1
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Allison SJ, Ashton GP, Lynch HJ, Shire BR, Phillips RM, Parkes GMB, Pinder E, Rice CR, Teixeira AAM, Volleman T, Wordsworth DA. Preclinical Evaluation of Zn(II) Self-Assemblies with Selective Cytotoxic Activity Against Cancer Cells In Vitro and In Ovo. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202302803. [PMID: 37874745 PMCID: PMC10952438 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Dipodal pyridylthiazole amine ligands L1 and L2 both form different metallo-supramolecular self-assemblies with Zn2+ and Cu2+ and these are shown to be toxic and selective towards cancer cell lines in vitro. Furthermore, potency and selectivity are highly dependent upon the metal ions, ligand system and bound anion, with significant changes in chemosensitivity and selectivity dependent upon which species are employed. Importantly, significant anti-tumor activity was observed in ovo at doses that are non-toxic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon J. Allison
- School of Applied SciencesUniversity of HuddersfieldHD1 3DHHuddersfieldUK
| | - Gage P. Ashton
- School of Applied SciencesUniversity of HuddersfieldHD1 3DHHuddersfieldUK
| | - Hannah J. Lynch
- School of Applied SciencesUniversity of HuddersfieldHD1 3DHHuddersfieldUK
| | - Bethany R. Shire
- School of Applied SciencesUniversity of HuddersfieldHD1 3DHHuddersfieldUK
| | - Roger M. Phillips
- School of Applied SciencesUniversity of HuddersfieldHD1 3DHHuddersfieldUK
| | | | - Emma Pinder
- School of Applied SciencesUniversity of HuddersfieldHD1 3DHHuddersfieldUK
| | - Craig R. Rice
- School of Applied SciencesUniversity of HuddersfieldHD1 3DHHuddersfieldUK
| | - Ana A. M. Teixeira
- School of Applied SciencesUniversity of HuddersfieldHD1 3DHHuddersfieldUK
| | - Tibo Volleman
- Axion BioSystemsVrijstraat 9B5611 ATEindhovenThe Netherlands
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2
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Moree LK, Faulkner LAV, Crowley JD. Heterometallic cages: synthesis and applications. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:25-46. [PMID: 38037385 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00690e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
High symmetry metallosupramolecular architectures (MSAs) have been exploited for a range of applications including molecular recognition, catalysis and drug delivery. Recently there have been increasing efforts to enhance those applications by generating reduced symmetry MSAs. While there are several emerging methods for generating lower symmetry MSAs, this tutorial review examines the general methods used for synthesizing heterometallic MSAs with a particular focus on heterometallic cages. Additionally, the intrinsic properties of the cages and their potential emerging applications as host-guest systems and reaction catalysts are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lana K Moree
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Logan A V Faulkner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - James D Crowley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
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3
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Li X, Wang Z, Hao X, Zhang J, Zhao X, Yao Y, Wei W, Cai R, He C, Duan C, Guo Z, Zhao J, Wang X. Optically Pure Double-Stranded Dinuclear Ir(III) Metallohelices Enabled Chirality-Induced Photodynamic Responses. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37366343 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c03310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Investigation on the interactions between enantiomers of chiral drugs and biomolecules can help precisely understand their biological behaviors in vivo and provide insights into the design of new drugs. Herein, we designed and synthesized a pair of optically pure, cationic, double-stranded dinuclear Ir(III)-metallohelices (Λ2R4-H and Δ2S4-H), and their dramatic enantiomer-dependent photodynamic therapy (PDT) responses were thoroughly studied in vitro and in vivo. Compared to the mononuclear enantiomeric or racemic [Ir(ppy)2(dppz)][PF6] (Λ-/Δ-Ir, rac-Ir) that with high dark toxicity and low photocytotoxicity index (PI) values, both of the optically pure metallohelices displayed negligible toxicity in the dark while exhibiting very distinctive light toxicity upon light irradiation. The PI value of Λ2R4-H was approximately 428, however, Δ2S4-H significantly reached 63,966. Interestingly, only Δ2S4-H was found to migrate from mitochondria to nucleus after light irradiation. Further proteomic analysis verified that Δ2S4-H activated the ATP-dependent migration process after light irradiation, and subsequently inhibited the activities of the nuclear proteins such as superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) and eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A (EIF5A) to trigger the accumulation of superoxide anions and downregulate mRNA splicing processes. Molecular docking simulations suggested that the interactions between metallohelices and nuclear pore complex NDC1 dominated the migration process. This work presents a new kind of Ir(III) metallohelices-based agent with the highest PDT efficacy, highlights the importance of metallohelices' chirality, and provides inspirations for the future design of chiral helical metallodrugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuezhao Li
- School of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Zhicheng Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xiaorou Hao
- School of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Jingyi Zhang
- Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xing Zhao
- School of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Yougang Yao
- School of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Wei Wei
- School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Rui Cai
- Instrumental Analysis Center of Dalian University of Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Cheng He
- School of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Chunying Duan
- School of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Zijian Guo
- School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xiuxiu Wang
- Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center (ChemBIC), State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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4
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Vasdev RAS, Preston D, Casey-Stevens CA, Martí-Centelles V, Lusby PJ, Garden AL, Crowley JD. Exploiting Supramolecular Interactions to Control Isomer Distributions in Reduced-Symmetry [Pd 2L 4] 4+ Cages. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:1833-1844. [PMID: 35604785 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c00937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
High-symmetry metallosupramolecular architectures (MSAs) have been exploited for a range of applications including molecular recognition, catalysis, and drug delivery. Recently, there have been increasing efforts to enhance those applications by generating reduced-symmetry MSAs. Here we report our attempts to use supramolecular (dispersion and hydrogen-bonding) forces and solvophobic effects to generate isomerically pure [Pd2(L)4]4+ cage architectures from a family of new reduced-symmetry ditopic tripyridyl ligands. The reduced-symmetry tripyridyl ligands featured either solvophilic polyether chains, solvophobic alkyl chains, or amino substituents. We show using NMR spectroscopy, high-performance liquid chromatography, X-ray diffraction data, and density functional theory calculations that the combination of dispersion forces and solvophobic effects does not provide any control of the [Pd2(L)4]4+ isomer distribution with mixtures of all four cage isomers (HHHH, HHHT, cis-HHTT, or trans-HTHT, where H = head and T = tail) obtained in each case. More control was obtained by exploiting hydrogen-bonding interactions between amino units. While the cage assembly with a 3-amino-substituted tripyridyl ligand leads to a mixture of all four possible isomers, the related 2-amino-substituted tripyridyl ligand generated a cis-HHTT cage architecture. Formation of the cis-HHTT [Pd2(L)4]4+ cage was confirmed using NMR studies and X-ray crystallography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roan A S Vasdev
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.,MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
| | - Dan Preston
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.,MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
| | - Caitlin A Casey-Stevens
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.,MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
| | - Vicente Martí-Centelles
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, Scotland
| | - Paul J Lusby
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, Scotland
| | - Anna L Garden
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.,MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
| | - James D Crowley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.,MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
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5
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Lisboa LS, Riisom M, Vasdev RAS, Jamieson SMF, Wright LJ, Hartinger CG, Crowley JD. Cavity-Containing [Fe 2L 3] 4+ Helicates: An Examination of Host-Guest Chemistry and Cytotoxicity. Front Chem 2021; 9:697684. [PMID: 34307299 PMCID: PMC8292671 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.697684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Two new di(2,2′-bipyridine) ligands, 2,6-bis([2,2′-bipyridin]-5-ylethynyl)pyridine (L1) and bis(4-([2,2′-bipyridin]-5-ylethynyl)phenyl)methane (L2) were synthesized and used to generate two metallosupramolecular [Fe2(L)3](BF4)4 cylinders. The ligands and cylinders were characterized using elemental analysis, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, UV-vis, 1H-, 13C and DOSY nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopies. The molecular structures of the [Fe2(L)3](BF4)4 cylinders were confirmed using X-ray crystallography. Both the [Fe2(L1)3](BF4)4 and [Fe2(L2)3](BF4)4 complexes crystallized as racemic (rac) mixtures of the ΔΔ (P) and ΛΛ (M) helicates. However, 1H NMR spectra showed that in solution the larger [Fe2(L2)3](BF4)4 was a mixture of the rac-ΔΔ/ΛΛ and meso-ΔΛ isomers. The host-guest chemistry of the helicates, which both feature a central cavity, was examined with several small drug molecules. However, none of the potential guests were found to bind within the helicates. In vitro cytotoxicity assays demonstrated that both helicates were active against four cancer cell lines. The smaller [Fe2(L1)3](BF4)4 system displayed low μM activity against the HCT116 (IC50 = 7.1 ± 0.5 μM) and NCI-H460 (IC50 = 4.9 ± 0.4 μM) cancer cells. While the antiproliferative effects against all the cell lines examined were less than the well-known anticancer drug cisplatin, their modes of action would be expected to be very different.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn S Lisboa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Mie Riisom
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Roan A S Vasdev
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Stephen M F Jamieson
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - L James Wright
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - James D Crowley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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6
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Allison SJ, Bryk J, Clemett CJ, Faulkner RA, Ginger M, Griffiths HBS, Harmer J, Jane Owen-Lynch P, Pinder E, Wurdak H, Phillips RM, Rice CR. Self-assembly of an anion receptor with metal-dependent kinase inhibition and potent in vitro anti-cancer properties. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3898. [PMID: 34162854 PMCID: PMC8222254 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23983-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
One topical area of supramolecular chemistry is the binding of anionic species but despite the importance of anions in diverse cellular processes and for cancer development, anion receptors or 'binders' have received little attention as potential anti-cancer therapeutics. Here we report self-assembling trimetallic cryptands (e.g. [L2(Metal)3]6+ where Metal = Cu2+, Zn2+ or Mn2+) which can encapsulate a range of anions and which show metal-dependent differences in chemical and biological reactivities. In cell studies, both [L2Cu3]6+ and [L2Zn3]6+ complexes are highly toxic to a range of human cancer cell lines and they show significant metal-dependent selective activity towards cancer cells compared to healthy, non-cancerous cells (by up to 2000-fold). The addition of different anions to the complexes (e.g. PO43-, SO42- or PhOPO32-) further alters activity and selectivity allowing the activity to be modulated via a self-assembly process. The activity is attributed to the ability to either bind or hydrolyse phosphate esters and mechanistic studies show differential and selective inhibition of multiple kinases by both [L2Cu3]6+ and [L2Zn3]6+ complexes but via different mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon J. Allison
- grid.15751.370000 0001 0719 6059School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield Queensgate, Huddersfield, UK
| | - Jaroslaw Bryk
- grid.15751.370000 0001 0719 6059School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield Queensgate, Huddersfield, UK
| | - Christopher J. Clemett
- grid.15751.370000 0001 0719 6059School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield Queensgate, Huddersfield, UK
| | - Robert A. Faulkner
- grid.15751.370000 0001 0719 6059School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield Queensgate, Huddersfield, UK
| | - Michael Ginger
- grid.15751.370000 0001 0719 6059School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield Queensgate, Huddersfield, UK
| | - Hollie B. S. Griffiths
- grid.15751.370000 0001 0719 6059School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield Queensgate, Huddersfield, UK
| | - Jane Harmer
- grid.15751.370000 0001 0719 6059School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield Queensgate, Huddersfield, UK
| | - P. Jane Owen-Lynch
- grid.15751.370000 0001 0719 6059School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield Queensgate, Huddersfield, UK
| | - Emma Pinder
- grid.15751.370000 0001 0719 6059School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield Queensgate, Huddersfield, UK
| | - Heiko Wurdak
- grid.9909.90000 0004 1936 8403School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Roger M. Phillips
- grid.15751.370000 0001 0719 6059School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield Queensgate, Huddersfield, UK
| | - Craig R. Rice
- grid.15751.370000 0001 0719 6059School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield Queensgate, Huddersfield, UK
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7
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Li X, Shi Z, Wu J, Wu J, He C, Hao X, Duan C. Lighting up metallohelices: from DNA binders to chemotherapy and photodynamic therapy. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:7537-7548. [PMID: 32573609 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc02194f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The design of novel agents that specifically target DNA and interrupt its normal biological processes is an attractive goal in drug design. Among the promising metallodrugs, metal-directed self-assembled metallohelices with defined three-dimensional stereochemical structures display unique structure-inherent and unprecedented noncovalent targeting abilities towards DNA, resulting in excellent anticancer or antibiotic activities. A newly burgeoning hotspot is focusing on lighting them up by embedding luminescent metal ions as the vertices. The photoactive metallohelices that combine strong interactions toward DNA targets and efficient 1O2 quantum yield may provide new motivation in diagnostic and photodynamic therapy (PDT) areas. This perspective focuses on research progress on metallohelices as DNA binders and chemotherapeutic agents, and highlights recent advances in fabricating luminescent examples for PDT. The relative assembly strategies are also discussed and compared. Finally, perspectives on the future development of the lit-up metallohelices are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuezhao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China.
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8
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McNeill SM, Giles NM, Preston D, Jones PP, Crowley JD, Giles GI. Quadruply Stranded Metallo-Supramolecular Helicate [Pd 2(hextrz) 4] 4+ Acts as a Molecular Mimic of Cytolytic Peptides. Chem Res Toxicol 2020; 33:1822-1834. [PMID: 32347099 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
[Pd2(hextrz)4]4+ is a quadruply stranded helicate, a novel bioinorganic complex designed to mimic the structure and function of proteins due to its high stability and supramolecular size. We have previously reported that [Pd2(hextrz)4]4+ exhibited cytotoxicity toward a range of cell lines, with IC50 values ranging from 3 to 10 μM. Here we demonstrate that [Pd2(hextrz)4]4+ kills cells by forming pores within the cell membrane, a mechanism of cell death analogous to the naturally occurring cytolytic peptides. [Pd2(hextrz)4]4+ induced cell death is characterized by an initial influx of Ca2+, followed by nuclear condensation and mitochondrial swelling. This is accompanied by progressive cell membrane damage that results in the formation of large blebs at the cell surface. This allows the efflux of molecules from the cell leading to loss of cell viability. These data suggest that it may be possible to design metallo-supramolecular complexes to mimic the cytotoxic action of pore forming proteins and peptides and so provide a new class of drug to treat cancer, autoimmune disorders, and microbial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha M McNeill
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Niroshini M Giles
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Dan Preston
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Peter P Jones
- Department of Physiology and HeartOtago, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - James D Crowley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Gregory I Giles
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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9
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Li X, Wu J, Wang L, He C, Chen L, Jiao Y, Duan C. Mitochondrial‐DNA‐Targeted Ir
III
‐Containing Metallohelices with Tunable Photodynamic Therapy Efficacy in Cancer Cells. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201915281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xuezhao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine ChemicalsDalian University of Technology Dalian 116012 China
| | - Jinguo Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine ChemicalsDalian University of Technology Dalian 116012 China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of PharmacyDalian University of Technology Dalian 116012 China
| | - Cheng He
- State Key Laboratory of Fine ChemicalsDalian University of Technology Dalian 116012 China
| | - Liyong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Fine ChemicalsDalian University of Technology Dalian 116012 China
| | - Yang Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine ChemicalsDalian University of Technology Dalian 116012 China
| | - Chunying Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Fine ChemicalsDalian University of Technology Dalian 116012 China
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10
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Li X, Wu J, Wang L, He C, Chen L, Jiao Y, Duan C. Mitochondrial‐DNA‐Targeted Ir
III
‐Containing Metallohelices with Tunable Photodynamic Therapy Efficacy in Cancer Cells. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:6420-6427. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201915281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xuezhao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine ChemicalsDalian University of Technology Dalian 116012 China
| | - Jinguo Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine ChemicalsDalian University of Technology Dalian 116012 China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of PharmacyDalian University of Technology Dalian 116012 China
| | - Cheng He
- State Key Laboratory of Fine ChemicalsDalian University of Technology Dalian 116012 China
| | - Liyong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Fine ChemicalsDalian University of Technology Dalian 116012 China
| | - Yang Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine ChemicalsDalian University of Technology Dalian 116012 China
| | - Chunying Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Fine ChemicalsDalian University of Technology Dalian 116012 China
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11
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Song H, Rogers NJ, Allison SJ, Brabec V, Bridgewater H, Kostrhunova H, Markova L, Phillips RM, Pinder EC, Shepherd SL, Young LS, Zajac J, Scott P. Discovery of selective, antimetastatic and anti-cancer stem cell metallohelices via post-assembly modification. Chem Sci 2019; 10:8547-8557. [PMID: 31803429 PMCID: PMC6839601 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc02651g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicates and related metallofoldamers, synthesised by dynamic self-assembly, represent an area of chemical space inaccessible by traditional organic synthesis, and yet with potential for discovery of new classes of drug. Here we report that water-soluble, optically pure Fe(ii)- and even Zn(ii)-based triplex metallohelices are an excellent platform for post-assembly click reactions. By these means, the in vitro anticancer activity and most importantly the selectivity of a triplex metallohelix Fe(ii) system are dramatically improved. For one compound, a remarkable array of mechanistic and pharmacological behaviours is discovered: inhibition of Na+/K+ ATPase with potency comparable to the drug ouabain, antimetastatic properties (including inhibition of cell migration, re-adhesion and invasion), cancer stem cell targeting, and finally colonosphere inhibition competitive with the drug salinomycin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hualong Song
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL , UK .
| | - Nicola J Rogers
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL , UK .
| | - Simon J Allison
- School of Applied Sciences , University of Huddersfield , Huddersfield , HD1 3DH , UK
| | - Viktor Brabec
- The Czech Academy of Sciences , Institute of Biophysics , Kralovopolska 135 , CZ-61265 Brno , Czech Republic
| | | | - Hana Kostrhunova
- The Czech Academy of Sciences , Institute of Biophysics , Kralovopolska 135 , CZ-61265 Brno , Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Markova
- The Czech Academy of Sciences , Institute of Biophysics , Kralovopolska 135 , CZ-61265 Brno , Czech Republic
| | - Roger M Phillips
- School of Applied Sciences , University of Huddersfield , Huddersfield , HD1 3DH , UK
| | - Emma C Pinder
- School of Applied Sciences , University of Huddersfield , Huddersfield , HD1 3DH , UK
| | - Samantha L Shepherd
- School of Applied Sciences , University of Huddersfield , Huddersfield , HD1 3DH , UK
| | - Lawrence S Young
- Warwick Medical School , University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL , UK
| | - Juraj Zajac
- The Czech Academy of Sciences , Institute of Biophysics , Kralovopolska 135 , CZ-61265 Brno , Czech Republic
| | - Peter Scott
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL , UK .
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12
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Eskandari A, Kundu A, Ghosh S, Suntharalingam K. A Triangular Platinum(II) Multinuclear Complex with Cytotoxicity Towards Breast Cancer Stem Cells. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:12059-12064. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201905389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arvin Eskandari
- Department of ChemistryKing's College London London SE1 1DB UK
| | - Arunangshu Kundu
- Department of ChemistryGauhati University Guwahati Assam 781014 India
| | - Sushobhan Ghosh
- Department of ChemistryGauhati University Guwahati Assam 781014 India
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13
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Eskandari A, Kundu A, Ghosh S, Suntharalingam K. A Triangular Platinum(II) Multinuclear Complex with Cytotoxicity Towards Breast Cancer Stem Cells. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201905389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arvin Eskandari
- Department of ChemistryKing's College London London SE1 1DB UK
| | - Arunangshu Kundu
- Department of ChemistryGauhati University Guwahati Assam 781014 India
| | - Sushobhan Ghosh
- Department of ChemistryGauhati University Guwahati Assam 781014 India
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14
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Allison SJ, Cooke D, Davidson FS, Elliott PIP, Faulkner RA, Griffiths HBS, Harper OJ, Hussain O, Owen-Lynch PJ, Phillips RM, Rice CR, Shepherd SL, Wheelhouse RT. Ruthenium-Containing Linear Helicates and Mesocates with Tuneable p53-Selective Cytotoxicity in Colorectal Cancer Cells. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:9799-9804. [PMID: 29863754 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201805510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The ligands L1 and L2 both form separable dinuclear double-stranded helicate and mesocate complexes with RuII . In contrast to clinically approved platinates, the helicate isomer of [Ru2 (L1 )2 ]4+ was preferentially cytotoxic to isogenic cells (HCT116 p53-/- ), which lack the critical tumour suppressor gene. The mesocate isomer shows the reverse selectivity, with the achiral isomer being preferentially cytotoxic towards HCT116 p53+/+ . Other structurally similar RuII -containing dinuclear complexes showed very little cytotoxic activity. This study demonstrates that alterations in ligand or isomer can have profound effects on cytotoxicity towards cancer cells of different p53 status and suggests that selectivity can be "tuned" to either genotype. In the search for compounds that can target difficult-to-treat tumours that lack the p53 tumour suppressor gene, [Ru2 (L1 )2 ]4+ is a promising compound for further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon J Allison
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, UK
| | - David Cooke
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, UK
| | - Francesca S Davidson
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, UK
| | - Paul I P Elliott
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, UK
| | - Robert A Faulkner
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, UK
| | - Hollie B S Griffiths
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, UK
| | - Owen J Harper
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, UK
| | - Omar Hussain
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, UK
| | - P Jane Owen-Lynch
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, UK
| | - Roger M Phillips
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, UK
| | - Craig R Rice
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, UK
| | - Samantha L Shepherd
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, UK
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15
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Allison SJ, Cooke D, Davidson FS, Elliott PIP, Faulkner RA, Griffiths HBS, Harper OJ, Hussain O, Owen-Lynch PJ, Phillips RM, Rice CR, Shepherd SL, Wheelhouse RT. Ruthenium-Containing Linear Helicates and Mesocates with Tuneable p53-Selective Cytotoxicity in Colorectal Cancer Cells. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201805510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Simon J. Allison
- School of Applied Sciences; University of Huddersfield; Huddersfield HD1 3DH UK
| | - David Cooke
- School of Applied Sciences; University of Huddersfield; Huddersfield HD1 3DH UK
| | | | - Paul I. P. Elliott
- School of Applied Sciences; University of Huddersfield; Huddersfield HD1 3DH UK
| | - Robert A. Faulkner
- School of Applied Sciences; University of Huddersfield; Huddersfield HD1 3DH UK
| | | | - Owen J. Harper
- School of Applied Sciences; University of Huddersfield; Huddersfield HD1 3DH UK
| | - Omar Hussain
- School of Applied Sciences; University of Huddersfield; Huddersfield HD1 3DH UK
| | - P. Jane Owen-Lynch
- School of Applied Sciences; University of Huddersfield; Huddersfield HD1 3DH UK
| | - Roger M. Phillips
- School of Applied Sciences; University of Huddersfield; Huddersfield HD1 3DH UK
| | - Craig R. Rice
- School of Applied Sciences; University of Huddersfield; Huddersfield HD1 3DH UK
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16
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Fan QJ, Lin YJ, Hahn FE, Jin GX. Host–guest capability of a three-dimensional heterometallic macrocycle. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:2240-2246. [DOI: 10.1039/c7dt04453d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional heterometallic macrocycles with half-sandwich Rh corners were studied for their ability to trap planar and non-planar guests. Furthermore, these heterometallic macrocycles can be destroyed in the presence of a soft base to form hexanuclear triangular prism complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Jia Fan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Material
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials
- Department of Chemistry
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200433
| | - Yue-Jian Lin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Material
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials
- Department of Chemistry
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200433
| | - F. Ekkehardt Hahn
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Material
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials
- Department of Chemistry
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200433
| | - Guo-Xin Jin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Material
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials
- Department of Chemistry
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200433
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17
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Yadav A, Gupta AK, Steiner A, Boomishankar R. Mapping the Assembly of Metal-Organic Cages into Complex Coordination Networks. Chemistry 2017; 23:18296-18302. [PMID: 29076576 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201704585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Structural transformations of supramolecular assemblies play an important role in the synthesis of complex metal-organic materials. Nonetheless, often little is known of the assembly pathways that lead to the final product. This work describes the conversion of cubic metal-organic polyhedra to connected-cage networks of varying topologies. The neutral cubic cage assembly of formula {Pd3 [PO(NiPr)3 ]}8 (PZDC)12 has been synthesized from {Pd3 [(NiPr)3 PO](OAc)2 (OH)}2 ⋅2 (CH3 )2 SO and 2,5-pyrazenedicarboxilic acid (PZDC-2H). This 42-component self-assembly is the largest known among the neutral cages with PdII ions. The cage contains twenty-four vacant carboxylate O-sites at the PZDC ligands that are available for further coordination. Post-assembly reactions of the cubic cage with FeII and ZnII ions produced cage-connected networks of dia and qtz topologies, respectively. During these reactions, the discrete cubic cage transforms into a network of tetrahedral cages that are bridged by the 3D metal ions. The robustness of the [Pd3 {[PO(NiPr)3 }]3+ molecular building units made it possible to map the post-assembly reactions in detail, which revealed a variety of intermediate 1D and 2D cage networks. Such step-by-step mapping of the transformation of discrete cages to cage-connected frameworks is unprecedented in the chemistry of coordination driven assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Pune Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008, India
| | - Arvind K Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Pune Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008, India
| | - Alexander Steiner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Ramamoorthy Boomishankar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Pune Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008, India.,Centre for Energy Science, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Pune Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008, India
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18
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Kim TY, Digal L, Gardiner MG, Lucas NT, Crowley JD. Octahedral [Pd6
L8
]12+
Metallosupramolecular Cages: Synthesis, Structures and Guest-Encapsulation Studies. Chemistry 2017; 23:15089-15097. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201702518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tae Y. Kim
- Department of Chemistry; University of Otago; PO Box 56 Dunedin New Zealand
| | - Lori Digal
- Department of Chemistry; University of Otago; PO Box 56 Dunedin New Zealand
| | - Michael G. Gardiner
- School of Physical Sciences (Chemistry); University of Tasmania; Hobart Australia
| | - Nigel T. Lucas
- Department of Chemistry; University of Otago; PO Box 56 Dunedin New Zealand
| | - James D. Crowley
- Department of Chemistry; University of Otago; PO Box 56 Dunedin New Zealand
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19
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Zhao A, Howson SE, Zhao C, Ren J, Scott P, Wang C, Qu X. Chiral metallohelices enantioselectively target hybrid human telomeric G-quadruplex DNA. Nucleic Acids Res 2017; 45:5026-5035. [PMID: 28398500 PMCID: PMC5435910 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkx244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The design and synthesis of metal complexes that can specifically target DNA secondary structure has attracted considerable attention. Chiral metallosupramolecular complexes (e.g. helicates) in particular display unique DNA-binding behavior, however until recently few examples which are both water-compatible and enantiomerically pure have been reported. Herein we report that one metallohelix enantiomer Δ1a, available from a diastereoselective synthesis with no need for resolution, can enantioselectively stabilize human telomeric hybrid G-quadruplex and strongly inhibit telomerase activity with IC50 of 600 nM. In contrast, no such a preference is observed for the mirror image complex Λ1a. More intriguingly, neither of the two enantiomers binds specifically to human telomeric antiparallel G-quadruplex. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first example of one pair of enantiomers with contrasting selectivity for human telomeric hybrid G-quadruplex. Further studies show that Δ1a can discriminate human telomeric G-quadruplex from other telomeric G-quadruplexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andong Zhao
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Suzanne E. Howson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Chuanqi Zhao
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +86 431 8526 2656; Fax: +86 431 8526 2656; . Correspondence may also be addressed to Chuanqi Zhao. Tel: +86 431 8526 2656; Fax: +86 431 8526 2656;
| | - Jinsong Ren
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China
| | - Peter Scott
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Chunyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Avenue, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Xiaogang Qu
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, China
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +86 431 8526 2656; Fax: +86 431 8526 2656; . Correspondence may also be addressed to Chuanqi Zhao. Tel: +86 431 8526 2656; Fax: +86 431 8526 2656;
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20
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Preston D, Barnsley JE, Gordon KC, Crowley JD. Controlled Formation of Heteroleptic [Pd2(La)2(Lb)2]4+ Cages. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:10578-85. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b05629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Preston
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Otago,
P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Jonathan E. Barnsley
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Otago,
P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Keith C. Gordon
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Otago,
P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - James D. Crowley
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Otago,
P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
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21
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Preston D, McNeill SM, Lewis JEM, Giles GI, Crowley JD. Enhanced kinetic stability of [Pd2L4]4+ cages through ligand substitution. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:8050-60. [DOI: 10.1039/c6dt00133e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
[Pd2(tripy)4]4+ cage architectures (where tripy = 2,6-bis(pyridin-3-ylethynyl)pyridine) were made more kinetically robust in the presence of range of nucleophiles by the addition of amino groups in either the 2-(2A-tripy) or 3-(3A-tripy) positions of the tripy ligands' terminal pyridines, with the [Pd2(2A-tripy)4]4+ cage proving the most stable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Preston
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Otago
- Dunedin
- New Zealand
| | - Samantha M. McNeill
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology
- University of Otago
- Dunedin
- New Zealand
| | | | - Gregory. I. Giles
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology
- University of Otago
- Dunedin
- New Zealand
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22
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Kaner RA, Allison SJ, Faulkner AD, Phillips RM, Roper DI, Shepherd SL, Simpson DH, Waterfield NR, Scott P. Anticancer metallohelices: nanomolar potency and high selectivity. Chem Sci 2015; 7:951-958. [PMID: 28808525 PMCID: PMC5530816 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc03677a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
New optically pure helicate-like architectures are extremely active against cancer cell lines, with IC50 values as low as 40 nM, but nearly three orders of magnitude less active against healthy cells. There is also low toxicity to microbes and amoeba.
A range of new helicate-like architectures have been prepared via highly diastereoselective self-assembly using readily accessible starting materials. Six pairs of enantiomers [Fe2L3]Cl4·nH2O (L = various bidentate ditopic ligands NN–NN) show very good water solubility and stability. Their activity against a range of cancer cell lines in vitro is structure-dependent and gives IC50 values as low as 40 nM. In an isogenic pair of HCT116 colorectal cancer cells, preferential activity was observed against cell lines that lack functional p53. Selectivity is also excellent, and against healthy human retinal pigment epithelial (ARPE19) and lung fibroblast (WI38) cells IC50 values are nearly three orders of magnitude higher. Cisplatin is unselective in the same tests. The compounds also appear to have low general toxicity in a number of models: there is little if any antimicrobial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli; Acanthamoeba polyphaga is unaffected at 25 μg mL–1 (12.5 μM); Manduca sexta larvae showed clear evidence of systemic distribution of the drug, and rather than any observation of adverse effects they exhibited a significant mean weight gain vs. controls. Investigation of the mode of action revealed no significant interaction of the molecules with DNA, and stimulation of substantial cell death by apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Kaner
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Coventry , CV4 7AL , UK . .,Institute of Advanced Study , University of Warwick , CV4 7HS , UK
| | - Simon J Allison
- School of Applied Sciences , University of Huddersfield , Huddersfield , HD1 3DH , UK
| | - Alan D Faulkner
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Coventry , CV4 7AL , UK .
| | - Roger M Phillips
- School of Applied Sciences , University of Huddersfield , Huddersfield , HD1 3DH , UK
| | - David I Roper
- School of Life Sciences , University of Warwick , Coventry , CV4 7AL , UK
| | - Samantha L Shepherd
- School of Applied Sciences , University of Huddersfield , Huddersfield , HD1 3DH , UK
| | - Daniel H Simpson
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Coventry , CV4 7AL , UK . .,School of Life Sciences , University of Warwick , Coventry , CV4 7AL , UK
| | | | - Peter Scott
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Coventry , CV4 7AL , UK .
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23
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McNeill SM, Preston D, Lewis JEM, Robert A, Knerr-Rupp K, Graham DO, Wright JR, Giles GI, Crowley JD. Biologically active [Pd2L4](4+) quadruply-stranded helicates: stability and cytotoxicity. Dalton Trans 2015; 44:11129-36. [PMID: 25997516 DOI: 10.1039/c5dt01259g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
There is emerging interest in the anti-proliferative effects of metallosupramolecular systems due to the different size and shape of these metallo-architectures compared to traditional small molecule drugs. Palladium(II)-containing systems are the most abundant class of metallosupramolecular complexes, yet their biological activity has hardly been examined. Here a small series of [Pd2(L)4](BF4)4 quadruply-stranded, dipalladium(II) architectures were screened for their cytotoxic effects against three cancer cell lines and one non-malignant line. The helicates exhibited a range of cytotoxic properties, with the most cytotoxic complex [Pd2(hextrz)4](BF4)4 possessing low micromolar IC50 values against all of the cell lines tested, while the other helicates displayed moderate or no cytotoxicity. Against the MDA-MB-231 cell line, which is resistant to platinum-based drugs, [Pd2(hextrz)4](BF4)4 was 7-fold more active than cisplatin. Preliminary mechanistic studies indicate that the [Pd2(hextrz)4](BF4)4 helicate does not induce cell death in the same way as clinically used metal complexes such as cisplatin. Rather than interacting with DNA, the helicate appears to disrupt the cell membrane. These studies represent the first biological characterisation of quadruply-stranded helicate architectures, and provide insight into the design requirements for the development of biologically active and stable palladium(II)-containing metallosupramolecular architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha M McNeill
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Otago, P.O. Box 913, Dunedin, New Zealand.
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