
- Australian Racing Forensic Laboratory; Racing NSW; Randwick NSW Australia
| | - Karen Blakey
- Forensic and Scientific Services, Health Support Queensland; Department of Health, Queensland Government; Archerfield QLD Australia
| | - Christopher C. Waller
- Research School of Chemistry; Australian National University; Canberra ACT Australia
| | - Malcolm D. McLeod
- Research School of Chemistry; Australian National University; Canberra ACT Australia
| | - Sue Boyd
- Magnetic Resonance Facility, School of Natural Sciences; Griffith University; Nathan QLD Australia
| | - Alison Heather
- Faculty of Science; University of Technology; Sydney NSW Australia
- Currently with the Department of Physiology; University of Otago; Dunedin New Zealand
| | | | | | - Anthony C. Willis
- Research School of Chemistry; Australian National University; Canberra ACT Australia
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Thevis M, Kuuranne T, Geyer H, Schänzer W. Annual banned-substance review: analytical approaches in human sports drug testing. Drug Test Anal 2014; 7:1-20. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Thevis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents; Cologne Germany
| | - Tiia Kuuranne
- Doping Control Laboratory; United Medix Laboratories; Höyläämötie 14 00380 Helsinki Finland
| | - Hans Geyer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
| | - Wilhelm Schänzer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
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Kwiatkowska D, Wójtowicz M, Jarek A, Goebel C, Chajewska K, Turek-Lepa E, Pokrywka A, Kazlauskas R. N,N-dimethyl-2-phenylpropan-1-amine - new designer agent found in athlete urine and nutritional supplement. Drug Test Anal 2014; 7:331-5. [PMID: 25355281 DOI: 10.1002/dta.1741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Reports of new designer agents banned in sport being detected in supplements widely available for athletes are constantly emerging. The task of anti-doping laboratories is to control athletes for the presence of substances listed by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) and those that are structurally/biologically similar to them. Recently, a new designer stimulant, N,N-dimethyl-2-phenylpropan-1-amine (NN-DMPPA), was detected by the WADA accredited anti-doping laboratory in Warsaw during routine anti-doping control. The urine samples from four athletes were analyzed in the screening method for stimulants and narcotics and the presence of NN-DMPPA was detected. The identity of NN-DMPPA was confirmed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry using a synthesized reference standard. The measured concentrations of NN-DMPPA were between 0.51 and 6.51 µg/mL. The presence of the NN-DMPPA compound has been detected in the 'nutritional supplement' NOXPUMP that had been purchased in a store in Poland. NN-DMPPA at 121.7 µg/g was indicated in the investigated supplement together with another banned stimulant β-methylphenethylamine. The presence of this new stimulant was not indicated on the labelling of the supplement, a situation which is not unusual within this market. Thus, it is important to make athletes aware of the risk related to the use of supplements. Moreover, specific legistation dealing with the commercialization of drugs banned for sport should be undertaken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Kwiatkowska
- Institute of Sport, Department of Anti-Doping Research, Trylogii 2/16 Street, 01-982, Warsaw, Poland
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