1
|
Han M, Kakar M, Li W, Iqbal I, Hu X, Liu Y, Tang Q, Sun L, Shakir Y, Liu T. Targeting MDM2-p53 interaction in Glioblastoma: Transcriptomic analysis and Peptide-Based inhibition strategy. Bioorg Chem 2024; 150:107620. [PMID: 38991490 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
MDM2 is a gene that encodes a protein involved in cell survival, growth, and DNA repair. It has been implicated in the development and progression of glioblastoma (GBM). Inhibition of the MDM2-p53 interaction has emerged as a promising strategy for treating GBM. In this study, we performed comprehensive transcriptomic expression analysis from diverse datasets and observed MDM2 overexpression in a subset of GBM cases. MDM2 negatively regulates the major onco-suppressor p53. The interaction between MDM2 and p53 is a promising target for cancer therapy, as it can trigger p53-mediated cell death in response to different stress conditions, such as oncogene activation or DNA damage. In this study, we have identified a peptide-based inhibition of MDM2 as a therapeutic strategy for GBM. We have further validated the stability of the MDM2-peptide interaction using a molecular structural dynamics approach. The major trajectories, including root mean square of deviation (RMSD), root mean square of fluctuation (RMSF), and radius of gyration (RoG), indicate that the candidate peptides have a more stable binding compared to the native ligand and control drug. The stability of the binding interaction was further estimated by MMGBSA analysis, which also suggests that MDM2 has a stable binding with both peptide molecules. Based on these results, peptides P-1843 and P-3837 could be tested further for experimental validation to confirm their targeted inhibition of MDM-2. This approach could provide a highly selective and efficient inhibitor with potentially fewer side effects and less toxicity compared to small drug-based molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manman Han
- Department of General Surgery, Wenzhou Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Mohibullah Kakar
- Faculty of Marine Sciences, Lasbela University of Agriculture, Water and Marine Sciences (LUAWMS), Uthal, Balochistan, Pakistan
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Shuyang Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Suqian City, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Imran Iqbal
- Department of PLR, Institute of Active Polymers, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, 14513 Teltow, Germany
| | - Xiaolin Hu
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Shuyang Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Suqian City, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yiting Liu
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Shuyang Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Suqian City, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Qing Tang
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Shuyang Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Suqian City, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Lizhu Sun
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Shuyang Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Suqian City, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yasmeen Shakir
- Department of Biochemistry, Hazara University, Mansehra, KPK, Pakistan.
| | - Tiantian Liu
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Shuyang Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Suqian City, Jiangsu Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Suresh K, Mattern M, Goldberg MS, Butt TR. The Ubiquitin Proteasome System as a Therapeutic Area in Parkinson's Disease. Neuromolecular Med 2023; 25:313-329. [PMID: 36739586 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-023-08738-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most common neurodegenerative movement disorder. There are no available therapeutics that slow or halt the progressive loss of dopamine-producing neurons, which underlies the primary clinical symptoms. Currently approved PD drugs can provide symptomatic relief by increasing brain dopamine content or activity; however, the alleviation is temporary, and the effectiveness diminishes with the inevitable progression of neurodegeneration. Discovery and development of disease-modifying neuroprotective therapies has been hampered by insufficient understanding of the root cause of PD-related neurodegeneration. The etiology of PD involves a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Although a single cause has yet to emerge, genetic, cell biological and neuropathological evidence implicates mitochondrial dysfunction and protein aggregation. Postmortem PD brains show pathognomonic Lewy body intraneuronal inclusions composed of aggregated α-synuclein, indicative of failure to degrade misfolded protein. Mutations in the genes that code for α-synuclein, as well as the E3 ubiquitin ligase Parkin, cause rare inherited forms of PD. While many ubiquitin ligases label proteins with ubiquitin chains to mark proteins for degradation by the proteasome, Parkin has been shown to mark dysfunctional mitochondria for degradation by mitophagy. The ubiquitin proteasome system participates in several aspects of the cell's response to mitochondrial damage, affording numerous therapeutic opportunities to augment mitophagy and potentially stop PD progression. This review examines the role and therapeutic potential of such UPS modulators, exemplified by both ubiquitinating and deubiquitinating enzymes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kumar Suresh
- Progenra Inc., 271A Great Valley Parkway, Malvern, PA, 19355, USA.
| | - Michael Mattern
- Progenra Inc., 271A Great Valley Parkway, Malvern, PA, 19355, USA
| | - Matthew S Goldberg
- Department of Neurology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Center for Neurodegeneration and Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Tauseef R Butt
- Progenra Inc., 271A Great Valley Parkway, Malvern, PA, 19355, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Pellot Ortiz KI, Rechberger JS, Nonnenbroich LF, Daniels DJ, Sarkaria JN. MDM2 Inhibition in the Treatment of Glioblastoma: From Concept to Clinical Investigation. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1879. [PMID: 37509518 PMCID: PMC10377337 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11071879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of the interaction between MDM2 and p53 has emerged as a promising strategy for combating cancer, including the treatment of glioblastoma (GBM). Numerous MDM2 inhibitors have been developed and are currently undergoing rigorous testing for their potential in GBM therapy. Encouraging results from studies conducted in cell culture and animal models suggest that MDM2 inhibitors could effectively treat a specific subset of GBM patients with wild-type TP53 or functional p53. Combination therapy with clinically established treatment modalities such as radiation and chemotherapy offers the potential to achieve a more profound therapeutic response. Furthermore, an increasing array of other molecularly targeted therapies are being explored in combination with MDM2 inhibitors to increase the effects of individual treatments. While some MDM2 inhibitors have progressed to early phase clinical trials in GBM, their efficacy, alone and in combination, is yet to be confirmed. In this article, we present an overview of MDM2 inhibitors currently under preclinical and clinical investigation, with a specific focus on the drugs being assessed in ongoing clinical trials for GBM patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Julian S Rechberger
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Leo F Nonnenbroich
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center Heidelberg (KiTZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Pediatric Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - David J Daniels
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Jann N Sarkaria
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chahat, Bhatia R, Kumar B. p53 as a potential target for treatment of cancer: A perspective on recent advancements in small molecules with structural insights and SAR studies. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 247:115020. [PMID: 36543034 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.115020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cancer represents one of the world's biggest hazardous diseases. p53 is the uttermost researched tumour suppressor protein. It is commonly considered the "guardian of the genome," performing a critical function in genetic stability maintenance through controlling the cell cycle, programmed cell death, DNA repair, aging, and angiogenesis. The abnormalities in p53 lead to genetic instability and plays a significant role in carcinogenesis. The role of p53 in tumour suppression is emphasized in addition by the observation that primary silencing with this protein occurred in more than 50% of cancers. MDM2, p53, and the p53-MDM2 connections are well-known targets for the prevention and treatment of cancer. Moreover, in tumors with wild-type p53, their efficacy is decreased due to MDM2 enlargement or by the gradual decrease of MDM2 blocker ARF. As a result, improving p53 activity in cancerous cells provides a promising anticancer strategy. Various techniques are now being investigated, and addressing the p53-MDM2 interaction had also evolved as a potentially feasible strategy for contending with tumors. Both p53 and MDM2, interact via an autoregulation response signal: p53 activity induces MDM2 transcription, which in response interacts with p53's N-terminal transactivation domain, inhibiting its transcriptional activity. This article provides information on the current scenario of anti-tumor activities, with a particular emphasis on structure-activity relationship characteristics (SAR) against the p53-MDM2 to treat cancer. The primary purpose of this review is to cover recent advancements in the creation and testing of anticancer drugs that target the p53-MDM2 structure. This review contains different heterocyclic moieties which show significant results toward cancer. A mechanistic route is shown here, demonstrating both normal and malignant conditions via several stressed factors. Several compounds entered clinical trials as p53-MDM2 inhibitors for the treatment of cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chahat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, Ghal Kalan, Ferozpur G.T. Road MOGA, 142001, Punjab, India
| | - Rohit Bhatia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, Ghal Kalan, Ferozpur G.T. Road MOGA, 142001, Punjab, India
| | - Bhupinder Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, HNB Garhwal University, Chauras Campus, Srinagar, Garhwal, Uttarakhand, 246174, India.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Design and synthesis of novel cyclopeptide p53-MDM2 inhibitors with isoindolinone as antitumor agent. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.134604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
6
|
Hansen T, Baris J, Zhao M, Sutton RE. Cell-based and cell-free firefly luciferase complementation assay to quantify Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 Rev-Rev interaction. Virology 2022; 576:30-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2022.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
7
|
Han X, Wei W, Sun Y. PROTAC Degraders with Ligands Recruiting MDM2 E3 Ubiquitin Ligase: An Updated Perspective. ACTA MATERIA MEDICA 2022; 1:244-259. [PMID: 35734447 PMCID: PMC9211018 DOI: 10.15212/amm-2022-0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Mouse double minute 2 (MDM2) is an E3 ubiquitin ligase which effectively degrades tumor suppressor p53. In the past two decades, many MDM2 inhibitors that disrupt the MDM2-p53 binding have been discovered and developed. Given that the MDM2-p53 forms auto-regulatory loop in which p53 is a substrate of MDM2 for targeted degradation, while MDM2 is a p53 target for transcriptional upregulation, these MDM2 inhibitors have limited efficacy due to p53 degradation by accumulated MDM2 upon rapid in vivo clearance of the MDM2 inhibitors. Fortunately, proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs), a novel therapeutic strategy, overcome the limitations of MDM2 inhibitors. Some of MDM2 inhibitors developed in the past two decades have been used in PROTAC technology for two applications: 1) as component 1 to bind with endogenous MDM2 as a target for PROTAC-based degradation of MDM2; and 2) as component 2 to bind with endogenous MDM2 as a PROTAC E3 ligand for PROTAC-based degradation of other oncogenic proteins. In this review, we summarize current progress in the discovery and development of MDM2-based PROTAC drugs with future perspectives and challenges for their applications in effective treatment of human cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Han
- Cancer Institute of the 2nd Affiliated Hospital and Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310029, China
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Wenyi Wei
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Yi Sun
- Cancer Institute of the 2nd Affiliated Hospital and Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310029, China
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310014, China
- Research Center for Life Science and Human Health, Binjiang Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Synthetic Design and Biological Evaluation of New p53-MDM2 Interaction Inhibitors Based on Imidazoline Core. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15040444. [PMID: 35455441 PMCID: PMC9027661 DOI: 10.3390/ph15040444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of p53-MDM2 inhibitors is a prospective strategy in anti-cancer therapy for tumors expressing wild type p53 protein. In this study, we have applied a simple approach of two-step synthesis of imidazoline-based alkoxyaryl compounds, which are able to efficiently inhibit p53-MDM2 protein–protein interactions, promote accumulation of p53 and p53-inducible proteins in various cancer cell lines. Compounds 2l and 2k cause significant upregulation of p53 and p53-inducible proteins in five human cancer cell lines, one of which possesses overexpression of MDM2.
Collapse
|
9
|
Andreozzi F, Massaro F, Wittnebel S, Spilleboudt C, Lewalle P, Salaroli A. New Perspectives in Treating Acute Myeloid Leukemia: Driving towards a Patient-Tailored Strategy. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:3887. [PMID: 35409248 PMCID: PMC8999556 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
For decades, intensive chemotherapy (IC) has been considered the best therapeutic option for treating acute myeloid leukemia (AML), with no curative option available for patients who are not eligible for IC or who have had failed IC. Over the last few years, several new drugs have enriched the therapeutic arsenal of AML treatment for both fit and unfit patients, raising new opportunities but also new challenges. These include the already approved venetoclax, the IDH1/2 inhibitors enasidenib and ivosidenib, gemtuzumab ozogamicin, the liposomal daunorubicin/cytarabine formulation CPX-351, and oral azacitidine. Venetoclax, an anti BCL2-inhibitor, in combination with hypomethylating agents (HMAs), has markedly improved the management of unfit and elderly patients from the perspective of improved quality of life and better survival. Venetoclax is currently under investigation in combination with other old and new drugs in early phase trials. Recently developed drugs with different mechanisms of action and new technologies that have already been investigated in other settings (BiTE and CAR-T cells) are currently being explored in AML, and ongoing trials should determine promising agents, more synergic combinations, and better treatment strategies. Access to new drugs and inclusion in clinical trials should be strongly encouraged to provide scientific evidence and to define the future standard of treatment in AML.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Andreozzi
- Hematology Department, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1000 Bruxelles, Belgium; (F.M.); (S.W.); (C.S.); (P.L.); (A.S.)
| | - Fulvio Massaro
- Hematology Department, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1000 Bruxelles, Belgium; (F.M.); (S.W.); (C.S.); (P.L.); (A.S.)
- PhD Program in Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41121 Modena, Italy
| | - Sebastian Wittnebel
- Hematology Department, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1000 Bruxelles, Belgium; (F.M.); (S.W.); (C.S.); (P.L.); (A.S.)
| | - Chloé Spilleboudt
- Hematology Department, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1000 Bruxelles, Belgium; (F.M.); (S.W.); (C.S.); (P.L.); (A.S.)
| | - Philippe Lewalle
- Hematology Department, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1000 Bruxelles, Belgium; (F.M.); (S.W.); (C.S.); (P.L.); (A.S.)
| | - Adriano Salaroli
- Hematology Department, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1000 Bruxelles, Belgium; (F.M.); (S.W.); (C.S.); (P.L.); (A.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Chessari G, Hardcastle IR, Ahn JS, Anil B, Anscombe E, Bawn RH, Bevan LD, Blackburn TJ, Buck I, Cano C, Carbain B, Castro J, Cons B, Cully SJ, Endicott JA, Fazal L, Golding BT, Griffin RJ, Haggerty K, Harnor SJ, Hearn K, Hobson S, Holvey RS, Howard S, Jennings CE, Johnson CN, Lunec J, Miller DC, Newell DR, Noble MEM, Reeks J, Revill CH, Riedinger C, St Denis JD, Tamanini E, Thomas H, Thompson NT, Vinković M, Wedge SR, Williams PA, Wilsher NE, Zhang B, Zhao Y. Structure-Based Design of Potent and Orally Active Isoindolinone Inhibitors of MDM2-p53 Protein-Protein Interaction. J Med Chem 2021; 64:4071-4088. [PMID: 33761253 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c02188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of murine double minute 2 (MDM2)-p53 protein-protein interaction with small molecules has been shown to reactivate p53 and inhibit tumor growth. Here, we describe rational, structure-guided, design of novel isoindolinone-based MDM2 inhibitors. MDM2 X-ray crystallography, quantum mechanics ligand-based design, and metabolite identification all contributed toward the discovery of potent in vitro and in vivo inhibitors of the MDM2-p53 interaction with representative compounds inducing cytostasis in an SJSA-1 osteosarcoma xenograft model following once-daily oral administration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gianni Chessari
- Astex Pharmaceuticals, 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0QA, U.K
| | - Ian R Hardcastle
- Cancer Research UK Newcastle Drug Discovery Unit, Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Chemistry, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Bedson Building, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, U.K
| | - Jong Sook Ahn
- Astex Pharmaceuticals, 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0QA, U.K
| | - Burcu Anil
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, U.K
| | - Elizabeth Anscombe
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, U.K
| | - Ruth H Bawn
- Cancer Research UK Newcastle Drug Discovery Unit, Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Chemistry, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Bedson Building, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, U.K
| | - Luke D Bevan
- Astex Pharmaceuticals, 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0QA, U.K
| | - Timothy J Blackburn
- Cancer Research UK Newcastle Drug Discovery Unit, Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Chemistry, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Bedson Building, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, U.K
| | - Ildiko Buck
- Astex Pharmaceuticals, 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0QA, U.K
| | - Celine Cano
- Cancer Research UK Newcastle Drug Discovery Unit, Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Chemistry, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Bedson Building, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, U.K
| | - Benoit Carbain
- Cancer Research UK Newcastle Drug Discovery Unit, Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Chemistry, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Bedson Building, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, U.K
| | - Juan Castro
- Astex Pharmaceuticals, 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0QA, U.K
| | - Ben Cons
- Astex Pharmaceuticals, 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0QA, U.K
| | - Sarah J Cully
- Cancer Research UK Newcastle Drug Discovery Unit, Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Chemistry, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Bedson Building, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, U.K
| | - Jane A Endicott
- Cancer Research UK Newcastle Drug Discovery Unit, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Paul O'Gorman Building, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, U.K
| | - Lynsey Fazal
- Astex Pharmaceuticals, 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0QA, U.K
| | - Bernard T Golding
- Cancer Research UK Newcastle Drug Discovery Unit, Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Chemistry, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Bedson Building, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, U.K
| | - Roger J Griffin
- Cancer Research UK Newcastle Drug Discovery Unit, Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Chemistry, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Bedson Building, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, U.K
| | - Karen Haggerty
- Cancer Research UK Newcastle Drug Discovery Unit, Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Chemistry, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Bedson Building, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, U.K
| | - Suzannah J Harnor
- Cancer Research UK Newcastle Drug Discovery Unit, Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Chemistry, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Bedson Building, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, U.K
| | - Keisha Hearn
- Astex Pharmaceuticals, 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0QA, U.K
| | - Stephen Hobson
- Cancer Research UK Newcastle Drug Discovery Unit, Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Chemistry, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Bedson Building, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, U.K
| | - Rhian S Holvey
- Astex Pharmaceuticals, 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0QA, U.K
| | - Steven Howard
- Astex Pharmaceuticals, 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0QA, U.K
| | - Claire E Jennings
- Cancer Research UK Newcastle Drug Discovery Unit, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Paul O'Gorman Building, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, U.K
| | - Christopher N Johnson
- Astex Pharmaceuticals, 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0QA, U.K
| | - John Lunec
- Cancer Research UK Newcastle Drug Discovery Unit, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Paul O'Gorman Building, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, U.K
| | - Duncan C Miller
- Cancer Research UK Newcastle Drug Discovery Unit, Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Chemistry, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Bedson Building, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, U.K
| | - David R Newell
- Cancer Research UK Newcastle Drug Discovery Unit, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Paul O'Gorman Building, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, U.K
| | - Martin E M Noble
- Cancer Research UK Newcastle Drug Discovery Unit, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Paul O'Gorman Building, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, U.K
| | - Judith Reeks
- Astex Pharmaceuticals, 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0QA, U.K
| | - Charlotte H Revill
- Cancer Research UK Newcastle Drug Discovery Unit, Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Chemistry, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Bedson Building, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, U.K
| | - Christiane Riedinger
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, U.K
| | - Jeffrey D St Denis
- Astex Pharmaceuticals, 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0QA, U.K
| | - Emiliano Tamanini
- Astex Pharmaceuticals, 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0QA, U.K
| | - Huw Thomas
- Cancer Research UK Newcastle Drug Discovery Unit, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Paul O'Gorman Building, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, U.K
| | - Neil T Thompson
- Astex Pharmaceuticals, 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0QA, U.K
| | - Mladen Vinković
- Astex Pharmaceuticals, 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0QA, U.K
| | - Stephen R Wedge
- Cancer Research UK Newcastle Drug Discovery Unit, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Paul O'Gorman Building, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, U.K
| | - Pamela A Williams
- Astex Pharmaceuticals, 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0QA, U.K
| | - Nicola E Wilsher
- Astex Pharmaceuticals, 436 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0QA, U.K
| | - Bian Zhang
- Cancer Research UK Newcastle Drug Discovery Unit, Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Chemistry, School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Bedson Building, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, U.K
| | - Yan Zhao
- Cancer Research UK Newcastle Drug Discovery Unit, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Paul O'Gorman Building, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Singh P, Singh A, Shah S, Vataliya J, Mittal A, Chitkara D. RNA Interference Nanotherapeutics for Treatment of Glioblastoma Multiforme. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:4040-4066. [PMID: 32902291 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nucleic acid therapeutics for RNA interference (RNAi) are gaining attention in the treatment and management of several kinds of the so-called "undruggable" tumors via targeting specific molecular pathways or oncogenes. Synthetic ribonucleic acid (RNAs) oligonucleotides like siRNA, miRNA, shRNA, and lncRNA have shown potential as novel therapeutics. However, the delivery of such oligonucleotides is significantly hampered by their physiochemical (such as hydrophilicity, negative charge, and instability) and biopharmaceutical features (in vivo serum stability, fast renal clearance, interaction with extracellular proteins, and hindrance in cellular internalization) that markedly reduce their biological activity. Recently, several nanocarriers have evolved as suitable non-viral vectors for oligonucleotide delivery, which are known to either complex or conjugate with these oligonucleotides efficiently and also overcome the extracellular and intracellular barriers, thereby allowing access to the tumoral micro-environment for the better and desired outcome in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). This Review focuses on the up-to-date advancements in the field of RNAi nanotherapeutics utilized for GBM treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prabhjeet Singh
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, Pilani Campus, Vidya Vihar, Pilani - 333 031, Rajasthan, India
| | - Aditi Singh
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, Pilani Campus, Vidya Vihar, Pilani - 333 031, Rajasthan, India
| | - Shruti Shah
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, Pilani Campus, Vidya Vihar, Pilani - 333 031, Rajasthan, India
| | - Jalpa Vataliya
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, Pilani Campus, Vidya Vihar, Pilani - 333 031, Rajasthan, India
| | - Anupama Mittal
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, Pilani Campus, Vidya Vihar, Pilani - 333 031, Rajasthan, India
| | - Deepak Chitkara
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS) Pilani, Pilani Campus, Vidya Vihar, Pilani - 333 031, Rajasthan, India
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Chasov V, Mirgayazova R, Zmievskaya E, Khadiullina R, Valiullina A, Stephenson Clarke J, Rizvanov A, Baud MGJ, Bulatov E. Key Players in the Mutant p53 Team: Small Molecules, Gene Editing, Immunotherapy. Front Oncol 2020; 10:1460. [PMID: 32974171 PMCID: PMC7461930 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor p53 is a key tumor suppressor that is inactivated in almost all cancers due to either point mutations in the TP53 gene or overexpression of its negative regulators. The p53 protein is known as the “cellular gatekeeper” for its roles in facilitating DNA repair, cell cycle arrest or apoptosis upon DNA damage. Most p53 mutations are missense and result in either structural destabilization of the protein, causing its partial unfolding and deactivation under physiological conditions, or impairment of its DNA-binding properties. Tumor cells with p53 mutations are generally more immunogenic due to “hot spot” neoantigens that instigate the immune system response. In this review, we discuss the key therapeutic strategies targeting mutant p53 tumors, including classical approaches based on small molecule intervention and emerging technologies such as gene editing and T cell immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vitaly Chasov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Regina Mirgayazova
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Zmievskaya
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Raniya Khadiullina
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Aygul Valiullina
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | | | - Albert Rizvanov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Matthias G J Baud
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Emil Bulatov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia.,Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Wang B, Peng F, Huang W, Zhou J, Zhang N, Sheng J, Haruehanroengra P, He G, Han B. Rational drug design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of novel chiral tetrahydronaphthalene-fused spirooxindole as MDM2-CDK4 dual inhibitor against glioblastoma. Acta Pharm Sin B 2020; 10:1492-1510. [PMID: 32963945 PMCID: PMC7488488 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2019.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Simultaneous inhibition of MDM2 and CDK4 may be an effective treatment against glioblastoma. A collection of chiral spirocyclic tetrahydronaphthalene (THN)-oxindole hybrids for this purpose have been developed. Appropriate stereochemistry in THN-fused spirooxindole compounds is key to their inhibitory activity: selectivity differed by over 40-fold between the least and most potent stereoisomers in time-resolved FRET and KINOMEscan® in vitro assays. Studies in glioblastoma cell lines showed that the most active compound ent-4g induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest by interfering with MDM2 -P53 interaction and CDK4 activation. Cells treated with ent-4g showed up-regulation of proteins involved in P53 and cell cycle pathways. The compound showed good anti-tumor efficacy against glioblastoma xenografts in mice. These results suggested that rational design, asymmetric synthesis and biological evaluation of novel tetrahydronaphthalene fused spirooxindoles could generate promising MDM2-CDK4 dual inhibitors in glioblastoma therapy.
Collapse
|
14
|
Blaquiere N, Villemure E, Staben ST. Medicinal Chemistry of Inhibiting RING-Type E3 Ubiquitin Ligases. J Med Chem 2020; 63:7957-7985. [PMID: 32142281 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) presents many opportunities for pharmacological intervention. Key players in the UPS are E3 ubiquitin ligases, responsible for conjugation of ubiquitin to specific cognate substrates. Numbering more than 600 members, these ligases represent the most selective way to intervene within this physiologically important system. This Perspective highlights some of the dedicated medicinal chemistry efforts directed at inhibiting the function of specific single-protein and multicomponent RING-type E3 ubiquitin ligases. We present opportunities and challenges associated with targeting this important class of enzymes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Blaquiere
- Discovery Chemistry, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Elisia Villemure
- Discovery Chemistry, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Steven T Staben
- Discovery Chemistry, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Zou X, Yang W, Zhu J, Deng W. Catalytic Enantioselective Formal Synthesis of MDM2 Antagonist RG7388 and Its Analogues. CHINESE J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201900530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xue‐Jie Zou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and School of PharmacyEast China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Wu‐Lin Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and School of PharmacyEast China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Jing‐Yan Zhu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and School of PharmacyEast China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Wei‐Ping Deng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design and School of PharmacyEast China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Zhou LM, Qu RY, Yang GF. An overview of spirooxindole as a promising scaffold for novel drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2020; 15:603-625. [PMID: 32106717 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2020.1733526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Spirooxindole, a unique and versatile scaffold, has been widely studied in some fields such as pharmaceutical chemistry and synthetic chemistry. Especially in the application of medicine, quite a few compounds featuring spirooxindole motif have displayed excellent and broad pharmacological activities. Many identified candidate molecules have been used in clinical trials, showing promising prospects.Areas covered: This article offers an overview of different applications and developments of spirooxindoles (including the related natural products and their derivatives) in the process of drug innovation, including such as in anticancer, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antioxidant, antimalarial, and antiviral activities. Furthermore, the crucial structure-activity relationships, molecular mechanisms, pharmacokinetic properties, and main synthetic methods of spirooxindoles-based derivatives are also reviewed.Expert opinion: Recent progress in the biological activity profiles of spirooxindole derivatives have demonstrated their significant position in present-day drug discovery. Furthermore, we believe that the multidirectional development of novel drugs containing this core scaffold will continue to be the research hotspot in medicinal chemistry in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ming Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Ren-Yu Qu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Guang-Fu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Gangopadhyay A, Chakraborty HJ, Datta A. Employing virtual screening and molecular dynamics simulations for identifying hits against the active cholera toxin. Toxicon 2019; 170:1-9. [PMID: 31494206 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2019.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cholera is a major global threat, affecting millions each year. The ADP ribosyltransferase activity of the active cholera toxin catalyses the massive loss of water and electrolytes during cholera infections. The active toxin heterodimer comprises the A1 subunit from Vibrio cholerae and ARF (ADP Ribosylation Factor) from the human host. Although the active toxin is a potential target for drug discovery against cholera, it has been scarcely targeted to date. The A1-ARF interface contains a potential druggable site for small molecule inhibitors. By combining a sequential docking and scoring strategy with molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, this study identified hits against the protein-protein interface (PPI) of the active cholera toxin from an in-house library of 9,175 ADMET-screened alkaloids. The docking algorithms and scoring functions of Glide SP, Glide XP, and AutoDock were employed for initial library screening. Three alkaloids were initially selected by docking-based virtual screening. The stability of the hit-toxin complexes was validated by MD simulations. Two of the three hits, namely, A6225 (7-formyldehydrothalicsimidine) and A16503 (1,2,7,8-tetrahydroxy dibenz[cd,f]indol-4(5H)-one), formed stable complexes with the toxin. Analyses of the hydrogen bond occupancies revealed that the hits formed stable hydrogen bonds with the toxin PPI. The hits identified herein can serve as reference compounds for drug discovery against cholera in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Gangopadhyay
- Department of Chemical Technology, University of Calcutta, 92, APC Road, Kolkata 700009, West Bengal, India; DBT Centre for Bioinformatics, Presidency University, Kolkata 700073, West Bengal, India.
| | - Hirak Jyoti Chakraborty
- DBT Centre for Bioinformatics, Presidency University, Kolkata 700073, West Bengal, India; Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, Kolkata 700120, West Bengal, India
| | - Abhijit Datta
- DBT Centre for Bioinformatics, Presidency University, Kolkata 700073, West Bengal, India; Department of Botany, Jhargram Raj College, Jhargram 721507, Paschim Medinipur, India
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Bazanov DR, Pervushin NV, Savitskaya VY, Anikina LV, Proskurnina MV, Lozinskaya NA, Kopeina GS. 2,4,5-Tris(alkoxyaryl)imidazoline derivatives as potent scaffold for novel p53-MDM2 interaction inhibitors: Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 29:2364-2368. [PMID: 31196710 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Imidazoline-based small molecule inhibitors of p53-MDM2 interaction intended for the treatment of p53 wild-type tumors are the promising structures for design of anticancer drugs. Based on fragment approach we have investigated a key role of substituents in cis-imidazoline core for biological activity of nutlin family compounds. Although the necessity of the substituents in the phenyl rings of cis-imidazoline has been shown, there are no studies in which the replacements of a halogen by other substituents have been investigated. A series of simple cis-imidazoline derivatives containing halogen, hydroxy and alkoxy-substituents were synthesized. The biological activity of the compounds was studied using assays of cytotoxicity (MTT) and p53 level. It was found that the hydroxyl-derivatives were not cytotoxic whereas the alkoxy analogues were the same or more active as halogen-substituted compounds in cell viability test. The synthesized alkoxy derivatives induced an increase of p53 level and did not promote necrotic cell death in the concentration up to 40 µM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniil R Bazanov
- Department of Chemistry, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1, Leninskie Gory, 119992 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Nikolay V Pervushin
- Department of Medicine, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1, Leninskie Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Victoria Yu Savitskaya
- Department of Chemistry, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1, Leninskie Gory, 119992 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Lada V Anikina
- Institute of Physiologically Active Substances of RAS, 1, Northern Passage, 142432 Moscow Region, Russian Federation
| | - Marina V Proskurnina
- Department of Chemistry, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1, Leninskie Gory, 119992 Moscow, Russian Federation; Institute of Physiologically Active Substances of RAS, 1, Northern Passage, 142432 Moscow Region, Russian Federation
| | - Natalia A Lozinskaya
- Department of Chemistry, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1, Leninskie Gory, 119992 Moscow, Russian Federation; Institute of Physiologically Active Substances of RAS, 1, Northern Passage, 142432 Moscow Region, Russian Federation.
| | - Gelina S Kopeina
- Department of Medicine, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1, Leninskie Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Wang B, Wu S, Liu J, Yang K, Xie H, Tang W. Development of selective small molecule MDM2 degraders based on nutlin. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 176:476-491. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.05.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
|
20
|
Anwer F, Gee KM, Iftikhar A, Baig M, Russ AD, Saeed S, Zar MA, Razzaq F, Carew J, Nawrocki S, Al-Kateb H, Cavalcante Parr NN, McBride A, Valent J, Samaras C. Future of Personalized Therapy Targeting Aberrant Signaling Pathways in Multiple Myeloma. CLINICAL LYMPHOMA, MYELOMA & LEUKEMIA 2019; 19:397-405. [PMID: 31036508 PMCID: PMC6626550 DOI: 10.1016/j.clml.2019.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a genetically complex disease. Identification of mutations and aberrant signaling pathways that contribute to the progression of MM and drug resistance has potential to lead to specific targets and personalized treatment. Aberrant signal pathways include RAS pathway activation due to RAS or BRAF mutations (targeted by vemurafenib alone or combined with cobimetinib), BCL-2 overexpression in t(11:14) (targeted by venetoclax), JAK2 pathway activation (targeted by ruxolitinib), NF-κB pathway activation (treated with DANFIN combined with bortezomib), MDM2 overexpression, and PI3K/mTOR pathway activation (targeted by BEZ235). Cyclin D1 (CCND1) and MYC are also emerging as key potential targets. In addition, histone deacetylase inhibitors are already in use for the treatment of MM in combination therapy, and targeted inhibition of FGFR3 (AZD4547) is effective in myeloma cells with t(4;14) translocation. Bromodomain and extra terminal (BET) protein antagonists decrease the expression of MYC and have displayed promising antimyeloma activity. A better understanding of the alterations in signaling pathways that promote MM progression will further inform the development of precision therapy for patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Faiz Anwer
- Taussig Cancer Center, Department of Hematology, Medical Oncology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH.
| | - Kevin Mathew Gee
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Ahmad Iftikhar
- Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Mirza Baig
- Department of Medicine, Summit Medical Group, Summit, NJ
| | | | - Sabina Saeed
- College of Public Health, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Muhammad Abu Zar
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology & Oncology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Faryal Razzaq
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology & Oncology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Jennifer Carew
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology & Oncology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Steffan Nawrocki
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology & Oncology, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Hussam Al-Kateb
- Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH
| | | | - Ali McBride
- College of Pharmacy, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - Jason Valent
- Taussig Cancer Center, Department of Hematology, Medical Oncology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Christy Samaras
- Taussig Cancer Center, Department of Hematology, Medical Oncology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
The Role of Ubiquitination in Regulating Embryonic Stem Cell Maintenance and Cancer Development. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20112667. [PMID: 31151253 PMCID: PMC6600158 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20112667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitination regulates nearly every aspect of cellular events in eukaryotes. It modifies intracellular proteins with 76-amino acid polypeptide ubiquitin (Ub) and destines them for proteolysis or activity alteration. Ubiquitination is generally achieved by a tri-enzyme machinery involving ubiquitin activating enzymes (E1), ubiquitin conjugating enzymes (E2) and ubiquitin ligases (E3). E1 activates Ub and transfers it to the active cysteine site of E2 via a transesterification reaction. E3 coordinates with E2 to mediate isopeptide bond formation between Ub and substrate protein. The E1-E2-E3 cascade can create diverse types of Ub modifications, hence effecting distinct outcomes on the substrate proteins. Dysregulation of ubiquitination results in severe consequences and human diseases. There include cancers, developmental defects and immune disorders. In this review, we provide an overview of the ubiquitination machinery and discuss the recent progresses in the ubiquitination-mediated regulation of embryonic stem cell maintenance and cancer biology.
Collapse
|
22
|
Destabilization of the human RED-SMU1 splicing complex as a basis for host-directed antiinfluenza strategy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:10968-10977. [PMID: 31076555 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1901214116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
New therapeutic strategies targeting influenza are actively sought due to limitations in current drugs available. Host-directed therapy is an emerging concept to target host functions involved in pathogen life cycles and/or pathogenesis, rather than pathogen components themselves. From this perspective, we focused on an essential host partner of influenza viruses, the RED-SMU1 splicing complex. Here, we identified two synthetic molecules targeting an α-helix/groove interface essential for RED-SMU1 complex assembly. We solved the structure of the SMU1 N-terminal domain in complex with RED or bound to one of the molecules identified to disrupt this complex. We show that these compounds inhibiting RED-SMU1 interaction also decrease endogenous RED-SMU1 levels and inhibit viral mRNA splicing and viral multiplication, while preserving cell viability. Overall, our data demonstrate the potential of RED-SMU1 destabilizing molecules as an antiviral therapy that could be active against a wide range of influenza viruses and be less prone to drug resistance.
Collapse
|
23
|
Khurana A, Shafer DA. MDM2 antagonists as a novel treatment option for acute myeloid leukemia: perspectives on the therapeutic potential of idasanutlin (RG7388). Onco Targets Ther 2019; 12:2903-2910. [PMID: 31289443 PMCID: PMC6563714 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s172315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a clonal heterogenous malignancy of the myeloid cells with a poor prognosis lending itself to novel treatment strategies. TP53 is a critical tumor suppressor and plays an essential role in leukemogenesis. Although TP53 is relatively unusual in de novo AML, inactivation of wild-type p53 (WT-p53) is a common event. Murine double minute 2 (MDM2) is a key negative regulator of p53 and its expression; inhibition of MDM2 is postulated to reactivate WT-p53 and its tumor suppressor functions. Nutlins were the first small molecule inhibitors that bind to MDM2 and target its interaction with p53. RG7388 (idasanutlin), a second-generation nutlin, was developed to improve upon the potency and toxicity profile of earlier nutlins. Preliminary data from early phase trials and ongoing studies suggest clinical response with RG7388 (idasanutlin) both in monotherapy and combination strategies in AML. We herein briefly discuss currently approved therapies in AML and review the clinical data for RG7388 (idasanutlin) and MDM2 inhibition as novel treatment strategies in AML. We further describe efficacy and toxicity profile data from completed and ongoing trials of RG7388 (idasanutlin) and other MDM2-p53 inhibitors in development. Many targeted therapies have been approved recently in AML, with a focus on the older and unfit population for intensive induction therapy and in relapsed/refractory disease. The "nutlins", including RG7388 (idasanutlin), merit continued investigation in such settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arushi Khurana
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology & Palliative Care, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA,
| | - Danielle A Shafer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology & Palliative Care, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA,
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Khater F, Vairy S, Langlois S, Dumoucel S, Sontag T, St-Onge P, Bittencourt H, Dal Soglio D, Champagne J, Duval M, Leclerc JM, Laverdiere C, Tran TH, Patey N, Ellezam B, Perreault S, Piché N, Samson Y, Teira P, Jabado N, Michon B, Brossard J, Marzouki M, Cellot S, Sinnett D. Molecular Profiling of Hard-to-Treat Childhood and Adolescent Cancers. JAMA Netw Open 2019; 2:e192906. [PMID: 31026031 PMCID: PMC6487576 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.2906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Little progress in pediatric cancer treatment has been noted in the past decade, urging the development of novel therapeutic strategies for adolescents and children with hard-to-treat cancers. Use of comprehensive molecular profiling in the clinical management of children and adolescents with cancer appears a suitable approach to improve patient care and outcomes, particularly for hard-to-treat cases. OBJECTIVE To assess the feasibility of identifying potentially actionable mutations using next-generation sequencing-based assays in a clinically relevant time frame. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This diagnostic study reports the results of the TRICEPS study, a prospective genome sequencing study conducted in Québec, Canada. Participants, aged 18 years or younger at diagnosis, with refractory or relapsed childhood and adolescent cancers were enrolled from April 2014 through January 2018. Whole-exome sequencing (WES) of matched tumor normal samples and RNA sequencing of tumor were performed to identify single-nucleotide variants, fusion transcripts, differential gene expression, and copy number alterations. Results reviewed by a team of experts were further annotated, synthesized into a report, and subsequently discussed in a multidisciplinary molecular tumor board. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Molecular profiling of pediatric patients with hard-to-treat cancer, identification of actionable and targetable alteration needed for the management of these patients, and proposition of targeted and personalized novel therapeutic strategies. RESULTS A total of 84 patients with hard-to-treat cancers were included in the analysis. These patients had a mean (range) age of 10.1 (1-21) years and a similar proportion of male (45 [54%]) and female (39 [46%]). Sixty-two patients (74%) had suitable tissues for multimodal molecular profiling (WES and RNA sequencing). The process from DNA or RNA isolation to genomic sequencing and data analysis steps took a median (range) of 24 (4-41) days. Potentially actionable alterations were identified in 54 of 62 patients (87%). Actions were taken in 22 of 54 patients (41%), and 18 (33%) either were on a second or third line of treatment, were in remission, or had stable disease and thus no actions were taken. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Incorporating genomic sequencing into the management of hard-to-treat childhood and adolescent cancers appeared feasible; molecular profiling may enable the identification of potentially actionable alterations with clinical implications for most patients, including targeted therapy and clinically relevant information of diagnostic, prognostic, and monitoring significance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fida Khater
- Research Centre, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Stephanie Vairy
- Charles-Bruneau Cancer Center, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Sylvie Langlois
- Research Centre, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Sophie Dumoucel
- Charles-Bruneau Cancer Center, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Thomas Sontag
- Research Centre, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Pascal St-Onge
- Research Centre, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Henrique Bittencourt
- Charles-Bruneau Cancer Center, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Dorothée Dal Soglio
- Department of Pathology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Josette Champagne
- Charles-Bruneau Cancer Center, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Michel Duval
- Research Centre, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Montreal, Québec, Canada
- Charles-Bruneau Cancer Center, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Jean-Marie Leclerc
- Charles-Bruneau Cancer Center, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Caroline Laverdiere
- Charles-Bruneau Cancer Center, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Thai Hoa Tran
- Charles-Bruneau Cancer Center, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Natalie Patey
- Department of Pathology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Benjamin Ellezam
- Department of Pathology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Sébastien Perreault
- Division of Neurology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Nelson Piché
- Department of Surgery, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Yvan Samson
- Charles-Bruneau Cancer Center, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Pierre Teira
- Charles-Bruneau Cancer Center, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Nada Jabado
- Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Bruno Michon
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Josée Brossard
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Monia Marzouki
- Charles-Bruneau Cancer Center, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Sonia Cellot
- Research Centre, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Montreal, Québec, Canada
- Charles-Bruneau Cancer Center, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Daniel Sinnett
- Research Centre, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Montreal, Québec, Canada
- Charles-Bruneau Cancer Center, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Montreal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Montreal University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Ullah K, Zubia E, Narayan M, Yang J, Xu G. Diverse roles of the E2/E3 hybrid enzyme
UBE
2O in the regulation of protein ubiquitination, cellular functions, and disease onset. FEBS J 2018; 286:2018-2034. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.14708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kifayat Ullah
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases Soochow University Suzhou Jiangsu China
| | - Emmanuel Zubia
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry The University of Texas at El Paso TX USA
| | - Mahesh Narayan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry The University of Texas at El Paso TX USA
| | - Jing Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases Soochow University Suzhou Jiangsu China
| | - Guoqiang Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases Soochow University Suzhou Jiangsu China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Li X, Elmira E, Rohondia S, Wang J, Liu J, Dou QP. A patent review of the ubiquitin ligase system: 2015-2018. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2018; 28:919-937. [PMID: 30449221 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2018.1549229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) has been validated as a novel anticancer drug target in the past 20 years. The UPS contains two distinct steps: ubiquitination of a substrate protein by ubiquitin activating enzyme (E1), ubiquitin conjugating enzyme (E2), and ubiquitin ligase (E3), and substrate degradation by the 26S proteasome complex. The E3 enzyme is the central player in the ubiquitination step and has a wide range of specific substrates in cancer cells, offering great opportunities for discovery and development of selective drugs. Areas covered: This review summarizes the recent advances in small molecule inhibitors of E1s, E2s, and E3s, with a focus on the latest patents (from 2015 to 2018) of E3 inhibitors and modulators. Expert opinion: One strategy to overcome limitations of current 20S proteasome inhibitors is to discover inhibitors of the upstream key components of the UPS, such as E3 enzymes. E3s play important roles in cancer development and determine the specificity of substrate ubiquitination, offering novel target opportunities. E3 modulators could be developed by rational design, natural compound or library screening, old drug repurposes, and application of other novel technologies. Further understanding of mechanisms of E3-substrate interaction will be essential for discovering and developing next-generation E3 inhibitors as effective anticancer drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- a Department of Biotechnology , Guangdong Polytechnic of Science and Trade , Guangzhou , Guangdong , China.,b Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, School of Food Science and Engineering , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou , Guangdong , China.,c Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, and Departments of Oncology, Pharmacology and Pathology, School of Medicine , Wayne State University , Detroit , MI , USA
| | - Ekinci Elmira
- c Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, and Departments of Oncology, Pharmacology and Pathology, School of Medicine , Wayne State University , Detroit , MI , USA
| | - Sagar Rohondia
- c Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, and Departments of Oncology, Pharmacology and Pathology, School of Medicine , Wayne State University , Detroit , MI , USA
| | - Jicang Wang
- c Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, and Departments of Oncology, Pharmacology and Pathology, School of Medicine , Wayne State University , Detroit , MI , USA.,d College of Animal Science and Technology , Henan University of Science and Technology , Luoyang , China
| | - Jinbao Liu
- e Protein Modification and Degradation Lab, School of Basic Medical Sciences , Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Q Ping Dou
- c Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, and Departments of Oncology, Pharmacology and Pathology, School of Medicine , Wayne State University , Detroit , MI , USA.,e Protein Modification and Degradation Lab, School of Basic Medical Sciences , Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University , Guangzhou , China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Fedorova O, Daks A, Petrova V, Petukhov A, Lezina L, Shuvalov O, Davidovich P, Kriger D, Lomert E, Tentler D, Kartsev V, Uyanik B, Tribulovich V, Demidov O, Melino G, Barlev NA. Novel isatin-derived molecules activate p53 via interference with Mdm2 to promote apoptosis. Cell Cycle 2018; 17:1917-1930. [PMID: 30109812 PMCID: PMC6152504 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2018.1506664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The p53 protein is a key tumor suppressor in mammals. In response to various forms of genotoxic stress p53 stimulates expression of genes whose products induce cell cycle arrest and/or apoptosis. An E3-ubiquitin ligase, Mdm2 (mouse-double-minute 2) and its human ortholog Hdm2, physically interact with the amino-terminus of p53 to mediate its ubiquitin-mediated degradation via the proteasome. Thus, pharmacological inhibition of the p53-Mdm2 interaction leads to overall stabilization of p53 and stimulation of its anti-tumorigenic activity. In this study we characterize the biological effects of a novel class of non-genotoxic isatin Schiff and Mannich base derivatives (ISMBDs) that stabilize p53 on the protein level. The likely mechanism behind their positive effect on p53 is mediated via the competitive interaction with Mdm2. Importantly, unlike Nutlin, these compounds selectively promoted p53-mediated cell death. These novel pharmacological activators of p53 can serve as valuable molecular tools for probing p53-positive tumors and set up the stage for development of new anti-cancer drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olga Fedorova
- Gene Expression Programme, Institute of Cytology, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alexandra Daks
- Gene Expression Programme, Institute of Cytology, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | | | - Alexey Petukhov
- Gene Expression Programme, Institute of Cytology, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
- Institute of Hematology, Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Russia
| | - Larissa Lezina
- Gene Expression Programme, Institute of Cytology, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Oleg Shuvalov
- Gene Expression Programme, Institute of Cytology, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Pavel Davidovich
- Molecular Pharmacology, State Technological University, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Darya Kriger
- Gene Expression Programme, Institute of Cytology, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Lomert
- Gene Expression Programme, Institute of Cytology, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Dmitry Tentler
- Gene Expression Programme, Institute of Cytology, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | | | | | | | - Oleg Demidov
- INSERM U866, University of Burgundy, Dijon, France
| | | | - Nickolai A. Barlev
- Gene Expression Programme, Institute of Cytology, Saint-Petersburg, Russia
- Intracellular Signalling Laboratory, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Cross Talk Networks of Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Signaling With the Ubiquitin Proteasome System and Their Clinical Implications in Multiple Myeloma. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 343:219-297. [PMID: 30712673 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is the second most common hematological malignancy and results from the clonal amplification of plasma cells. Despite recent advances in treatment, MM remains incurable with a median survival time of only 5-6years, thus necessitating further insights into MM biology and exploitation of novel therapeutic approaches. Both the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) and the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathways have been implicated in the pathogenesis, and treatment of MM and different lines of evidence suggest a close cross talk between these central cell-regulatory signaling networks. In this review, we outline the interplay between the UPS and mTOR pathways and discuss their implications for the pathophysiology and therapy of MM.
Collapse
|
29
|
Her NG, Oh JW, Oh YJ, Han S, Cho HJ, Lee Y, Ryu GH, Nam DH. Potent effect of the MDM2 inhibitor AMG232 on suppression of glioblastoma stem cells. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:792. [PMID: 30022047 PMCID: PMC6052082 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0825-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Testing new ways to identify untapped opportunities for glioblastoma therapies remains highly significant. Amplification and overexpression of MDM2 gene is frequent in glioblastoma and disrupting the MDM2-p53 interaction is a promising strategy to treat the cancer. RG7112 is the first-in class inhibitor and recently discovered AMG232 is the most potent MDM2 inhibitor known to date. Here, we compared the effects of these two clinical MDM2 inhibitors in six glioblastoma cell lines and ten patient-derived glioblastoma stem cells. Targeted sequencing of the TP53, MDM2 genes and whole transcriptome analysis were conducted to verify genetic status associated with sensitivity and resistance to the drugs. Although TP53 wild-type glioblastoma cell lines are similarly sensitive to AMG232 and RG7112, we found that four TP53 wild-type out of ten patient-derived glioblastoma cells are much more sensitive to AMG232 than RG7112 (average IC50 of 76 nM vs. 720 nM). Among these, 464T stem cells containing MDM2 gene amplification were most sensitive to AMG232 with IC50 of 5.3 nM. Moreover, AMG232 exhibited higher selectivity against p53 wild-type cells over p53 mutant stem cells compared to RG7112 (average selectivity of 512-fold vs. 16.5-fold). Importantly, we also found that AMG232 is highly efficacious in three-dimensional (3D) tumor spheroids growth and effectively inhibits the stemness-related factors, Nestin and ZEB1. Our data provide new evidence that glioblastoma stem cells have high susceptibility to AMG232 suggesting the potential clinical implications of MDM2 inhibition for glioblastoma treatment. These will facilitate additional preclinical and clinical studies evaluating MDM2 inhibitors in glioblastoma and direct further efforts towards developing better MDM2-targeted therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nam-Gu Her
- Institute for Refractory Cancer Research, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, 06351, Korea
| | - Jeong-Woo Oh
- Institute for Refractory Cancer Research, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, 06351, Korea.,Department of Health Sciences & Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Science & Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, 06351, Korea
| | - Yun Jeong Oh
- Institute for Refractory Cancer Research, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, 06351, Korea
| | - Suji Han
- Department of Health Sciences & Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Science & Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, 06351, Korea
| | - Hee Jin Cho
- Institute for Refractory Cancer Research, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, 06351, Korea
| | - Yeri Lee
- Institute for Refractory Cancer Research, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, 06351, Korea
| | - Gyu Ha Ryu
- Office of R&D Strategy & Planning, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, 06351, Korea.
| | - Do-Hyun Nam
- Institute for Refractory Cancer Research, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, 06351, Korea. .,Department of Health Sciences & Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Science & Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, 06351, Korea. .,Department of Neurosurgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, 06351, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Bulatov E, Zagidullin A, Valiullina A, Sayarova R, Rizvanov A. Small Molecule Modulators of RING-Type E3 Ligases: MDM and Cullin Families as Targets. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:450. [PMID: 29867461 PMCID: PMC5951978 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) is a primary signaling pathway for regulation of intracellular protein levels. E3 ubiquitin ligases, substrate-specific members of the UPS, represent highly attractive protein targets for drug discovery. The importance of E3 ligases as prospective targets for small molecule modulation is reinforced by ever growing evidence of their role in cancer and other diseases. To date the number of potent compounds targeting E3 ligases remains rather low and their rational design constitutes a challenging task. To successfully address this problem one must take into consideration the multi-subunit nature of many E3 ligases that implies multiple druggable pockets and protein-protein interfaces. In this review, we briefly cover the current state of drug discovery in the field of RING-type E3 ligases with focus on MDM and Cullin families as targets. We also provide an overview of small molecule chimeras that induce RING-type E3-mediated proteasomal degradation of substrate proteins of interest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emil Bulatov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Almaz Zagidullin
- A.E. Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Kazan Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kazan, Russia
| | - Aygul Valiullina
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Regina Sayarova
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Albert Rizvanov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract
Inflammation is recently recognized as one of the hallmarks of human cancer. Chronic inflammatory response plays a critical role in cancer development, progression, metastasis, and resistance to chemotherapy. Conversely, the oncogenic aberrations also generate an inflammatory microenvironment, enabling the development and progression of cancer. The molecular mechanisms of action that are responsible for inflammatory cancer and cancer-associated inflammation are not fully understood due to the complex crosstalk between oncogenic and pro-inflammatory genes. However, molecular mediators that regulate both inflammation and cancer, such as NF-κB and STAT have been considered as promising targets for preventing and treating these diseases. Recent works have further demonstrated an important role of oncogenes (e.g., NFAT1, MDM2) and tumor suppressor genes (e.g., p53) in cancer-related inflammation. Natural products that target these molecular mediators have shown anticancer and anti-inflammatory activities in preclinical and clinical studies. Sesquiterpenoids (STs), a class of novel plant-derived secondary metabolites have attracted great interest in recent years because of their diversity in chemical structures and pharmacological activities. At present, we and other investigators have found that dimeric sesquiterpenoids (DSTs) may exert enhanced activity and binding affinity to molecular targets due to the increased number of alkylating centers and improved conformational flexibility and lipophilicity. Here, we focus our discussion on the activities and mechanisms of action of STs and DSTs in treating inflammation and cancer as well as their structure-activity relationships.
Collapse
|
32
|
Itoh Y, Suzuki M. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of novel ubiquitin-activating enzyme inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 28:2723-2727. [PMID: 29548576 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Ubiquitin-activating enzyme (E1), which catalyzes the activation of ubiquitin in the initial step of the ubiquitination cascade, is a potential therapeutic target in multiple myeloma and breast cancer treatment. However, only a few E1 inhibitors have been reported to date. Moreover, there has been little medicinal chemistry research on the three-dimensional structure of E1. Therefore, in the present study, we attempted to identify novel E1 inhibitors using structure-based drug design. Following the rational design, synthesis, and in vitro biological evaluation of several such compounds, we identified a reversible E1 inhibitor (4b). Compound 4b increased p53 levels in MCF-7 breast cancer cells and inhibited their growth. These findings suggest that reversible E1 inhibitors are potential anticancer agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yukihiro Itoh
- Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 1-5 Shimogamohangi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-0823, Japan.
| | - Miki Suzuki
- Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 1-5 Shimogamohangi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-0823, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Abstract
The cellular response to external stress signals and DNA damage depends on the activity of ubiquitin ligases (E3s), which regulate numerous cellular processes, including homeostasis, metabolism and cell cycle progression. E3s recognize, interact with and ubiquitylate protein substrates in a temporally and spatially regulated manner. The topology of the ubiquitin chains dictates the fate of the substrates, marking them for recognition and degradation by the proteasome or altering their subcellular localization or assembly into functional complexes. Both genetic and epigenetic alterations account for the deregulation of E3s in cancer. Consequently, the stability and/or activity of E3 substrates are also altered, in some cases leading to downregulation of tumour-suppressor activities and upregulation of oncogenic activities. A better understanding of the mechanisms underlying E3 regulation and function in tumorigenesis is expected to identify novel prognostic markers and to enable the development of the next generation of anticancer therapies. This Review summarizes the oncogenic and tumour-suppressor roles of selected E3s and highlights novel opportunities for therapeutic intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Senft
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California 92130, USA
| | - Jianfei Qi
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
| | - Ze'ev A Ronai
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California 92130, USA
- Technion Integrated Cancer Center, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology Faculty of Medicine, Haifa 31096, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Synthesis of spiro[indoline-3,4′-pyrano[3,2-c]quinolone]-3′-carbonitriles. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-017-2078-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
|
35
|
Aristizabal Prada ET, Auernhammer CJ. Targeted therapy of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumours: preclinical strategies and future targets. Endocr Connect 2018; 7:R1-R25. [PMID: 29146887 PMCID: PMC5754510 DOI: 10.1530/ec-17-0286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Molecular targeted therapy of advanced neuroendocrine tumours (NETs) of the gastroenteropancreatic (GEP) system currently encompasses approved therapy with the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor everolimus and the multi-tyrosinkinase inhibitor sunitinib. However, clinical efficacy of these treatment strategies is limited by low objective response rates and limited progression-free survival due to tumour resistance. Further novel strategies for molecular targeted therapy of NETs of the GEP system are needed. This paper reviews preclinical research models and signalling pathways in NETs of the GEP system. Preclinical and early clinical data on putative novel targets for molecular targeted therapy of NETs of the GEP system are discussed, including PI3K, Akt, mTORC1/mTORC2, GSK3, c-Met, Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK, embryogenic pathways (Hedgehog, Notch, Wnt/beta-catenin, TGF-beta signalling and SMAD proteins), tumour suppressors and cell cycle regulators (p53, cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) CDK4/6, CDK inhibitor p27, retinoblastoma protein (Rb)), heat shock protein HSP90, Aurora kinase, Src kinase family, focal adhesion kinase and epigenetic modulation by histone deacetylase inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E T Aristizabal Prada
- Department of Internal Medicine IVCampus Grosshadern, University-Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - C J Auernhammer
- Department of Internal Medicine IVCampus Grosshadern, University-Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Wójcik S, Birol M, Rhoades E, Miranker AD, Levine ZA. Targeting the Intrinsically Disordered Proteome Using Small-Molecule Ligands. Methods Enzymol 2018; 611:703-734. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2018.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
37
|
Yang MC, Peng C, Huang H, Yang L, He XH, Huang W, Cui HL, He G, Han B. Organocatalytic Asymmetric Synthesis of Spiro-oxindole Piperidine Derivatives That Reduce Cancer Cell Proliferation by Inhibiting MDM2–p53 Interaction. Org Lett 2017; 19:6752-6755. [PMID: 29210587 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.7b03516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Cheng Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
- Laboratory of Asymmetric Synthesis, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing 402160, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Hua Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Lei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West
China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xiang-Hong He
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West
China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Wei Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| | - Hai-Lei Cui
- Laboratory of Asymmetric Synthesis, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing 402160, China
| | - Gu He
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West
China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Bo Han
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Abstract
The p53 gene is pivotal for oncogenesis in a combination of mutations in oncogenes and antioncogenes. The ubiquitous loss of the p53 pathway in human cancers has generated considerable interest in developing p53-targeted cancer therapies, but current ideas and approaches targeting p53 are conflicting. Current researches focus on cancer-selective drugs with therapeutic strategies that both activate and inhibit p53. As p53 is ubiquitously lost in human cancers, the strategy of exogenous p53 addition is reasonable. However, p53 acts not equally in all cell types; thus, individualized p53 therapy is the direction of future research. To clarify the controversies on p53 for improvement of future antitumor studies, the review focuses on the available technological protocols, including their advantages and limitations in terms of future therapeutic use of p53 in the management of tumors.
Collapse
|
39
|
Kalmodia S, Parameswaran S, Ganapathy K, Yang W, Barrow CJ, Kanwar JR, Roy K, Vasudevan M, Kulkarni K, Elchuri SV, Krishnakumar S. Characterization and Molecular Mechanism of Peptide-Conjugated Gold Nanoparticle Inhibiting p53-HDM2 Interaction in Retinoblastoma. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2017; 9:349-364. [PMID: 29246314 PMCID: PMC5684491 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2017.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Inhibition of the interaction between p53 and HDM2 is an effective therapeutic strategy in cancers that harbor a wild-type p53 protein such as retinoblastoma (RB). Nanoparticle-based delivery of therapeutic molecules has been shown to be advantageous in localized delivery, including to the eye, by overcoming ocular barriers. In this study, we utilized biocompatible gold nanoparticles (GNPs) to deliver anti-HDM2 peptide to RB cells. Characterization studies suggested that GNP-HDM2 was stable in biologically relevant solvents and had optimal cellular internalization capability, the primary requirement of any therapeutic molecule. GNP-HDM2 treatment in RB cells in vitro suggested that they function by arresting RB cells at the G2M phase of the cell cycle and initiating apoptosis. Analysis of molecular changes in GNP-HDM2-treated cells by qRT-PCR and western blotting revealed that the p53 protein was upregulated; however, transactivation of its downstream targets was minimal, except for the PUMA-BCl2 and Bax axis. Global gene expression and in silico bioinformatic analysis of GNP-HDM2-treated cells suggested that upregulation of p53 might presumptively mediate apoptosis through the induction of p53-inducible miRNAs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sushma Kalmodia
- Department of Nano Biotechnology, Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, 18, College Road, Nungambakkam, Chennai 600 006, India; Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology, Deakin University, Geelong Campus, Waurn Ponds, VIC 3216, Australia
| | - Sowmya Parameswaran
- Radheshyam Kanoi Stem Cell Laboratory, Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, 18, College Road, Nungambakkam, Chennai 600 006, India
| | - Kalaivani Ganapathy
- Department of Nano Biotechnology, Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, 18, College Road, Nungambakkam, Chennai 600 006, India
| | - Wenrong Yang
- Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology, Deakin University, Geelong Campus, Waurn Ponds, VIC 3216, Australia
| | - Colin J Barrow
- Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology, Deakin University, Geelong Campus, Waurn Ponds, VIC 3216, Australia
| | - Jagat R Kanwar
- Nanomedicine -Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biomedical Research (NLIMBR), School of Medicine (SoM), Centre for Molecular and Medicine Research (C-MMR), Deakin University, Geelong Campus, Waurn Ponds, VIC 3217, Australia
| | - Kislay Roy
- Nanomedicine -Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Biomedical Research (NLIMBR), School of Medicine (SoM), Centre for Molecular and Medicine Research (C-MMR), Deakin University, Geelong Campus, Waurn Ponds, VIC 3217, Australia
| | | | | | - Sailaja V Elchuri
- Department of Nano Biotechnology, Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, 18, College Road, Nungambakkam, Chennai 600 006, India
| | - Subramanian Krishnakumar
- Department of Nano Biotechnology, Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, 18, College Road, Nungambakkam, Chennai 600 006, India.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Qin JJ, Wang W, Zhang R. Experimental Therapy of Advanced Breast Cancer: Targeting NFAT1-MDM2-p53 Pathway. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2017; 151:195-216. [PMID: 29096894 PMCID: PMC6663080 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2017.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Advanced breast cancer, especially advanced triple-negative breast cancer, is typically more aggressive and more difficult to treat than other breast cancer phenotypes. There is currently no curable option for breast cancer patients with advanced diseases, highlighting the urgent need for novel treatment strategies. We have recently discovered that the nuclear factor of activated T cells 1 (NFAT1) activates the murine double minute 2 (MDM2) oncogene. Both MDM2 and NFAT1 are overexpressed and constitutively activated in breast cancer, particularly in advanced breast cancer, and contribute to its initiation, progression, and metastasis. MDM2 regulates cancer cell proliferation, cell cycle progression, apoptosis, migration, and invasion through both p53-dependent and -independent mechanisms. We have proposed to target the NFAT1-MDM2-p53 pathway for the treatment of human cancers, especially breast cancer. We have recently identified NFAT1 and MDM2 dual inhibitors that have shown excellent in vitro and in vivo activities against breast cancer, including triple-negative breast cancer. Herein, we summarize recent advances made in the understanding of the oncogenic functions of MDM2 and NFAT1 in breast cancer, as well as current targeting strategies and representative inhibitors. We also propose several strategies for inhibiting the NFAT1-MDM2-p53 pathway, which could be useful for developing more specific and effective inhibitors for breast cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiang-Jiang Qin
- University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States; Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, United States
| | - Wei Wang
- University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States; Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, United States
| | - Ruiwen Zhang
- University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States; Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Lessel D, Wu D, Trujillo C, Ramezani T, Lessel I, Alwasiyah MK, Saha B, Hisama FM, Rading K, Goebel I, Schütz P, Speit G, Högel J, Thiele H, Nürnberg G, Nürnberg P, Hammerschmidt M, Zhu Y, Tong DR, Katz C, Martin GM, Oshima J, Prives C, Kubisch C. Dysfunction of the MDM2/p53 axis is linked to premature aging. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:3598-3608. [PMID: 28846075 DOI: 10.1172/jci92171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor suppressor p53, a master regulator of the cellular response to stress, is tightly regulated by the E3 ubiquitin ligase MDM2 via an autoregulatory feedback loop. In addition to its well-established role in tumorigenesis, p53 has also been associated with aging in mice. Several mouse models with aberrantly increased p53 activity display signs of premature aging. However, the relationship between dysfunction of the MDM2/p53 axis and human aging remains elusive. Here, we have identified an antiterminating homozygous germline mutation in MDM2 in a patient affected by a segmental progeroid syndrome. We show that this mutation abrogates MDM2 activity, thereby resulting in enhanced levels and stability of p53. Analysis of the patient's primary cells, genome-edited cells, and in vitro and in vivo analyses confirmed the MDM2 mutation's aberrant regulation of p53 activity. Functional data from a zebrafish model further demonstrated that mutant Mdm2 was unable to rescue a p53-induced apoptotic phenotype. Altogether, our findings indicate that mutant MDM2 is a likely driver of the observed segmental form of progeria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Davor Lessel
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Danyi Wu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Carlos Trujillo
- Genetics Unit, Dr. Erfan & Bagedo Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Thomas Ramezani
- Institute of Developmental Biology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ivana Lessel
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mohammad K Alwasiyah
- Aziziah Maternity and Children's Hospital, Ministry of Health, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bidisha Saha
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Fuki M Hisama
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Katrin Rading
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ingrid Goebel
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Petra Schütz
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Günter Speit
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Josef Högel
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | | | | | - Peter Nürnberg
- Cologne Center for Genomics.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, and.,Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Matthias Hammerschmidt
- Institute of Developmental Biology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, and.,Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Yan Zhu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - David R Tong
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Chen Katz
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - George M Martin
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Molecular Biology Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Junko Oshima
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Carol Prives
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Christian Kubisch
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Institute of Human Genetics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Nooka AK, Lonial S. New Targets and New Agents in High-Risk Multiple Myeloma. Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book 2017; 35:e431-41. [PMID: 27249751 DOI: 10.1200/edbk_159516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Advances in the treatment of multiple myeloma have resulted in dramatic improvements in outcomes for patients. The newly emerging profiling of mutations emerging as a consequence of large prospective sequencing studies such as the CoMMpass Study or other efforts from European investigators are not further helping to define the place and role for personalized medicine in myeloma. While mutations such as NRAS, KRAS, and BRAF do occur in myeloma, it is not clear that targeting them as a single drug strategy will result in meaningful responses or durations of response. Personalized medicine in multiple myeloma at this time likely entails the use of risk-based approaches for maintenance therapy, the use of current biology-based treatments such as proteasome inhibitors, and immunomodulatory agents, with an eye towards the use of mutation-specific treatments in the setting of minimal residual disease or in concert with biology-based treatments overall.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ajay K Nooka
- From the Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Sagar Lonial
- From the Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Marcantoni E, Petrini M. Recent Developments in the Stereoselective Synthesis of Nitrogen-Containing Heterocycles usingN-Acylimines as Reactive Substrates. Adv Synth Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201600644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Marcantoni
- School of Science and Technology; Chemistry Division; Università di Camerino; via S. Agostino 1 62032 Camerino Italy
| | - Marino Petrini
- School of Science and Technology; Chemistry Division; Università di Camerino; via S. Agostino 1 62032 Camerino Italy
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Molecular design and validation of halogen bonding orthogonal to hydrogen bonding in breast cancer MDM2-peptide complex. J Mol Graph Model 2016; 70:40-44. [PMID: 27649550 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2016.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Peptide therapeutics has been raised as an attractive approach for the treatment of breast cancer by targeting the oncogenic protein MDM2 that inactivates p53 tumor suppressor. Here, we performed molecular design of halogen bonding orthogonal to hydrogen bonding at the complex interface of MDM2 protein with its cognate peptide ligand to improve the peptide binding affinity and specificity. Crystal structure analysis, high-level quantum chemistry (QC) calculations and combined quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) modeling revealed that halogen substitution at position 3 of the benzene moiety of peptide Phe3 residue can constitute a putative halogen bonding, which is shown to be geometrically perpendicular to and energetically independent of a native hydrogen bonding that share a common carbonyl oxygen acceptor. The designed halogen bonding was then validated by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) assays, that is, substitution with bromine at position 3 can considerably improve peptide affinity by ∼4-fold, but the peptide binding does not change substantially upon the bromine substitution at other positions of the Phe3 benzene moiety (the negative controls that are theoretically unable to form the halogen bonding), indicating that the orthogonal molecular interaction (OMI) system between the designed halogen bonding and native hydrogen bonding can co-work well at the complex interface of MDM2 protein with its halogenated peptide ligands.
Collapse
|
45
|
Livera G, Uzbekov R, Jarrier P, Fouchécourt S, Duquenne C, Parent AS, Marine JC, Monget P. Loss of oocytes due to conditional ablation of Murine double minute 2 (Mdm2) gene is p53-dependent and results in female sterility. FEBS Lett 2016; 590:2566-74. [PMID: 27364741 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Murine double minute 2 and 4 (Mdm2, Mdm4) are major p53-negative regulators, preventing thus uncontrolled apoptosis induction in numerous cell types, although their function in the female germ line has received little attention. In the present work, we have generated mice with specific invalidation of Mdm2 and Mdm4 genes in the mouse oocyte (Mdm2(Ocko) and Mdm4(Ocko) mice), to test their implication in survival of these germ cells. Most of the Mdm2(Ocko) but not Mdm4(Ocko) mice were sterile, with a dramatic reduction of the weight of ovaries and genital tract, a strong increase in follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone serum levels, and a reduction of anti-mullerian hormone serum levels. Histological analyses revealed an obvious decrease of the number of growing follicles beyond the primary stage in Mdm2(Ocko) ovaries in comparison to controls, with a pronounced increase in the apparition of primary atretic follicles, most being devoid of oocyte. Similar phenotypes were observed with Mdm2(Ocko) Mdm4(Ocko) ovaries, with no worsening of the phenotype. However, we failed to detect any increase in p53 level in mutant oocytes, nor any other apoptotic marker, introgression of this targeted invalidation in p53-/- mice restored the fertility of females. This study is the first to show that Mdm2, but not Mdm4, has a critical role in oocyte survival and would be involved in premature ovarian insufficiency phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Livera
- Laboratoire de Développement des Gonades, INSERM U967, CEA/DSV/iRCM/SCSR/LDG, Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Fontenay-Aux-Roses, France
| | - Rustem Uzbekov
- Laboratoire Biologie Cellulaire et Microscopie Electronique, Faculté Médecine, University François Rabelais, Tours, France.,Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Moscow State University, Russia
| | - Peggy Jarrier
- INRA, UMR85 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Nouzilly, France.,CNRS, UMR6175 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Nouzilly, France.,Université François Rabelais de Tours, France.,IFCE, Nouzilly, France
| | - Sophie Fouchécourt
- INRA, UMR85 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Nouzilly, France.,CNRS, UMR6175 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Nouzilly, France.,Université François Rabelais de Tours, France.,IFCE, Nouzilly, France
| | - Clotilde Duquenne
- Laboratoire de Développement des Gonades, INSERM U967, CEA/DSV/iRCM/SCSR/LDG, Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Fontenay-Aux-Roses, France
| | - Anne-Simone Parent
- Developmental Neuroendocrinology Unit, GIGA Neurosciences, University of Liège, CHU Sart Tilman, Belgium
| | - Jean-Christophe Marine
- Laboratory for Molecular Cancer Biology, Center for Human Genetics, KULeuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Center for the Biology of Disease, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Philippe Monget
- INRA, UMR85 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Nouzilly, France.,CNRS, UMR6175 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, Nouzilly, France.,Université François Rabelais de Tours, France.,IFCE, Nouzilly, France
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Lemos A, Leão M, Soares J, Palmeira A, Pinto M, Saraiva L, Sousa ME. Medicinal Chemistry Strategies to Disrupt the p53-MDM2/MDMX Interaction. Med Res Rev 2016; 36:789-844. [PMID: 27302609 DOI: 10.1002/med.21393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The growth inhibitory activity of p53 tumor suppressor is tightly regulated by interaction with two negative regulatory proteins, murine double minute 2 (MDM2) and X (MDMX), which are overexpressed in about half of all human tumors. The elucidation of crystallographic structures of MDM2/MDMX complexes with p53 has been pivotal for the identification of several classes of inhibitors of the p53-MDM2/MDMX interaction. The present review provides in silico strategies and screening approaches used in drug discovery as well as an overview of the most relevant classes of small-molecule inhibitors of the p53-MDM2/MDMX interaction, their progress in pipeline, and highlights particularities of each class of inhibitors. Most of the progress made with high-throughput screening has led to the development of inhibitors belonging to the cis-imidazoline, piperidinone, and spiro-oxindole series. However, novel potent and selective classes of inhibitors of the p53-MDM2 interaction with promising antitumor activity are emerging. Even with the discovery of the 3D structure of complex p53-MDMX, only two small molecules were reported as selective p53-MDMX antagonists, WK298 and SJ-172550. Dual inhibition of the p53-MDM2/MDMX interaction has shown to be an alternative approach since it results in full activation of the p53-dependent pathway. The knowledge of structural requirements crucial to the development of small-molecule inhibitors of the p53-MDMs interactions has enabled the identification of novel antitumor agents with improved in vivo efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agostinho Lemos
- Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Mariana Leão
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana Soares
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Andreia Palmeira
- Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Madalena Pinto
- Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.,CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Rua de Bragas, 289, 4050-123, Porto, Portugal
| | - Lucília Saraiva
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria Emília Sousa
- Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.,CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Rua de Bragas, 289, 4050-123, Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Stępiński D. Nucleolus-derived mediators in oncogenic stress response and activation of p53-dependent pathways. Histochem Cell Biol 2016; 146:119-39. [PMID: 27142852 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-016-1443-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Rapid growth and division of cells, including tumor ones, is correlated with intensive protein biosynthesis. The output of nucleoli, organelles where translational machineries are formed, depends on a rate of particular stages of ribosome production and on accessibility of elements crucial for their effective functioning, including substrates, enzymes as well as energy resources. Different factors that induce cellular stress also often lead to nucleolar dysfunction which results in ribosome biogenesis impairment. Such nucleolar disorders, called nucleolar or ribosomal stress, usually affect cellular functioning which in fact is a result of p53-dependent pathway activation, elicited as a response to stress. These pathways direct cells to new destinations such as cell cycle arrest, damage repair, differentiation, autophagy, programmed cell death or aging. In the case of impaired nucleolar functioning, nucleolar and ribosomal proteins mediate activation of the p53 pathways. They are also triggered as a response to oncogenic factor overexpression to protect tissues and organs against extensive proliferation of abnormal cells. Intentional impairment of any step of ribosome biosynthesis which would direct the cells to these destinations could be a strategy used in anticancer therapy. This review presents current knowledge on a nucleolus, mainly in relation to cancer biology, which is an important and extremely sensitive element of the mechanism participating in cellular stress reaction mediating activation of the p53 pathways in order to counteract stress effects, especially cancer development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dariusz Stępiński
- Department of Cytophysiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236, Łódź, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Wang W, Nijampatnam B, Velu SE, Zhang R. Discovery and development of synthetic tricyclic pyrroloquinone (TPQ) alkaloid analogs for human cancer therapy. Front Chem Sci Eng 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11705-016-1562-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
|
49
|
Rao M, Atay SM, Shukla V, Hong Y, Upham T, Ripley RT, Hong JA, Zhang M, Reardon E, Fetsch P, Miettinen M, Li X, Peer CJ, Sissung T, Figg WD, De Rienzo A, Bueno R, Schrump DS. Mithramycin Depletes Specificity Protein 1 and Activates p53 to Mediate Senescence and Apoptosis of Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma Cells. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 22:1197-210. [PMID: 26459178 PMCID: PMC4775437 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-3379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Specificity protein 1 (SP1) is an oncogenic transcription factor overexpressed in various human malignancies. This study sought to examine SP1 expression in malignant pleural mesotheliomas (MPM) and ascertain the potential efficacy of targeting SP1 in these neoplasms. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN qRT-PCR, immunoblotting, and immunohistochemical techniques were used to evaluate SP1 expression in cultured MPM cells and MPM specimens and normal mesothelial cells/pleura. MTS, chemotaxis, soft agar, β-galactosidase, and Apo-BrdUrd techniques were used to assess proliferation, migration, clonogenicity, senescence, and apoptosis in MPM cells following SP1 knockdown, p53 overexpression, or mithramycin treatment. Murine subcutaneous and intraperitoneal xenograft models were used to examine effects of mithramycin on MPM growth in vivo. Microarray, qRT-PCR, immunoblotting, and chromatin immunoprecipitation techniques were used to examine gene expression profiles mediated by mithramycin and combined SP1 knockdown/p53 overexpression and correlate these changes with SP1 and p53 levels within target gene promoters. RESULTS MPM cells and tumors exhibited higher SP1 mRNA and protein levels relative to control cells/tissues. SP1 knockdown significantly inhibited proliferation, migration, and clonogenicity of MPM cells. Mithramycin depleted SP1 and activated p53, dramatically inhibiting proliferation and clonogenicity of MPM cells. Intraperitoneal mithramycin significantly inhibited growth of subcutaneous MPM xenografts and completely eradicated mesothelioma carcinomatosis in 75% of mice. Mithramycin modulated genes mediating oncogene signaling, cell-cycle regulation, senescence, and apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. The growth-inhibitory effects of mithramycin in MPM cells were recapitulated by combined SP1 knockdown/p53 overexpression. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide preclinical rationale for phase II evaluation of mithramycin in patients with mesothelioma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahadev Rao
- Thoracic Epigenetics Section, Thoracic and GI Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Scott M Atay
- Thoracic Epigenetics Section, Thoracic and GI Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Vivek Shukla
- Thoracic Epigenetics Section, Thoracic and GI Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Young Hong
- Thoracic Epigenetics Section, Thoracic and GI Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Trevor Upham
- Thoracic Epigenetics Section, Thoracic and GI Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - R Taylor Ripley
- Thoracic Epigenetics Section, Thoracic and GI Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Julie A Hong
- Thoracic Epigenetics Section, Thoracic and GI Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Mary Zhang
- Thoracic Epigenetics Section, Thoracic and GI Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Emily Reardon
- Thoracic Epigenetics Section, Thoracic and GI Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Patricia Fetsch
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Markku Miettinen
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Xinmin Li
- Clinical Micro-array Core, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Cody J Peer
- Molecular Pharmacology Section, Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Tristan Sissung
- Molecular Pharmacology Section, Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - William D Figg
- Molecular Pharmacology Section, Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Assunta De Rienzo
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Raphael Bueno
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - David S Schrump
- Thoracic Epigenetics Section, Thoracic and GI Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland.
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Schmitz ML, Kracht M. Cyclin-Dependent Kinases as Coregulators of Inflammatory Gene Expression. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2015; 37:101-113. [PMID: 26719217 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2015.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) exert a variety of functions through regulation of the cell cycle and gene expression, thus implicating them in diverse biological processes. Recent studies have deciphered the molecular mechanisms employed by nuclear CDKs to support the expression of inflammatory mediators. Induced transcription of many proinflammatory genes is increased during the G1 phase of the cell cycle in a CDK-dependent manner. This process involves the cytokine-induced recruitment of CDK6 to the nuclear chromatin fraction where it associates with transcription factors of the NF-κB, STAT, and AP-1 families. The ability of CDK6 to trigger the expression of VEGF-A and p16(INK4A) and to recruit the NF-κB subunit p65 to its target sites is largely independent of its kinase function. The involvement of CDKs in proinflammatory gene expression also allows therapeutic targeting of their functions to interfere with tumor-promoting inflammation or chronic inflammatory diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Lienhard Schmitz
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, Friedrichstrasse 24, Justus-Liebig-University, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
| | - Michael Kracht
- Rudolf-Buchheim-Institute for Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, Schubertstrasse 81, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|