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Singh G, Singh R, Monga V, Mehan S. Thiazolidine-2,4-dione hybrids as dual alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase inhibitors: design, synthesis, in vitro and in vivo anti-diabetic evaluation. RSC Med Chem 2024; 15:2826-2854. [PMID: 39149094 PMCID: PMC11324062 DOI: 10.1039/d4md00199k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Twelve 3,5-disubstituted-thiazolidine-2,4-dione (TZD) hybrids were synthesized using solution phase chemistry. Continuing our previous work, nine O-modified ethyl vanillin (8a-i) derivatives were synthesized and reacted with the TZD core via Knoevenagel condensation under primary reaction conditions to obtain final derivatives 9a-i. Additionally, three isatin-TZD hybrids (11a-c) were synthesized. The intermediates and final derivatives were characterized using 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy, and the observed chemical shifts agreed with the proposed structures. The in vitro alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase inhibitory evaluation of newly synthesized derivatives revealed compounds 9F and 9G as the best dual inhibitors, with IC50 values of 9.8 ± 0.047 μM for alpha-glucosidase (9F) and 5.15 ± 0.0017 μM for alpha-glucosidase (9G), 17.10 ± 0.015 μM for alpha-amylase (9F), and 9.2 ± 0.092 μM for alpha-amylase (9G). The docking analysis of synthesized compounds indicated that compounds have a higher binding affinity for alpha-glucosidase as compared to alpha-amylase, as seen from docking scores ranging from -1.202 to -5.467 (for alpha-amylase) and -4.373 to -7.300 (for alpha-glucosidase). Further, the molecules possess a high LD50 value, typically ranging from 1000 to 1600 mg kg-1 of body weight, and exhibit non-toxic properties. The in vitro cytotoxicity assay results on PANC-1 and INS-1 cells demonstrated that the compounds were devoid of significant toxicity against the tested cells. Compounds 9F and 9G showed high oral absorption, i.e., oral absorption >96%, and their molecular dynamics simulation yielded results closely aligned with the observed docking outcomes. Finally, compounds 9F and 9G were evaluated for in vivo antidiabetic assessment by the induction of diabetes in Wistar rats using streptozotocin. Molecule 9G has been identified as the most effective anti-diabetic molecule due to its ability to modulate several biochemical markers in blood plasma and tissue homogenates. The results were further confirmed by histology investigations conducted on isolated pancreas, liver, and kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurpreet Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, (Affiliated to IK Gujral Punjab Technical University, Kapurthala) GT Road, Ghal Kalan Moga-142001 Punjab India
- Research Scholar, IK Gujral Punjab Technical University Kapurthala Punjab India
| | - Rajveer Singh
- Department of Pharmacognosy, ISF College of Pharmacy GT Road, Ghal Kalan Moga Punjab India
| | - Vikramdeep Monga
- Drug Design and Molecular Synthesis Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab VPO-Ghudda Bathinda Punjab India
| | - Sidharth Mehan
- Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, (Affiliated to IK Gujral Punjab Technical University, Kapurthala) GT Road, Ghal Kalan Moga Punjab India
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Zhu H, Zhong X. Honokiol as an α-glucosidase inhibitor. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1425832. [PMID: 38962316 PMCID: PMC11220239 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1425832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Honokiol, a naturally occurring compound from Magnolia obovata Thunb., has many biological activities, but its anti-α-glucosidase activity is still unclear. Therefore, we determined its inhibitory effects against α-glucosidase. Activity assays showed that honokiol was a reversible mixed-type inhibitor of α-glucosidase, and its IC50 value was 317.11 ± 12.86 μM. Fluorescence results indicated that the binding of honokiol to α-glucosidase caused a reduction in α-glucosidase activity. 3D fluorescence and CD spectra results indicated that the binding of honokiol to α-glucosidase caused conformational change in α-glucosidase. Docking simulated the detailed interactions between honokiol and α-glucosidase, including hydrogen and hydrophobic bonds. All findings showed that honokiol could be used as a natural inhibitor to develop α-glucosidase agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Mianyang Teacher’s College, Mianyang, China
| | - Xin Zhong
- Dean’s Office, Mianyang Teacher’s College, Mianyang, China
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Punia R, Mor S, Khatri M, Kumar D, Das PP, Jindal DK, Kumar A, Selvaraj P, Kumar R, Mohil R, Jakhar K. Facile synthesis and in silico studies of benzothiazole-linked hydroxypyrazolones targeting α-amylase and α-glucosidase. Future Med Chem 2024; 16:999-1027. [PMID: 38910576 PMCID: PMC11221549 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2023-0384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Aim: The objective of the present investigation was to design and synthesize new heterocyclic hybrids comprising benzothiazole and indenopyrazolone pharmacophoric units in a single molecular framework targeting α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymatic inhibition. Materials & methods: 20 new benzothiazole-appended indenopyrazoles, 3a-t, were synthesized in good yields under environment-friendly conditions via cycloaddition reaction, and assessed for antidiabetic activity against α-amylase and α-glucosidase, using acarbose as the standard reference. Results: Among all the hydroxypyrazolones, 3p and 3r showed the best inhibition against α-amylase and α-glucosidase, which finds support from molecular docking and dynamic studies. Conclusion: Compounds 3p and 3r have been identified as promising antidiabetic agents against α-amylase and α-glucosidase and could be considered valuable leads for further optimization of antidiabetic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravinder Punia
- Department of Chemistry, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science & Technology, Hisar, Haryana, 125001, India
| | - Satbir Mor
- Department of Chemistry, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science & Technology, Hisar, Haryana, 125001, India
| | - Mohini Khatri
- Department of Chemistry, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science & Technology, Hisar, Haryana, 125001, India
| | - Deepak Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, 173229, India
| | - Priyanku Pradip Das
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, 173229, India
| | - Deepak Kumar Jindal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science & Technology, Hisar, 125001, India
| | - Ashwani Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science & Technology, Hisar, 125001, India
| | - Prem Selvaraj
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (B.H.U.), Varanasi, 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rajnish Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (B.H.U.), Varanasi, 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rajni Mohil
- Department of Chemistry, Government College, Nalwa, Hisar, 125001, Haryana, India
| | - Komal Jakhar
- Department of Chemistry, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, 124001, India
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Li M, Sun J, Liang B, Min X, Hu J, Wu R, Xu X. Thiazolidine-2,4-dione derivatives as potential α-glucosidase inhibitors: Synthesis, inhibitory activity, binding interaction and hypoglycemic activity. Bioorg Chem 2024; 144:107177. [PMID: 38335756 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
In order to find effective α-glucosidase inhibitors, a series of thiazolidine-2,4-dione derivatives (C1 ∼ 36) were synthesized and evaluated for α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. Compared to positive control acarbose (IC50 = 654.35 ± 65.81 μM), all compounds (C1 ∼ 36) showed stronger α-glucosidase inhibitory activity with IC50 values of 0.52 ± 0.06 ∼ 9.31 ± 0.96 μM. Among them, C23 with the best anti-α-glucosidase activity was a reversible mixed-type inhibitor. Fluorescence quenching suggested the binding process of C23 with α-glucosidase in a static process. Fluorescence quenching, CD spectra, and 3D fluorescence spectra results also implied that the binding of C23 with α-glucosidase caused the conformational change of α-glucosidase to inhibit the activity. Molecular docking displayed the binding interaction of C23 with α-glucosidase. Compound C23 (8 ∼ 64 μM) showed no cytotoxicity against LO2 and 293 cells. Moreover, oral administration of C23 (50 mg/kg) could reduce blood glucose and improve glucose tolerance in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyue Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, School of Pharmacy and Food Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China
| | - Jinping Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, School of Pharmacy and Food Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China
| | - Bingwen Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, School of Pharmacy and Food Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China
| | - Xiaofeng Min
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, School of Pharmacy and Food Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China
| | - Jinhui Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, School of Pharmacy and Food Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China.
| | - Rihui Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, School of Pharmacy and Food Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China.
| | - Xuetao Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, School of Pharmacy and Food Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China.
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Hu C, Liang B, Sun J, Li J, Xiong Z, Wang SH, Xuetao X. Synthesis and biological evaluation of indole derivatives containing thiazolidine-2,4-dione as α-glucosidase inhibitors with antidiabetic activity. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 264:115957. [PMID: 38029465 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
In order to develop potential α-glucosidase inhibitors with antidiabetic activity, twenty-six indole derivatives containing thiazolidine-2,4-dione were synthesized. All compounds presented potential α-glucosidase inhibitory activities with IC50 values ranging from 2.35 ± 0.11 to 24.36 ± 0.79 μM, respectively compared to acarbose (IC50 = 575.02 ± 10.11 μM). Especially, compound IT4 displayed the strongest α-glucosidase inhibitory activity (IC50 = 2.35 ± 0.11 μM). The inhibition mechanism of compound IT4 on α-glucosidase was clarified by the investigation of kinetics studies, fluorescence quenching, CD spectra, 3D fluorescence spectra, and molecular docking. In vivo antidiabetic experiments demonstrated that oral administration of compound IT4 would suppress fasting blood glucose level and ameliorate their glucose tolerance and dyslipidemia in diabetic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmei Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, School of Pharmacy and Food Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, 529020, China
| | - Bingwen Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, School of Pharmacy and Food Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, 529020, China
| | - Jinping Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, School of Pharmacy and Food Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, 529020, China
| | - Jiangyi Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, School of Pharmacy and Food Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, 529020, China
| | - Zhuang Xiong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, School of Pharmacy and Food Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, 529020, China
| | - Shao-Hua Wang
- School of Pharmacy & State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry & Collaborative Innovation Center for Northwestern Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
| | - Xu Xuetao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Large Animal Models for Biomedicine, School of Pharmacy and Food Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, 529020, China.
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Mushtaq A, Azam U, Mehreen S, Naseer MM. Synthetic α-glucosidase inhibitors as promising anti-diabetic agents: Recent developments and future challenges. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 249:115119. [PMID: 36680985 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is one of the biggest challenges for the scientific community in the 21st century. It is a well-recognized multifactorial health problem contributes significantly to high mortality rates by causing serious health complications mainly related to cardiovascular diseases, kidney damage and neuropathy. The inhibition of α-glucosidase (enzyme that catalyses starch hydrolysis in the intestine) is an effective therapeutic approach for controlling hyperglycemia associated with type-2 diabetes. However, the presently approved drugs/inhibitors such as acarbose, miglitol and voglibose have several undesirable gastrointestinal side effects impeding their applications. Therefore, search for novel and more effective inhibitors with reduced side effects and less cost remains a fascinating area of research. In this context, a large variety of α-glucosidase inhibitors have been identified in recent years that demands attention from drug development community. This review is therefore an effort to summarize and highlight the promising α-glucosidase inhibitors especially those which are primarily based on aromatic heterocyclic scaffolds such as coumarin, imidazole, isatin, pyrimidine, quinazoline, triazine, thiazole etc, having improved safety and pharmacological profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alia Mushtaq
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Uzma Azam
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Saba Mehreen
- Department of Chemistry, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
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Vashistha A, Kumar S, Kirar S, Sharma N, Das B, Banerjee UC, Pawar SV, Kumar R, Yadav AK. Synthesis, biological evaluation and in silico studies of 2-aminoquinolines and 1-aminoisoquinolines as antimicrobial agents. Comput Biol Chem 2023; 102:107807. [PMID: 36587565 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2022.107807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The current study reports synthesis of 2-aminoquinolines and 1-aminoisoquinolines derivatives and their characterization. Further, in vitro studies were conducted to determine antimicrobial activities. Compound 3 h showed maximum activity against B. subtilis (IC50: 0.10±0.02 µM) and E. coli (IC50: 0.13±0.01 µM) whereas compound 3i showed higher antimicrobial activity against E. coli (IC50: 0.11±0.01) and C. viswanathii (IC50: 0.10±0.05 µM). Safety profiles of the most potent derivatives were evaluated utilizing cell viability assay using RAW 264.7 and HeLa cell lines and in vitro hemolytic assay was carried out freshly isolated RBC from healthy rat. Furthermore, in silico studies, like molecular docking, binding free energy calculations and ADME predictions were done to get the best lead candidates. Additionally, molecular dynamic simulation for 100 ns was performed to know stability of protein and ligand complex. The active compounds were found to be non-toxic and non-hemolytic and hold great promise to become newer antimicrobial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Vashistha
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Sunil Kumar
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Seema Kirar
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector-67, S.A.S. Nagar 160062, Punjab, India
| | - Nikhil Sharma
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Bhanuranjan Das
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), India
| | | | - Sandip V Pawar
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India
| | - Rajnish Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), India
| | - Ashok Kumar Yadav
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh 160014, India.
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Singh G, Kajal K, Pradhan T, Bhurta D, Monga V. The medicinal perspective of 2,4-thiazolidinediones based ligands as antimicrobial, antitumor and antidiabetic agents: A review. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2022; 355:e2100517. [PMID: 35715383 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202100517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
2,4-Thiazolidinedione (2,4-TZD), commonly known as glitazone, is a ubiquitous heterocyclic pharmacophore possessing a plethora of pharmacological activities and offering a vast opportunity for structural modification. The diverse range of biological activities endowed with a novel mode of action, low cost, and easy synthesis has attracted the attention of medicinal chemists. Several researchers have integrated the TZD core with different structural fragments to develop a wide range of lead molecules against various clinical disorders. The most common sites for structural modifications at the 2,4-TZD nucleus are the N-3 and the active methylene at C-5. The review covers the recent development of TZD derivatives such as antimicrobial, anticancer, and antidiabetic agents. Various 2,4-TZD based agents or drugs, which are either under clinical development or in the market, are discussed in the study. Different synthetic methodologies for synthesizing the 2,4-TZD core are also included in the manuscript. The importance of various substitutions at N-3 and C-5 and the mechanisms of action and structure-activity relationships are also discussed. We hope this study will serve as a valuable tool for the scientific community engaged in the structural exploitation of the 2,4-TZD core for developing novel drug m\olecules for life-threatening ailments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurpreet Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India
| | - Kumari Kajal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India
| | - Tathagata Pradhan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, SPER, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Deendyal Bhurta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Rajendra Institute of Technology and Sciences, Sirsa, India
| | - Vikramdeep Monga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
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Synthesis, in vitro antimicrobial evaluation, and molecular docking studies of new isatin-1,2,3-triazole hybrids. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.131855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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10
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Design, synthesis, biological evaluations and in silico studies of sulfonate ester derivatives of 2-(2-benzylidenehydrazono)thiazolidin-4-one as potential α-glucosidase inhibitors. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.131266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Alzahrani AY, Ammar YA, Salem MA, Abu-Elghait M, Ragab A. Design, synthesis, molecular modeling, and antimicrobial potential of novel 3-[(1H-pyrazol-3-yl)imino]indolin-2-one derivatives as DNA gyrase inhibitors. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2021; 355:e2100266. [PMID: 34747519 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202100266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A series of 3-[(1H-pyrazol-3-yl)imino]indolin-2-one derivatives were designed using the molecular hybridization method, characterized using different spectroscopic techniques, and evaluated for their in vitro antimicrobial activity. Most of the target compounds demonstrated good to moderate antimicrobial activity compared with ciprofloxacin and fluconazole. Four compounds (8b, 9a, 9c, and 10a) showed encouraging results, with minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values (53.45-258.32 µM) comparable to those of norfloxacin (100.31-200.63 µM) and ciprofloxacin (48.33-96.68 µM). Noticeably, the four derivatives revealed excellent bactericidal and fungicidal activities, except for the bacteriostatic potential of compounds 8b and 9a against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, respectively. The time-killing kinetic study against S. aureus confirmed the efficacy of these derivatives. Furthermore, two of the four promising derivatives, 9a and 10a, could prevent the formation of biofilms of S. aureus without affecting the bacterial growth at low concentrations. A combination study with seven commercial antibiotics against the multidrug-resistant bacterium P. aeruginosa showed a notable reduction in the antibiotic MIC values, represented mainly through a synergistic or additive effect. The enzymatic assay implied that the most active derivatives had inhibition potency against DNA gyrase comparable to that of ciprofloxacin. Molecular docking and density functional theory calculations were performed to explore the binding mode and study the reactivity of the promising compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Y Alzahrani
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Arts, King Khalid University, Mohail, Assir, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yousry A Ammar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Salem
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Arts, King Khalid University, Mohail, Assir, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohammed Abu-Elghait
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Ragab
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt
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