1
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Allison SJ, Ashton GP, Lynch HJ, Shire BR, Phillips RM, Parkes GMB, Pinder E, Rice CR, Teixeira AAM, Volleman T, Wordsworth DA. Preclinical Evaluation of Zn(II) Self-Assemblies with Selective Cytotoxic Activity Against Cancer Cells In Vitro and In Ovo. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202302803. [PMID: 37874745 PMCID: PMC10952438 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Dipodal pyridylthiazole amine ligands L1 and L2 both form different metallo-supramolecular self-assemblies with Zn2+ and Cu2+ and these are shown to be toxic and selective towards cancer cell lines in vitro. Furthermore, potency and selectivity are highly dependent upon the metal ions, ligand system and bound anion, with significant changes in chemosensitivity and selectivity dependent upon which species are employed. Importantly, significant anti-tumor activity was observed in ovo at doses that are non-toxic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon J. Allison
- School of Applied SciencesUniversity of HuddersfieldHD1 3DHHuddersfieldUK
| | - Gage P. Ashton
- School of Applied SciencesUniversity of HuddersfieldHD1 3DHHuddersfieldUK
| | - Hannah J. Lynch
- School of Applied SciencesUniversity of HuddersfieldHD1 3DHHuddersfieldUK
| | - Bethany R. Shire
- School of Applied SciencesUniversity of HuddersfieldHD1 3DHHuddersfieldUK
| | - Roger M. Phillips
- School of Applied SciencesUniversity of HuddersfieldHD1 3DHHuddersfieldUK
| | | | - Emma Pinder
- School of Applied SciencesUniversity of HuddersfieldHD1 3DHHuddersfieldUK
| | - Craig R. Rice
- School of Applied SciencesUniversity of HuddersfieldHD1 3DHHuddersfieldUK
| | - Ana A. M. Teixeira
- School of Applied SciencesUniversity of HuddersfieldHD1 3DHHuddersfieldUK
| | - Tibo Volleman
- Axion BioSystemsVrijstraat 9B5611 ATEindhovenThe Netherlands
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2
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Haworth-Duff A, Parkes GMB, Reed NJ. A simple approach to analysing trace metals in aerosols produced by e-cigarettes. Drug Test Anal 2023; 15:1084-1090. [PMID: 36445210 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Electronic cigarettes are a relatively new alternative to cigarettes, which have been marketed as being safer for users than conventional cigarettes. However, they may still result in inhalation of potentially toxic or carcinogenic substances, including metals produced by the heating element. This study looked at the levels of trace metals being produced by different atomizers used in e-cigarettes using a sample introduction technique based on the collection of aerosols produced by e-cigarettes in nitric acid, using glass midget impingers. Collected metals were then identified using an inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometer (ICP-MS), which allowed detection in the low ppb range. Results obtained showed considerable variation in the levels of metals between both manufacturers of atomizers and also between different batches of coils. This variation is likely to be even greater if the ability of users to customise some types of e-cigarettes is considered. Although there are limitations in terms of possible interferences from other metallic components in the e-cigarettes, the findings suggest the proposed method could be of use in investigating the risk of inhalation of toxic metals from e-cigarette use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Haworth-Duff
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, School of Electrical Engineering, Electronics and Computer Science, University of Liverpool, Merseyside, UK
| | - Gareth M B Parkes
- Department of Chemical and Forensic Sciences, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, West Yorkshire, UK
| | - Natasha J Reed
- Department of Chemical and Forensic Sciences, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, West Yorkshire, UK
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3
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Haworth-Duff A, Parkes GMB, Reed NJ. Profiling flavourings in strawberry-flavoured e-liquid using headspace-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Drug Test Anal 2023; 15:1077-1083. [PMID: 36735626 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
E-liquids typically contain nicotine and flavourings in a matrix of propylene glycol (PG) and vegetable glycerine (VG). Some nicotine-free e-liquids are flavouring only in the aerosol carrier with the option for users to add their own nicotine. It is only the nicotine that is monitored in terms of level, as specified by the manufacturers. Little is known of the toxicological effect for some of the flavourings in the context of vaping as these are only regulated for ingestion and not inhalation. A method was developed to analyse volatile organic compounds (VOCs) evolved when e-liquids are vaporised based on headspace-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-GC-MS) for e-liquids. An in-house standard was prepared with sample matrix and purchased strawberry flavouring to simulate a simple e-liquid but with known levels. This standard was then used to optimise the analysis for use with e-liquid samples but not for full quantification purposes. These were purchased from a range of retailers and with different batches but mainly focussed on strawberry flavour. The results identified three key components indicative of strawberry flavour (ethyl-3-methyl butanoate, ethyl 2-methyl butanoate and ethyl butanoate) and showed considerable variation between both manufacturers and batches. Flavouring VOCs are regulated for ingestion but are not regulated for e-liquid inhalation, so these could have toxicological implications. In addition, the inconsistency between samples suggests further issues when users add their own nicotine to the e-liquids as the viscous sample matrix makes homogeneous mixing difficult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Haworth-Duff
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, School of Electrical Engineering, Electronics and Computer Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Gareth M B Parkes
- Department of Chemical and Forensic Sciences, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK
| | - Natasha J Reed
- Department of Chemical and Forensic Sciences, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK
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4
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Andrews R, Begum S, Clemett CJ, Faulkner RA, Ginger ML, Harmer J, Molinari M, Parkes GMB, Qureshi ZMH, Rice CR, Ward MD, Williams HM, Wilson PB. Self-Assembled Anion-Binding Cryptand for the Selective Liquid-Liquid Extraction of Phosphate Anions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:20480-20484. [PMID: 32743891 PMCID: PMC7693201 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202009960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The ligands L1 and L2 form trinuclear self-assembled complexes with Cu2+ (i.e. [(L1 )2 Cu3 ]6+ or [(L2 )2 Cu3 ]6+ ) both of which act as a host to a variety of anions. Inclusion of long aliphatic chains on these ligands allows the assemblies to extract anions from aqueous media into organic solvents. Phosphate can be removed from water efficiently and highly selectively, even in the presence of other anions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Andrews
- Department of Chemical SciencesUniversity of HuddersfieldHuddersfieldHD1 3DHUK
| | - Sabera Begum
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of WarwickCoventryCV4 7ALUK
| | | | - Robert A. Faulkner
- Department of Chemical SciencesUniversity of HuddersfieldHuddersfieldHD1 3DHUK
| | - Michael L. Ginger
- Department of Chemical SciencesUniversity of HuddersfieldHuddersfieldHD1 3DHUK
| | - Jane Harmer
- Department of Chemical SciencesUniversity of HuddersfieldHuddersfieldHD1 3DHUK
| | - Marco Molinari
- Department of Chemical SciencesUniversity of HuddersfieldHuddersfieldHD1 3DHUK
| | - Gareth M. B. Parkes
- Department of Chemical SciencesUniversity of HuddersfieldHuddersfieldHD1 3DHUK
| | | | - Craig R. Rice
- Department of Chemical SciencesUniversity of HuddersfieldHuddersfieldHD1 3DHUK
| | - Michael D. Ward
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of WarwickCoventryCV4 7ALUK
| | - Howard M. Williams
- Department of Chemical SciencesUniversity of HuddersfieldHuddersfieldHD1 3DHUK
| | - Philippe B. Wilson
- School of AnimalRural and Environmental SciencesNottingham Trent UniversityNottinghamNG25 0QFUK
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5
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Andrews R, Begum S, Clemett CJ, Faulkner RA, Ginger ML, Harmer J, Molinari M, Parkes GMB, Qureshi ZMH, Rice CR, Ward MD, Williams HM, Wilson PB. Self‐Assembled Anion‐Binding Cryptand for the Selective Liquid–Liquid Extraction of Phosphate Anions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202009960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Andrews
- Department of Chemical Sciences University of Huddersfield Huddersfield HD1 3DH UK
| | - Sabera Begum
- Department of Chemistry University of Warwick Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | | | - Robert A. Faulkner
- Department of Chemical Sciences University of Huddersfield Huddersfield HD1 3DH UK
| | - Michael L. Ginger
- Department of Chemical Sciences University of Huddersfield Huddersfield HD1 3DH UK
| | - Jane Harmer
- Department of Chemical Sciences University of Huddersfield Huddersfield HD1 3DH UK
| | - Marco Molinari
- Department of Chemical Sciences University of Huddersfield Huddersfield HD1 3DH UK
| | - Gareth M. B. Parkes
- Department of Chemical Sciences University of Huddersfield Huddersfield HD1 3DH UK
| | | | - Craig R. Rice
- Department of Chemical Sciences University of Huddersfield Huddersfield HD1 3DH UK
| | - Michael D. Ward
- Department of Chemistry University of Warwick Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | - Howard M. Williams
- Department of Chemical Sciences University of Huddersfield Huddersfield HD1 3DH UK
| | - Philippe B. Wilson
- School of Animal Rural and Environmental Sciences Nottingham Trent University Nottingham NG25 0QF UK
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6
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Ashton GP, Harding LP, Midgley G, Parkes GMB. Hot-stage microscopy - Direct Analysis in Real-time mass spectrometry (HDM) as a novel tool for monitoring thermally-driven reactions on a small scale. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1128:129-139. [PMID: 32825897 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.06.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
There is a requirement for reliable real-time analytical tools for reaction monitoring to optimise chemical syntheses. We have developed a new technique which combines thermal analysis, digital microscopy and chemical identification using ambient ionisation mass spectrometry. We term this hot-stage microscopy-Direct Analysis in Real-Time mass spectrometry (HDM). The technique provides optical data as a function of temperature coupled with chemical characterisation of evolved species, including reactants, intermediates and products throughout the course of a reaction. In addition, only a few milligrams of sample are required with analyte detection down to the nanogram range. We demonstrate the benefits of HDM using a series of solvent-free reactions. Our results confirm the suitability of the technique as the reactions studied follow the same pathways as published previously. The accurate temperature control achieved with HDM could also be used to assess the optimum temperature at which thermally-driven reactions can proceed efficiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gage P Ashton
- Thermal Methods Research Unit, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield, UK
| | - Lindsay P Harding
- Thermal Methods Research Unit, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield, UK.
| | - Gary Midgley
- Thermal Methods Research Unit, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield, UK
| | - Gareth M B Parkes
- Thermal Methods Research Unit, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield, UK
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7
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Ashton GP, Harding LP, Parkes GMB, Pownall SE. Application of hot-stage microscopy direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry (HDM) to the analysis of polymers. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2019; 35. [PMID: 31283850 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Polymers are ubiquitous, and characterisation of their chemical, thermal and mechanical properties is important in many applications. Hot-stage microscopy Direct Analysis in Real Time mass spectrometry (HDM) is a new technique which combines optical measurements with the benefits of ambient ionisation mass spectrometry. Physical and chemical information can be obtained as a function of sample temperature, in real time. METHODS Samples were placed on a miniaturised hot-stage between a custom-made Direct Analysis in Real Time (DART) source and the inlet of an ion trap mass spectrometer, and subjected to both linear and cycled temperature programmes. Optical images were collected using a digital microscope and mass spectra (positive and negative ion) were recorded simultaneously. RESULTS Mass spectra and optical images were used to monitor the thermal expansion and release of volatile oligomers from both medical and domestic grades of silicone. Series of ions separated by 74 m/z units were observed, consistent with the SiOMe2 monomer; the median mass of these increased with increasing temperature up to the decomposition point (340-400°C). The abundance of volatile material produced decreased with repeated thermal cycling. The coefficients of thermal expansion were calculated from optical data and were in agreement with conventional measurements (2.7-3.6 × 10-4 °C-1 ). Two samples of beach sand analysed for the presence of microplastics were found to contain polyethylene and polystyrene, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Results indicate that the novel technique of HDM can be successfully applied to the characterisation of a wide range of polymers including those in complex matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gage P Ashton
- Thermal Methods Research Unit, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield, UK
| | - Lindsay P Harding
- Thermal Methods Research Unit, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield, UK
| | - Gareth M B Parkes
- Thermal Methods Research Unit, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield, UK
| | - Sophie E Pownall
- Thermal Methods Research Unit, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield, UK
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8
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Irish L, Rennie SR, Parkes GMB, Williams A. Identification of decomposition volatile organic compounds from surface-deposited and submerged porcine remains. Sci Justice 2019; 59:503-515. [PMID: 31472795 DOI: 10.1016/j.scijus.2019.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cadaver dogs are routinely used internationally by police and civilian search organisations to locate human remains on land and in water, yet little is currently known about the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that are released by a cadaver underwater; how this compares to those given off by a cadaver deposited on land; and ultimately, how this affects the detection of drowned victims by dogs. The aim of this study was to identify the VOCs released by whole porcine (Sus scrofa domesticus) cadavers deposited on the surface and submerged in water using solid phase microextraction gas chromatography mass spectrometry (SPME GC-MS) to ascertain if there are notable differences in decomposition odour depending on the deposition location. For the first time in the UK, the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from the headspace of decomposing porcine cadavers deposited in both terrestrial and water environments have been detected and identified using SPME-GCMS, including thirteen new VOCs not previously detected from porcine cadavers. Distinct differences were found between the VOCs emitted by porcine cadavers in terrestrial and water environments. In total, seventy-four VOCs were identified from a variety of different chemical classes; carboxylic acids, alcohols, aromatics, aldehydes, ketones, hydrocarbons, esters, ethers, nitrogen compounds and sulphur compounds. Only forty-one VOCs were detected in the headspace of the submerged pigs with seventy detected in the headspace of the surface-deposited pigs. These deposition-dependent differences have important implications for the training of cadaver dogs in the UK. If dog training does not account for these depositional differences, there is potential for human remains to be missed. Whilst the specific odours that elicit a trained response from cadaver dogs remain unknown, this research means that recommendations can be made for the training of cadaver dogs to incorporate different depositions, to account for odour differences and mitigate the possibility of missed human remains operationally.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Irish
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
| | - S R Rennie
- Liverpool John Moores University, Byrom Street, Liverpool L3 3AF, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
| | - G M B Parkes
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
| | - A Williams
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
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9
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Shokry DS, Waters LJ, Parkes GMB, Mitchell JC. Prediction of human intestinal absorption using micellar liquid chromatography with an aminopropyl stationary phase. Biomed Chromatogr 2019; 33:e4515. [PMID: 30811616 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The extent of human intestinal absorption (HIA) for a drug is considered to be an important pharmacokinetic parameter which must be determined for orally administered drugs. Traditional experimental methods relied upon animal testing and are renowned for being time consuming and expensive as well as being ethically unfavourable. As a result, the development of alternative methods to evaluate a drug's pharmacokinetics is crucial. Micellar liquid chromatography is considered to be one of these methods that can replace the use of animals in the prediction of HIA. In this study, the combination of an aminopropyl column with the biosurfactant sodium deoxycholate bile salt was used in the experimental determination of micelle-water partition coefficients (log Pmw ) for a group of compounds. Multiple linear regression was then used for the prediction of HIA using the experimentally determined log Pmw along with other molecular descriptors, leading to the construction of a model equation of R2 = 85% and a prediction power represented by R2 Pred. = 72%. The use of micellar liquid chromatography with an aminopropyl column in combination with sodium deoxycholate was found to be a good method for the prediction of human intestinal absorption, providing data for a far wider range of compounds compared with previous studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina S Shokry
- School of Engineering and Science, Medway Centre for Pharmaceutical Science, University of Greenwich, Chatham, Kent, UK
| | - Laura J Waters
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield, UK
| | - Gareth M B Parkes
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield, UK
| | - John C Mitchell
- School of Engineering and Science, Medway Centre for Pharmaceutical Science, University of Greenwich, Chatham, Kent, UK
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10
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Shokry DS, Waters LJ, Parkes GMB, Mitchell JC. Incorporating physiologically relevant mobile phases in micellar liquid chromatography for the prediction of human intestinal absorption. Biomed Chromatogr 2018; 32:e4351. [PMID: 30062715 PMCID: PMC6282790 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Micellar liquid chromatography is a popular method used in the determination of a compound's lipophilicity. This study describes the use of the obtained micelle-water partition coefficient (log Pmw ) by such a method in the prediction of human intestinal absorption (HIA). As a result of the close resemblance of the novel composition of the micellar mobile phase to that of physiological intestinal fluid, prediction was deemed to be highly successful. The unique micellar mobile phase consisted of a mixed micellar mixture of lecithin and six bile salts, i.e. a composition matching that found in the human intestinal environment, prepared in ratios resembling those in the intestine. This is considered to be the first method to use a physiological mixture of biosurfactants in the prediction of HIA. As a result, a mathematical model with high predictive ability (R2 PRED = 81%) was obtained using multiple linear regression. The micelle-water partition coefficient (log Pmw ) obtained from micellar liquid chromatography was found to be a successful tool for prediction where the final optimum model included log Pmw and polar surface area as key descriptors with high statistical significance for the prediction of HIA. This can be attributed to the nature of the mobile phase used in this study which contains the lecithin-bile salt complex, thus forming a bilayer system and therefore mimicking absorption across the intestinal membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina S. Shokry
- Faculty of Engineering and Science, Medway Centre for Formulation ScienceUniversity of GreenwichKentUK
| | - Laura J. Waters
- School of Applied SciencesUniversity of HuddersfieldHuddersfieldUK
| | | | - John C. Mitchell
- Faculty of Engineering and Science, Medway Centre for Formulation ScienceUniversity of GreenwichKentUK
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11
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Shokry DS, Waters LJ, Parkes GMB, Mitchell JC, Snowden MJ. Formation of a Bile Salt-Drug Hydrogel to Predict Human Intestinal Absorption. J Pharm Sci 2018; 108:279-287. [PMID: 30321545 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The unique character of bile salts to self-assemble into hydrogels in the presence of halide salts was exploited in this work to facilitate the prediction of human intestinal absorption (%HIA) for a set of 25 compounds. This was achieved by firstly incorporating each compound separately within the process of gel formation to create a series of gel-drug membranes. Scanning electron microscopy analysis of the freeze-dried samples of the blank bile salt hydrogels and drug-loaded bile salt hydrogels indicated a unique microstructure made of a network of intertwined fibrils. Drug-loaded sodium deoxycholate hydrogels were then utilized as the donor phase to study permeability using flow-through and static diffusion cells. The resulting values of the release-permeability coefficient (Kp) were then analyzed, along with other molecular descriptors, for the %HIA using multiple linear regression. Overall, when comparing predicted values (using the systems presented in this study) with known literature values, it can be seen that both methods (i.e., using static and flow-through cells) had good predictability with R2PRED values of 79.8% and 79.7%, respectively. This study therefore proposes a novel, accurate, and precise way to predict HIA for compounds of pharmaceutical interest using a simple in vitro permeation system. It is important to develop alternatives to the current methods used in prediction of HIA, which are expensive and time-consuming or include the use of animals. Therefore, the proposed method in this study being economic and time-saving provides superiority over these current methods and suggests the possibility of its use as an alternate to such methods for prediction of HIA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina S Shokry
- Faculty of Engineering and Science, Medway Centre for Formulation Science, University of Greenwich, Chatham, Kent ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Laura J Waters
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, UK.
| | - Gareth M B Parkes
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, UK
| | - John C Mitchell
- Faculty of Engineering and Science, Medway Centre for Formulation Science, University of Greenwich, Chatham, Kent ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Martin J Snowden
- Faculty of Engineering and Science, Medway Centre for Formulation Science, University of Greenwich, Chatham, Kent ME4 4TB, UK
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12
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Ashton GP, Harding LP, Parkes GMB. An Integrated Hot-Stage Microscope-Direct Analysis in Real Time-Mass Spectrometry System for Studying the Thermal Behavior of Materials. Anal Chem 2017; 89:13466-13471. [PMID: 29155565 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b03743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes a new analytical instrument that combines a precisely temperature-controlled hot-stage with digital microscopy and Direct Analysis in Real Time-mass spectrometry (DART-MS) detection. The novelty of the instrument lies in its ability to monitor processes as a function of temperature through the simultaneous recording of images, quantitative color changes, and mass spectra. The capability of the instrument was demonstrated through successful application to four very varied systems including profiling an organic reaction, decomposition of silicone polymers, and the desorption of rhodamine B from an alumina surface. The multidimensional, real-time analytical data provided by this instrument allow for a much greater insight into thermal processes than could be achieved previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gage P Ashton
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Huddersfield , Queensgate, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, U.K
| | - Lindsay P Harding
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Huddersfield , Queensgate, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, U.K
| | - Gareth M B Parkes
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Huddersfield , Queensgate, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, U.K
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13
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Bullock SJ, Davidson FS, Faulkner RA, Parkes GMB, Rice CR, Towns-Andrews L. Control of metallo-supramolecular assemblies via steric, hydrogen bonding and argentophilic interactions; formation of a 3-dimensional polymer of circular helicates. CrystEngComm 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ce02589g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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14
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Harding LP, Parkes GMB, Townend JD. Parameters affecting ion intensities in transmission-mode direct analysis in real-time mass spectrometry. Analyst 2014; 139:4176-80. [DOI: 10.1039/c4an00859f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The first systematic study of thermal parameters affecting ion intensities in transmission mode DARTMS is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay P. Harding
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- University of Huddersfield
- Huddersfield, UK
| | | | - James D. Townend
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- University of Huddersfield
- Huddersfield, UK
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Waters LJ, Bedford S, Parkes GMB. Controlled microwave processing applied to the pharmaceutical formulation of ibuprofen. AAPS PharmSciTech 2011; 12:1038-43. [PMID: 21842309 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-011-9671-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Accepted: 07/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The first successful development of controlled microwave processing for pharmaceutical formulations is presented and illustrated with a model drug (ibuprofen) and two excipients (stearic acid and polyvinylpyrrolidone). The necessary fine temperature control for formulation with microwave energy has been achieved using a uniquely modified microwave oven with direct temperature measurement and pulse-width modulation power control. In addition to comparing microwave and conventional heating, the effect of the presence of liquid (water) in aiding the mixing of the drug and excipient during formulation was also investigated. Analysis of the prepared formulations using differential scanning calorimetry and dissolution studies suggest that microwave and conventional heating produce similar products when applied to mixtures of ibuprofen and stearic acid. However, the differences were observed for the ibuprofen and polyvinylpyrrolidone formulation in terms of the dissolution kinetics. In all cases, the presence of water did not appear to influence the formulation to any appreciable degree. The application of controllable microwave heating is noteworthy as fine temperature control opens up opportunities for thermally sensitive materials for which microwave methods have not been feasible prior to this work.
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Dawson EA, Parkes GMB, Bond G, Mao R. A system to investigate the remediation of organic vapors using microwave-induced plasma with fluidized carbon granules. Rev Sci Instrum 2009; 80:034102. [PMID: 19334935 DOI: 10.1063/1.3089823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
This article describes a system to investigate the parameters for the remediation of organic vapors using microwave-induced plasma on fluidized carbon granules. The system is based on a single mode microwave apparatus with a variable power (2.45 GHz) generator. Carbon granules are fluidized in a silica tube situated in the sample section of a waveguide incorporating two additional ports to allow plasma intensity monitoring using a light sensor and imaging with a digital camera. A fluoroptic probe is used for in situ measurement of the carbon granule temperature, while the effluent gas temperature is measured with a thermocouple situated in the silica tube outside the cavity. Data acquisition and control software allow experiments using a variety of microwave power regimes while simultaneously recording the light intensity of any plasma generated within the carbon bed, together with its temperature. Evaluation using two different granular activated carbons and ethyl acetate, introduced as a vapor into the fluidizing air stream at a concentration of 1 ppm, yielded results which indicated that significant destruction of ethyl acetate, as monitored using a mass spectrometer, was achieved only with the carbon granules showing high plasma activity under pulsed microwave conditions. The system is therefore suitable for comparison of the relative microwave activities of various activated carbon granules and their performance in microwave remediation and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Dawson
- School of Applied Science, University of Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, United Kingdom
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Fesenko EA, Barnes PA, Parkes GMB, Brown DR, Naderi M. A New Approach to the Study of the Reactivity of Solid-Acid Catalysts: The Application of Constant Rate Thermal Analysis to the Desorption and Surface Reaction of Isopropylamine from NaY and HY Zeolites. J Phys Chem B 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/jp004587f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elena A. Fesenko
- Centre for Applied Catalysis, Materials Research Division, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, UK
| | - Philip A. Barnes
- Centre for Applied Catalysis, Materials Research Division, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, UK
| | - Gareth M. B. Parkes
- Centre for Applied Catalysis, Materials Research Division, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, UK
| | - D. Robert Brown
- Centre for Applied Catalysis, Materials Research Division, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, UK
| | - Majid Naderi
- Centre for Applied Catalysis, Materials Research Division, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, UK
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Tiernan MJ, Barnes PA, Parkes GMB. New Approach to the Investigation of Mechanisms and Apparent Activation Energies for the Reduction of Metal Oxides Using Constant Reaction Rate Temperature-Programmed Reduction. J Phys Chem B 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/jp983233+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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