Mechanisms of ebselen as a therapeutic and its pharmacology applications

Ebselen improves lipid metabolism by activating PI3K/Akt and inhibiting TLR4/JNK signaling pathway to alleviate nonalcoholic fatty liver

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), a metabolic disease associated with obesity and type 2 diabetes. Due to its complex pathogenesis, there are still limitations in the knowledge of the disease. To date, no drug has been approved to treat NAFLD. This study aims to explore the role and mechanism of Ebselen (EbSe) in NAFLD. A high-fat diet-induced mouse model of NAFLD was employed to investigate EbSe function in NAFLD mice by EbSe gavage and to regularly monitor the mouse body weight. HE and oil red O staining were performed, respectively, to detect the pathological damage and lipid accumulation in mouse liver tissues. The biochemical and ELISA kits were employed to measure the levels of ALT, AST, TG, TC, LDL-C, HDL-C and pro-inflammatory cytokines within mouse serum or liver tissue. The expression of key proteins of PPARα, fatty acid β oxidation-related protein, PI3K/Akt and TLR4/JNK signaling pathway was detected by western blot. EbSe significantly downregulated body weight, liver weight and liver lipid accumulation in NAFLD mice and downregulated ALT, AST, TG, TC, LDL-C and increased HDL-C serum levels. EbSe upregulated the expression levels of PPARα and fatty acid β oxidation-associated proteins CPT1α, ACOX1, UCP2 and PGC1α. EbSe promoted Akt and PI3K phosphorylation, and inhibited TLR4 expression and JNK phosphorylation. EbSe can upregulate PPARα to promote fatty acid β-oxidation and improve hepatic lipid metabolism. Meanwhile, EbSe also activated PI3K/Akt and inhibited TLR4/JNK signaling pathway. EbSe is predicted to be an effective therapeutic drug for treating NAFLD.

Oxidative stress involvement in the molecular pathogenesis and progression of multiple sclerosis: a literature review

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune debilitating disease of the central nervous system caused by a mosaic of interactions between genetic predisposition and environmental factors. The pathological hallmarks of MS are chronic inflammation, demyelination, and neurodegeneration. Oxidative stress, a state of imbalance between the production of reactive species and antioxidant defense mechanisms, is considered one of the key contributors in the pathophysiology of MS. This review is a comprehensive overview of the cellular and molecular mechanisms by which oxidant species contribute to the initiation and progression of MS including mitochondrial dysfunction, disruption of various signaling pathways, and autoimmune response activation. The detrimental effects of oxidative stress on neurons, oligodendrocytes, and astrocytes, as well as the role of oxidants in promoting and perpetuating inflammation, demyelination, and axonal damage, are discussed. Finally, this review also points out the therapeutic potential of various synthetic antioxidants that must be evaluated in clinical trials in patients with MS.

NADPH-oxidases as potential pharmacological targets for thrombosis and depression comorbidity

There is a complex interrelationship between the nervous system and the cardiovascular system. Comorbidities of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) with mental disorders, and vice versa, are prevalent. Adults with mental disorders such as anxiety and depression have a higher risk of developing CVD, and people with CVD have an increased risk of being diagnosed with mental disorders. Oxidative stress is one of the many pathways associated with the pathophysiology of brain and cardiovascular disease. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (NOX) is one of the major generators of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in mammalian cells, as it is the enzyme that specifically produces superoxide. This review summarizes recent findings on the consequences of NOX activation in thrombosis and depression. It also discusses the therapeutic effects and pharmacological strategies of NOX inhibitors in CVD and brain disorders. A better comprehension of these processes could facilitate the development of new therapeutic approaches for the prevention and treatment of the comorbidity of thrombosis and depression.

N-3-Methylbutyl-benzisoselenazol-3(2H)-one Exerts Antifungal Activity In Vitro and in a Mouse Model of Vulvovaginal Candidiasis

In the present work, we evaluated the antifungal activities of two novel ebselen analogs, N-allyl-benzisoselenazol-3(2H)-one (N-allyl-bs) and N-3-methylbutylbenzisoselenazol-3(2H)-one (N-3mb-bs). Colorimetric and turbidity assays were performed to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of these compounds in S1 (fluconazole-sensitive) and S2 (fluconazole-resistant) strains of C. albicans. N-3mb-bs was more active than the N-allyl-bs compound. It is noteworthy that the concentration of N-3mb-bs observed to inhibit fungal growth by 50% (18.2 µM) was similar to the concentration observed to inhibit the activity of the yeast plasma membrane H+-ATPase (Pma1p) by 50% (19.6 µM). We next implemented a mouse model of vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) using the S1 strain and examined the mouse and yeast proteins present in the vaginal lavage fluid using proteomics. The yeast proteins detected were predominately glycolytic enzymes or virulence factors associated with C. albicans while the mouse proteins present in the lavage fluid included eosinophil peroxidase, desmocollin-1, and gasdermin-A. We then utilized the N-3mb-bs compound (12.5 mg/kg) in the mouse VVC model and observed that it significantly reduced the vaginal fungal burden, histopathological changes in vagina tissue, and expression of myeloperoxidase (MPO). All in all, the present work has identified a potentially promising drug candidate for VVC treatment.

Carnosic Acid Shows Higher Neuroprotective Efficiency than Edaravone or Ebselen in In Vitro Models of Neuronal Cell Damage

This study compared the neuroprotective efficacy of three antioxidants-the plant-derived carnosic acid (CA), and two synthetic free radical scavengers: edaravone (ED) and ebselen (EB)-in in vitro models of neuronal cell damage. Results showed that CA protected mouse primary neuronal cell cultures against hydrogen peroxide-induced damage more efficiently than ED or EB. The neuroprotective effects of CA were associated with attenuation of reactive oxygen species level and increased mitochondrial membrane potential but not with a reduction in caspase-3 activity. None of the tested substances was protective against glutamate or oxygen-glucose deprivation-evoked neuronal cell damage, and EB even increased the detrimental effects of these insults. Further experiments using the human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells showed that CA but not ED or EB attenuated the cell damage induced by hydrogen peroxide and that the composition of culture medium is the critical factor in evaluating neuroprotective effects in this model. Our data indicate that the neuroprotective potential of CA, ED, and EB may be revealed in vitro only under specific conditions, with their rather narrow micromolar concentrations, relevant cellular model, type of toxic agent, and exposure time. Nevertheless, of the three compounds tested, CA displayed the most consistent neuroprotective effects.

Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion of [14C]BS1801, a Selenium-Containing Drug Candidate, in Rats

BS1801 is a selenium-containing drug candidate with potential for treating liver and lung fibrosis. To fully elucidate the biotransformation of BS1801 in animals and provide sufficient preclinical drug metabolism data for human mass balance study, the metabolism of BS1801 in rats was investigated. We used radiolabeling techniques to investigate the mass balance, tissue distribution, and metabolite identification of BS1801 in Sprague-Dawley/Long-Evans rats after a single oral dose of 100 mg/kg (100 μCi/kg) [14C]BS1801: 1. The mean recovery of radioactive substances in urine and feces was 93.39% within 168 h postdose, and feces were the main excretion route. 2. Additionally, less than 1.00% of the dose was recovered from either urine or bile. 3. BS1801-related components were widely distributed throughout the body. 4. Fifteen metabolites were identified in rat plasma, urine, feces, and bile, and BS1801 was detected only in feces. 5. BS1801-M484, the methylation product obtained via a N-Se bond reduction in BS1801, was the most abundant drug-related component in plasma. The main metabolic pathways of BS1801 were reduction, amide hydrolysis, oxidation, and methylation. Overall, BS1801 was distributed throughout the body, and excreted mainly as an intact BS1801 form through feces. No differences were observed between male and female rats in distribution, metabolism, and excretion of BS1801.

Connection between oxidative stress and subcellular organelle in subarachnoid hemorrhage: Novel mechanisms and therapeutic implications

Spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is one of the most devastating forms of stroke, with limited treatment modalities and poor patient outcomes. Previous studies have proposed multiple prognostic factors; however, relative research on treatment has not yet yielded favorable clinical outcomes. Moreover, recent studies have suggested that early brain injury (EBI) occurring within 72 h after SAH may contribute to its poor clinical outcomes. Oxidative stress is recognized as one of the main mechanisms of EBI, which causes damage to various subcellular organelles, including the mitochondria, nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and lysosomes. This could lead to significant impairment of numerous cellular functions, such as energy supply, protein synthesis, and autophagy, which may directly contribute to the development of EBI and poor long-term prognostic outcomes. In this review, the mechanisms underlying the connection between oxidative stress and subcellular organelles after SAH are discussed, and promising therapeutic options based on these mechanisms are summarized.

The Influence of Long Carbon Chains on the Antioxidant and Anticancer Properties of N-Substituted Benzisoselenazolones and Corresponding Diselenides

Organoselenium compounds are well-known for their numerous biocapacities, which result from the uniqueness of the selenium atom and the possibility of constructing heterorganic molecules that can mimic the activity of selenoenzymes, crucial for a multitude of important physiological processes. In this paper, we have synthesized a series of N-substituted benzisoselenazolones and corresponding diphenyl diselenides possessing lipophilic long carbon chains, solely or with additional polar insets: phenyl linkers and ester groups. Evaluation of their antioxidant and cytotoxic activity revealed an increased H2O2-reduction potential of diphenyl diselenides bearing N-octyl, ethyl N-(12-dodecanoate)- and N-(8-octanoate) groups, elevated radical scavenging activity of 2,2'-diselenobis(N-dodecylbenzamide) and a promising cytotoxic potential of N-(4-dodecyl)phenylbenzisoselenazol-3(2H)-one.

Selected N-Terpenyl Organoselenium Compounds Possess Antimycotic Activity In Vitro and in a Mouse Model of Vulvovaginal Candidiasis

In the present work, a series of N-terpenyl organoselenium compounds (CHB1-6) were evaluated for antimycotic activity by determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for each compound in fluconazole (FLU)-sensitive (S1) and FLU-resistant (S2) strains of Candida albicans (C. albicans). The most active compounds in the MIC screen were CHB4 and CHB6, which were then evaluated for cytotoxicity in human cervical cancer cells (KB-3-1) and found to be selective for fungi. Next, CHB4 and CHB6 were investigated for skin irritation using a reconstructed 3D human epidermis and both compounds were considered safe to the epidermis. Using a mouse model of vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC), CHB4 and CHB6 both exhibited antimycotic efficacy by reducing yeast colonization of the vaginal tract, alleviating injury to the vaginal mucosa, and decreasing the abundance of myeloperoxidase (MPO) expression in the tissue, indicating a reduced inflammatory response. In conclusion, CHB4 and CHB6 demonstrate antifungal activity in vitro and in the mouse model of VVC and represent two new promising antifungal agents.

Ebselen, Iron Uptake Inhibitor, Alleviates Iron Overload-Induced Senescence-Like Neuronal Cells SH-SY5Y via Suppressing the mTORC1 Signaling Pathway

Increasing evidence highlights that excessive iron accumulation in the brain plays a vital role in neuronal senescence and is implicated in the pathogenesis of age-related neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). Therefore, the chemical compounds that eliminate an iron overload may provide better protection against oxidative stress conditions that cause the accumulation of senescent cells during brain aging. Ebselen has been identified as a strongly useful compound in the research on redox biology mechanisms. We hypothesized that ebselen could alleviate an iron overload-induced oxidative stress and consequently reverses the senescence-like phenotypes in the neuronal cells. In the present study, SH-SY5Y cells were treated with ferric ammonium citrate (FAC) before ebselen, and the evaluation of the cellular iron homeostasis, the indicators of oxidative stress, and the onset of senescence phenotypes and mechanisms were carried out accordingly. Our findings showed that ebselen ameliorated the FAC-mediated iron overload by decreasing the expression of divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1) and ferritin light chain (FT-L) proteins. In contrast, it increased the expression of ferroportin 1 (FPN1) protein and its correlation led to a decrease in the expression of the cytosolic labile iron pool (LIP). Furthermore, ebselen significantly reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) and rescued the mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm). Notably, ebselen restored the biomarkers of cellular senescence by reducing the number of senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) positive cells and senescence-associated secretory phenotypes (SASP). This also suppressed the expression of p53 protein targeting DNA damage response (DDR)/p21 cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor through a mTORC1 signaling pathway. Potentially, ebselen could be a therapeutic agent for treating brain aging and AD by mitigating iron accumulation and restoring senescence in SH-SY5Y cells.

Design of a Multifunctional Nanozyme for Resolving the Proinflammatory Plaque Microenvironment and Attenuating Atherosclerosis

Persistent inflammation within atherosclerotic plaques is a crucial factor contributing to plaque vulnerability and rupture. It has become increasingly evident that the proinflammatory microenvironment of the plaque, characterized by heightened monocyte recruitment, oxidative stress, and impaired clearance of apoptotic cells, plays a significant role in perpetuating inflammation and impeding its resolution. Consequently, targeting and eliminating these proinflammatory features within the plaque microenvironment have emerged as a promising therapeutic approach to restore inflammation resolution and mitigate the progression of atherosclerosis. While recent advancements in nanotherapeutics have demonstrated promising results in targeting individual proinflammatory characteristics, the development of an effective therapeutic strategy capable of simultaneously addressing multiple proinflammatory features remains a challenge. In this study, we developed a multifunctional nanozyme based on Prussian blue, termed PBNZ@PP-Man, to simultaneously target and eliminate various proinflammatory factors within the plaque microenvironment. Through systematic investigations, we have elucidated the antiatherosclerotic mechanisms of PBNZ@PP-Man. Our results demonstrate that PBNZ@PP-Man possesses the ability to accumulate within atherosclerotic plaques and effectively eliminate multiple proinflammatory factors, leading to inflammation resolution. Specifically, PBNZ@PP-Man suppresses monocyte recruitment, scavenges reactive oxygen species, and enhances efferocytosis. Notably, PBNZ@PP-Man exhibits a much stronger efficacy to resolve the proinflammatory plaque microenvironment and attenuate atherosclerosis in comparison to the approach that merely eliminates one single risky factor in the plaque. It significantly enhances the inflammation resolution capabilities of macrophages and attenuates atherosclerosis. These results collectively underscore the importance of modulating the proinflammatory plaque microenvironment as a complementary strategy for resolving inflammation in atherosclerosis.

A highly selective and sensitive endoplasmic reticulum-targeted probe reveals HOCl- and cisplatin-induced H2S biogenesis in live cells

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive sulfur species (RSS) are involved in many physiological processes and act as collaborators with crosstalk. As an important member of gasotransmitters and RSS, hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) carries out signaling functions at submicromolar levels because of its high reactivity. Mechanisms of dynamic regulation of ROS and H₂S production are poorly understood, and the development of a highly selective and organelle-targeted chemical tool will advance the further understanding of H₂S chemical biology and ROS/RSS crosstalk. Herein, we report a highly selective and sensitive, endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-targeted fluorescent probe (ER-BODIPY-NBD) for revealing cisplatin-induced H₂S biogenesis for the first time. The probe demonstrates a 152-fold fluorescence enhancement at 520 nm after reaction with H₂S to release a bright BODIPY product (quantum yield 0.36). The probe is highly selective toward H₂S over biothiols, ER-targeted, and biocompatible. In addition, the probe was successfully employed to track H₂S biogenesis in live cells via stimulation from exogenous hypochlorous acid and the drug cisplatin.

Structural and biochemical analysis of human inositol monophosphatase-1 inhibition by ebselen

Bipolar disorder is a major psychiatric disorder associated with cognitive impairment and a high suicide rate. Frontline therapy for this condition includes lithium (Li+)-containing treatments that can exert severe side effects. One target of Li+ is inositol monophosphatase-1 (IMPase1); inhibition of IMPase1 through small-molecule compounds may provide an alternative treatment for bipolar disorder. One such compound is the anti-inflammatory drug ebselen, which is well tolerated and safe; however, ebselen's exact mechanism of action in IMPase1 inhibition is not fully understood, preventing rational design of IMPase1 inhibitors. To fill this gap, we performed crystallographic and biochemical studies to investigate how ebselen inhibits IMPase1. We obtained a structure of IMPase1 in space group P21 after treatment with ebselen that revealed three key active-site loops (residues 33-44, 70-79, and 161-165) that are either disordered or in multiple conformations, supporting a hypothesis whereby dynamic conformational changes may be important for catalysis and ebselen inhibition. Using the thermal shift assay, we confirmed that ebselen significantly destabilizes the enzyme. Molecular docking suggests that ebselen could bind in the vicinity of His217. Investigation of the role of IMPase1 residues His217 and Cys218 suggests that inhibition of IMPase1 by ebselen may not be mediated via covalent modification of the active-site cysteine (Cys218) and is not affected by the covalent modification of other cysteine residues in the structure. Our results suggest that effects previously ascribed to ebselen-dependent inhibition likely result from disruption of essential active-site architecture, preventing activation of the IMPase1-Mg2+ complex.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.

Seleno-Analogs of Scaffolds Resembling Natural Products a Novel Warhead toward Dual Compounds

Nowadays, oxidative cell damage is one of the common features of cancer and Alzheimer's disease (AD), and Se-containing molecules, such as ebselen, which has demonstrated strong antioxidant activity, have demonstrated well-established preventive effects against both diseases. In this study, a total of 39 Se-derivatives were synthesized, purified, and spectroscopically characterized by NMR. Antioxidant ability was tested using the DPPH assay, while antiproliferative activity was screened in breast, lung, prostate, and colorectal cancer cell lines. In addition, as a first approach to evaluate their potential anti-Alzheimer activity, the in vitro acetylcholinesterase inhibition (AChEI) was tested. Regarding antioxidant properties, compound 13a showed concentration- and time-dependent radical scavenging activity. Additionally, compounds 14a and 17a showed high activity in the melanoma and ovarian cancer cell lines, with LD₅₀ values below 9.2 µM. Interestingly, in the AChEI test, compound 14a showed almost identical inhibitory activity to galantamine along with a 3-fold higher in vitro BBB permeation (Pe = 36.92 × 10^-6 cm/s). Molecular dynamics simulations of the aspirin derivatives (14a and 14b) confirm the importance of the allylic group instead of the propargyl one. Altogether, it is concluded that some of these newly synthesized Se-derivatives, such as 14a, might become very promising candidates to treat both cancer and AD.

Discovery and mechanism studies of a novel ATG4B inhibitor Ebselen by drug repurposing and its anti-colorectal cancer effects in mice

Cysteine protease ATG4B, a key autophagy protein, is an attractive target for colorectal cancer therapy. However, ATG4B inhibitors with higher efficiency, safety, and clear mechanism are still limited. In this study, we discovered ATG4B inhibitors based on the FDA-approved drug library through FRET-based high-throughput screening and gel-based analysis. Among the nine hits, compound Ebselen showed the most potent ATG4B inhibitory activity (IC₅₀ = 189 nM) and exhibited controllable selectivity and structural optimizable possibility against ATG4A and caspases. We then performed mass spectrometry assay and cysteine mutations to confirm that Ebselen could covalently bind to ATG4B at Cys74. Moreover, Cys292 and Cys361 instead of Cys74 are responsible for the redox-oligomerization and efficient activity inhibition of ATG4B. Ultimately through cell culture and mouse xenograft tumor models, we established the impact of Ebselen on autophagy and tumor suppression via ATG4B inhibition other than apoptosis. These results suggest that old drug Ebselen as an ATG4B inhibitor through oxidative modification may be repurposed as a promising anti-colorectal cancer drug.

A dZnONPs Enhanced Hybrid Injectable Photocrosslinked Hydrogel for Infected Wounds Treatment

Chronic wounds caused by related diseases such as ischemia, diabetes, and venous stasis are often hard to manage, mainly because of their susceptibility to infection and the lack of healing-promoting growth factors. Functional hydrogel is a promising material for wound treatment due to its regulable swelling rate and its ability to absorb wound exudate, which can keep the wound isolated from the outside world to prevent infection. In this study, a photocrosslinked physicochemical double-network hydrogel with injectable, antibacterial, and excellent mechanical properties was prepared. The dZnONPs enhanced hybrid injectable photocrosslinked double-network hydrogel (Ebs@dZnONPs/HGT) was synthetized starting from acylated hyaluronic acid and tannic acid via free radical reaction and hydrogen bonding, following doped with ebselen (Ebs) loaded dendritic zinc oxide nanoparticles (dZnONPs) to prepare the Ebs@dZnONPs/HGT hydrogel. The physicochemical characterization confirmed that the Ebs@dZnONPs/HGT hydrogel had excellent mechanical properties, hydrophilicity, and injectable properties, and could fit irregular wounds well. In vitro experiments revealed that the Ebs@dZnONPs/HGT hydrogel presented credible cytocompatibility and prominent antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). In vivo experiments further demonstrated that the Ebs@dZnONPs/HGT hydrogel had excellent biosafety and could improve re-epithelialization in the wound area, thus significantly accelerating wound healing.

Hearing loss drug discovery and medicinal chemistry: Current status, challenges, and opportunities

Hearing loss is a severe high unmet need condition affecting more than 1.5 billion people globally. There are no licensed medicines for the prevention, treatment or restoration of hearing. Prosthetic devices, such as hearing aids and cochlear implants, do not restore natural hearing and users struggle with speech in the presence of background noise. Hearing loss drug discovery is immature, and small molecule approaches include repurposing existing drugs, combination therapeutics, late-stage discovery optimisation of known chemotypes for identified molecular targets of interest, phenotypic tissue screening and high-throughput cell-based screening. Hearing loss drug discovery requires the integration of specialist therapeutic area biology and otology clinical expertise. Small molecule drug discovery projects in the global clinical portfolio for hearing loss are here collated and reviewed. An overview is provided of human hearing, inner ear anatomy, inner ear delivery, types of hearing loss and hearing measurement. Small molecule experimental drugs in clinical development for hearing loss are reviewed, including their underpinning biology, discovery strategy and activities, medicinal chemistry, calculated physicochemical properties, pharmacokinetics and clinical trial status. SwissADME BOILED-Egg permeability modelling is applied to the molecules reviewed, and these results are considered. Non-small molecule hearing loss assets in clinical development are briefly noted in this review. Future opportunities in hearing loss drug discovery for human genomics and targeted protein degradation are highlighted.

Changing Perspectives from Oxidative Stress to Redox Signaling-Extracellular Redox Control in Translational Medicine

Extensive research has changed the understanding of oxidative stress that has been linked to every major disease. Today we distinguish oxidative eu- and distress, acknowledging that redox modifications are crucial for signal transduction in the form of specific thiol switches. Long underestimated, reactive species and redox proteins of the Thioredoxin (Trx) family are indeed essential for physiological processes. Moreover, extracellular redox proteins, low molecular weight thiols and thiol switches affect signal transduction and cell–cell communication. Here, we highlight the impact of extracellular redox regulation for health, intermediate pathophenotypes and disease. Of note, recent advances allow the analysis of redox changes in body fluids without using invasive and expensive techniques. With this new knowledge in redox biochemistry, translational strategies can lead to innovative new preventive and diagnostic tools and treatments in life sciences and medicine.

Antibiotics-free nanoparticles eradicate Helicobacter pylori biofilms and intracellular bacteria

Biofilms and intracellular survival tremendously help Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) escape from antibacterial agents attacking, therefore issuing extreme challenges to clinical therapies. Herein, we constructed fucoidan (FU)-coated nanoparticles (FU/ML-LA/EB NPs) via simple self-assembly of biguanide derivative (metformin-linoleic acid, ML) and linoleic acid (LA), encapsulating urease inhibitor ebselen (EB) instead of antibiotics to take antibacterial effect. Negatively charged FU/ML-LA/EB NPs easily penetrated through the gastric mucus layer to arrive at infection sites, then eradicated extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) to destroy H. pylori biofilms structure. After strengthening bacterial membrane permeability, the nanoparticles could enter H. pylori and kill bacteria by inhibiting the activity of urease. FU/ML-LA/EB NPs also entered H. pylori-infected host cells through receptor-mediated internalization, in which they activated AMPK to recover lysosomal acidification for killing intracellular H. pylori. Additionally, FU/ML-LA/EB NPs alleviated oxidative stress, hence reducing gastric mucosal damage and cutting off the pathways of carcinogenesis. Notably, H. pylori burden after FU/ML-LA/EB NPs treatment was reduced to a great extent in vivo, which was significantly lower than that after treatment with clinical therapy. Antibiotics-free FU/ML-LA/EB NPs improving bacterial eradication and alleviating oxidation stress made it a powerful approach against H. pylori.

Development of Tinnitus and Hyperacusis in a Mouse Model of Tobramycin Cochleotoxicity

Aminoglycosides (AG) antibiotics are a common treatment for recurrent infections in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. AGs are highly ototoxic, resulting in a range of auditory dysfunctions. It was recently shown that the acoustic startle reflex (ASR) can assess behavioral evidence of hyperacusis and tinnitus in an amikacin cochleotoxicity mouse model. The goal of this study was to establish if tobramycin treatment led to similar changes in ASR behavior and to establish whether ebselen can prevent the development of these maladaptive neuroplastic symptoms. CBA/Ca mice were divided into three groups: Group 1 served as a control and did not receive tobramycin or ebselen, Group 2 received tobramycin (200 mg/kg/s.c.) and the vehicle (DMSO/saline/i.p.) daily for 14 continuous days, and Group 3 received the same dose/schedule of tobramycin as Group 2 and ebselen at (20 mg/kg/i.p.). Auditory brainstem response (ABR) and ASR hearing assessments were collected at baseline and 2, 6, 10, 14, and 18 weeks from the start of treatment. ASR tests included input/output (I/O) functions which assess general hearing and hyperacusis, and Gap-induced prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle (GPIAS) to assess tinnitus. At 18 weeks, histologic analysis showed predominantly normal appearing hair cells and spiral ganglion neuron (SGN) synapses. Following 14 days of tobramycin injections, 16 kHz thresholds increased from baseline and fluctuated over the 18-week recovery period. I/O functions revealed exaggerated startle response magnitudes in 50% of mice over the same period. Gap detection deficits, representing behavioral evidence of tinnitus, were observed in a smaller subset (36%) of animals. Interestingly, increases in ABR wave III/wave I amplitude ratios were observed. These tobramycin data corroborate previous findings that AGs can result in hearing dysfunctions. We show that a 14-day course of tobramycin treatment can cause similar levels of hearing loss and tinnitus, when compared to a 14-day course of amikacin, but less hyperacusis. Evidence suggests that tinnitus and hyperacusis might be common side effects of AG antibiotics.

Thioredoxin reductase as a pharmacological target

Thioredoxin reductases (TrxRs) belong to the pyridine nucleotide disulfide oxidoreductase family enzymes that reduce thioredoxin (Trx). The couple TrxR and Trx is one of the major antioxidant systems that control the redox homeostasis in cells. The thioredoxin system, comprised of TrxR, Trx and NADPH, exerts its activities via a disulfide-dithiol exchange reaction. Inhibition of TrxR is an important clinical goal in all conditions in which the redox state is perturbed. The present review focuses on the most critical aspects of the cellular functions of TrxRs and their inhibition mechanisms by metal ions or chemicals, through direct targeting of TrxRs or their substrates or protein interactors. To update the involvement of overactivation/dysfunction of TrxRs in various pathological conditions, human diseases associated with TrxRs genes were critically summarized by publicly available genome-wide association study (GWAS) catalogs and literature. The pieces of evidence presented here justify why TrxR is recognized as one of the most critical clinical targets and the growing current interest in developing molecules capable of interfering with the functions of TrxR enzymes.

Oxidative Imbalance as a Crucial Factor in Inflammatory Lung Diseases: Could Antioxidant Treatment Constitute a New Therapeutic Strategy?

Inflammatory lung disease results in a high global burden of death and disability. There are no effective treatments for the most severe forms of many inflammatory lung diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, emphysema, corticosteroid-resistant asthma, and coronavirus disease 2019; hence, new treatment options are required. Here, we review the role of oxidative imbalance in the development of difficult-to-treat inflammatory lung diseases. The inflammation-induced overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) means that endogenous antioxidants may not be sufficient to prevent oxidative damage, resulting in an oxidative imbalance in the lung. In turn, intracellular signaling events trigger the production of proinflammatory mediators that perpetuate and aggravate the inflammatory response and may lead to tissue damage. The production of high levels of ROS in inflammatory lung diseases can induce the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases, the inactivation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling and histone deacetylase 2, a decrease in glucocorticoid binding to its receptor, and thus resistance to glucocorticoid treatment. Hence, antioxidant treatment might be a therapeutic option for inflammatory lung diseases. Preclinical studies have shown that antioxidants (alone or combined with anti-inflammatory drugs) are effective in the treatment of inflammatory lung diseases, although the clinical evidence of efficacy is weaker. Despite the high level of evidence for the efficacy of antioxidants in the treatment of inflammatory lung diseases, the discovery and clinical investigation of safer, more efficacious compounds are now a priority.