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Leal-Calvo T, Avanzi C, Mendes MA, Benjak A, Busso P, Pinheiro RO, Sarno EN, Cole ST, Moraes MO. A new paradigm for leprosy diagnosis based on host gene expression. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009972. [PMID: 34695167 PMCID: PMC8568100 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcriptional profiling is a powerful tool to investigate and detect human diseases. In this study, we used bulk RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq) to compare the transcriptomes in skin lesions of leprosy patients or controls affected by other dermal conditions such as granuloma annulare, a confounder for paucibacillary leprosy. We identified five genes capable of accurately distinguishing multibacillary and paucibacillary leprosy from other skin conditions. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) expression alone was highly discriminatory, followed by TLR10, BLK, CD38, and SLAMF7, whereas the HS3ST2 and CD40LG mRNA separated multi- and paucibacillary leprosy. Finally, from the main differentially expressed genes (DEG) and enriched pathways, we conclude that paucibacillary disease is characterized by epithelioid transformation and granuloma formation, with an exacerbated cellular immune response, while multibacillary leprosy features epithelial-mesenchymal transition with phagocytic and lipid biogenesis patterns in the skin. These findings will help catalyze the development of better diagnostic tools and potential host-based therapeutic interventions. Finally, our data may help elucidate host-pathogen interplay driving disease clinical manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thyago Leal-Calvo
- Laboratório de Hanseníase, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Charlotte Avanzi
- Global Health Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mayara Abud Mendes
- Laboratório de Hanseníase, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Andrej Benjak
- Global Health Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Busso
- Global Health Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Roberta Olmo Pinheiro
- Laboratório de Hanseníase, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Euzenir Nunes Sarno
- Laboratório de Hanseníase, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Stewart Thomas Cole
- Global Health Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Milton Ozório Moraes
- Laboratório de Hanseníase, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Greco FA, Albini E, Coletti A, Dolciami D, Carotti A, Orabona C, Grohmann U, Macchiarulo A. Tracking Hidden Binding Pockets Along the Molecular Recognition Path ofl‐Trp to Indoleamine 2,3‐Dioxygenase 1. ChemMedChem 2019; 14:2084-2092. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201900529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco A. Greco
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of Perugia via del liceo n.1 06123 Perugia Italy
| | - Elisa Albini
- Department of Experimental MedicineUniversity of Perugia P.le Gambuli 06132 Perugia Italy
| | - Alice Coletti
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of Perugia via del liceo n.1 06123 Perugia Italy
| | - Daniela Dolciami
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of Perugia via del liceo n.1 06123 Perugia Italy
| | - Andrea Carotti
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of Perugia via del liceo n.1 06123 Perugia Italy
| | - Ciriana Orabona
- Department of Experimental MedicineUniversity of Perugia P.le Gambuli 06132 Perugia Italy
| | - Ursula Grohmann
- Department of Experimental MedicineUniversity of Perugia P.le Gambuli 06132 Perugia Italy
| | - Antonio Macchiarulo
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of Perugia via del liceo n.1 06123 Perugia Italy
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3
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Tryptophan metabolism as a common therapeutic target in cancer, neurodegeneration and beyond. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2019; 18:379-401. [PMID: 30760888 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-019-0016-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 762] [Impact Index Per Article: 152.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
L-Tryptophan (Trp) metabolism through the kynurenine pathway (KP) is involved in the regulation of immunity, neuronal function and intestinal homeostasis. Imbalances in Trp metabolism in disorders ranging from cancer to neurodegenerative disease have stimulated interest in therapeutically targeting the KP, particularly the main rate-limiting enzymes indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1), IDO2 and tryptophan-2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) as well as kynurenine monooxygenase (KMO). However, although small-molecule IDO1 inhibitors showed promise in early-stage cancer immunotherapy clinical trials, a phase III trial was negative. This Review summarizes the physiological and pathophysiological roles of Trp metabolism, highlighting the vast opportunities and challenges for drug development in multiple diseases.
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Günther J, Däbritz J, Wirthgen E. Limitations and Off-Target Effects of Tryptophan-Related IDO Inhibitors in Cancer Treatment. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1801. [PMID: 31417567 PMCID: PMC6682646 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunooncology is still a growing area in cancer therapy. Drugs within this therapeutic approach do not directly target/attack the tumor but interfere with immune checkpoints and target or reprogram key metabolic pathways critical for anti-cancer immune defense. Indolamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) and the tryptophan (TRP)-kynurenine pathway were identified as critical mechanisms in cancer immune escape and their inhibition as an approach with promising therapeutic potential. Particularly, a multitude of IDO1 inhibiting tryptophan analogs are widely applied in several clinical trials. However, this therapy results in a variety of implications for the patient's physiology. This is not only due to the inhibition of an enzyme important in almost every organ and tissue in the body but also because of the general nature of the inhibitor as an analog of a proteinogenic amino acid as well as the initiation of cellular detoxification known to affect inflammatory pathways. In this review we provide a deeper insight into the physiological consequences of an IDO1 inhibiting therapy based on TRP related molecules. We discuss potential side and off-target effects that contribute to the interpretation of unexpected positive as well as negative results of ongoing or discontinued clinical studies while we also highlight the potential of these inhibitors independent of the IDO1 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Günther
- Research Group Epigenetics, Metabolism and Longevity, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Jan Däbritz
- Department of Pediatrics, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Elisa Wirthgen
- Department of Pediatrics, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
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Herrera S, Martínez-Sanz J, Serrano-Villar S. HIV, Cancer, and the Microbiota: Common Pathways Influencing Different Diseases. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1466. [PMID: 31316514 PMCID: PMC6610485 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV infection exerts profound and perhaps irreversible damage to the gut mucosal-associated lymphoid tissues, resulting in long-lasting changes in the signals required for the coordination of commensal colonization and in perturbations at the compositional and functional level of the gut microbiota. These abnormalities in gut microbial communities appear to affect clinical outcomes, including T-cell recovery, vaccine responses, HIV transmission, cardiovascular disease, and cancer pathogenesis. For example, the microbial signature associated with HIV infection has been shown to induce tryptophan catabolism, affect the butyrate synthesis pathway, impair anti-tumoral immunity and affect oxidative stress, which have also been linked to the pathogenesis of cancer. Furthermore, some of the taxa that are depleted in subjects with HIV have proved to modulate the anti-tumor efficacy of various chemotherapies and immunotherapeutic agents. The aim of this work is to provide a broad overview of recent advances in our knowledge of how HIV might affect the microbiota, with a focus on the pathways shared with cancer pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Herrera
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Facultad de Medicina, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Universidad de Alcalá (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Martínez-Sanz
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Facultad de Medicina, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Universidad de Alcalá (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergio Serrano-Villar
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Facultad de Medicina, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal, Universidad de Alcalá (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
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Effects of 1-Methyltryptophan on Immune Responses and the Kynurenine Pathway after Lipopolysaccharide Challenge in Pigs. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19103009. [PMID: 30279361 PMCID: PMC6213023 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19103009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An enhanced indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) activity is associated with an increased mortality risk in sepsis patients. Thus, the preventive inhibition of IDO1 activity may be a promising strategy to attenuate the severity of septic shock. 1-methyltryptophan (1-MT) is currently in the interest of research due to its potential inhibitory effects on IDO1 and immunomodulatory properties. The present study aims to investigate the protective and immunomodulatory effects of 1-methyltryptophan against endotoxin-induced shock in a porcine in vivo model. Effects of 1-MT were determined on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced tryptophan (TRP) degradation, immune response and sickness behaviour. 1-MT increased TRP and its metabolite kynurenic acid (KYNA) in plasma and tissues, suppressed the LPS-induced maturation of neutrophils and increased inactivity of the animals. 1-MT did not inhibit the LPS-induced degradation of TRP to kynurenine (KYN)-a marker for IDO1 activity-although the increase in KYNA indicates that degradation to one branch of the KYN pathway is facilitated. In conclusion, our findings provide no evidence for IDO1 inhibition but reveal the side effects of 1-MT that may result from the proven interference of KYNA and 1-MT with aryl hydrocarbon receptor signalling. These effects should be considered for therapeutic applications of 1-MT.
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Fiorito S, Greco FA, Coletti A, Dolciami D, Viola S, Grohmann U, Macchiarulo A. Microscale Thermophoresis and Docking Studies Suggest Lapachol and Auraptene are Ligands of IDO1. Nat Prod Commun 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1801300909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) is a key target for the development of small molecule immunotherapies in oncology. In this framework, the screening of chemotherapeutic agents to identify compounds binding to IDO1 represents a valuable strategy for the development of multitarget drug candidates that combine synergic immunoregulatory properties to cytotoxic activity. In this study, we report that two natural compounds endowed with anticancer activity, namely lapachol and auraptene, act as IDO1 ligands with dissociation constant (Kd) in the micromolar range of potency. Docking studies provide plausible binding modes of these compounds to the catalytic cleft of IDO1. Our results support the notion that lapachol and auraptene may be considered interesting lead compounds in the immuno-oncology setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Fiorito
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, via del Liceo, 1 - 06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Francesco A. Greco
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, via del Liceo, 1 - 06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Alice Coletti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, via del Liceo, 1 - 06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Daniela Dolciami
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, via del Liceo, 1 - 06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Silvia Viola
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, via del Liceo, 1 - 06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Ursula Grohmann
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, via Gambuli, 1 - 06132, Perugia, Italy
| | - Antonio Macchiarulo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, via del Liceo, 1 - 06123, Perugia, Italy
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Roy A, Das S, Manna D. Effect of Molecular Crowding Agents on the Activity and Stability of Immunosuppressive Enzyme Indoleamine 2,3‐Dioxygenase 1. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201801366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ashalata Roy
- Department of ChemistryIndian Institute of Technology Guwahati Guwahati-781039 Assam India
| | - Sreeparna Das
- Department of ChemistryIndian Institute of Technology Guwahati Guwahati-781039 Assam India
| | - Debasis Manna
- Department of ChemistryIndian Institute of Technology Guwahati Guwahati-781039 Assam India
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9
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Fragment-based approach to identify IDO1 inhibitor building blocks. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 141:169-177. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.09.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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10
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Binding properties of different categories of IDO1 inhibitors: a microscale thermophoresis study. Future Med Chem 2017; 9:1327-1338. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2017-0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Inhibition of IDO1 is a strategy pursued in the immune-oncology pipeline for the development of novel anticancer therapies. At odds with an ever-increasing number of inhibitors being disclosed in the literature and patent applications, only very few compounds have hitherto advanced in clinical settings. Materials & methods: We have used MicroScale Thermophoresis analysis and docking calculations to assess on a quantitative basis the binding properties of distinct categories of inhibitors to IDO1. Results: Results shed further light on hidden molecular aspects governing the recognition by the enzyme of compounds with different mechanism of inhibition. Conclusion: Results pinpoint specific binding features of distinct inhibitors to IDO1 that offer clues for the design of next-generation inhibitors of the enzyme.
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