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Ramsay E, Montaser AB, Niitsu K, Urtti A, Auriola S, Huttunen KM, Uchida Y, Kidron H, Terasaki T. Transporter Protein Expression of Corneal Epithelium in Rabbit and Porcine: Evaluation of Models for Ocular Drug Transport Study. Mol Pharm 2024; 21:3204-3217. [PMID: 38809137 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c01210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
The transcorneal route is the main entry route for drugs to the intraocular parts, after topical administration. The outer surface, the corneal epithelium (CE), forms the rate-limiting barrier for drug permeability. Information about the role and protein expression of drug and amino acid transporter proteins in the CE is sparse and lacking. The aim of our study was to characterize transporter protein expression in rabbit and porcine CE to better understand potential drug and nutrient absorption after topical administration. Proteins, mainly Abc and Slc transporters, were characterized with quantitative targeted absolute proteomics and global untargeted proteomics methods. In the rabbit CE, 24 of 48 proteins were detected in the targeted approach, and 21 of these were quantified. In the porcine CE, 26 of 58 proteins were detected in the targeted approach, and 20 of these were quantified. Among these, 15 proteins were quantified in both animals: 4f2hc (Slc3a2), Aqp0, Asct1 (Slc1a4), Asct2 (Slc1a5), Glut1 (Slc2a1), Hmit (Slc2a13), Insr, Lat1 (Slc7a5), Mct1 (Slc16a1), Mct2 (Slc16a7), Mct4 (Slc16a3), Mrp 4 (Abcc4), Na+/K+-ATPase, Oatp3a1 (Slco3a1), and Snat2 (Slc38a2). Overall, the global proteomics results supported the targeted proteomics results. Organic anion transporting polypeptide Oatp3a1 was detected and quantified for the first time in both rabbit (1.4 ± 0.4 fmol/cm2) and porcine (11.1 ± 5.3 fmol/cm2) CE. High expression levels were observed for L-type amino acid transporter, Lat1, which was quantified with newly selected extracellular domain peptides in rabbit (48.9 ± 11.8 fmol/cm2) and porcine (37.6 ± 11.5 fmol/cm2) CE. The knowledge of transporter protein expression in ocular barriers is a key factor in the successful design of new ocular drugs, pharmacokinetic modeling, understanding ocular diseases, and the translation to human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Ramsay
- Drug Research Programme, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ahmed B Montaser
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1 C, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kanako Niitsu
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1 C, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Arto Urtti
- Drug Research Programme, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1 C, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Seppo Auriola
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1 C, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kristiina M Huttunen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1 C, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Yasuo Uchida
- Department of Molecular Systems Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-0037, Japan
| | - Heidi Kidron
- Drug Research Programme, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tetsuya Terasaki
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistonranta 1 C, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
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Tolboom N, Verger A, Albert NL, Fraioli F, Guedj E, Traub-Weidinger T, Morbelli S, Herrmann K, Zucchetta P, Plasschaert SLA, Yakushev I, Weller M, Glas M, Preusser M, Cecchin D, Barthel H, Van Weehaeghe D. Theranostics in Neurooncology: Heading Toward New Horizons. J Nucl Med 2024; 65:167-173. [PMID: 38071569 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.123.266205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic approaches to brain tumors remain a challenge, with considerable limitations regarding delivery of drugs. There has been renewed and increasing interest in translating the popular theranostic approach well known from prostate and neuroendocrine cancer to neurooncology. Although far from perfect, some of these approaches show encouraging preliminary results, such as for meningioma and leptomeningeal spread of certain pediatric brain tumors. In brain metastases and gliomas, clinical results have failed to impress. Perspectives on these theranostic approaches regarding meningiomas, brain metastases, gliomas, and common pediatric brain tumors will be discussed. For each tumor entity, the general context, an overview of the literature, and future perspectives will be provided. Ongoing studies will be discussed in the supplemental materials. As most theranostic agents are unlikely to cross the blood-brain barrier, the delivery of these agents will be dependent on the successful development and clinical implementation of techniques enhancing permeability and retention. Moreover, the international community should strive toward sufficiently large and randomized studies to generate high-level evidence on theranostic approaches with radioligand therapies for central nervous system tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelleke Tolboom
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Antoine Verger
- IADI, INSERM, UMR 1254, Department of Nuclear Medicine and Nancyclotep Imaging Platform, CHRU-Nancy, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France
| | - Nathalie L Albert
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Francesco Fraioli
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eric Guedj
- Département de Médecine Nucléaire, Hôpital de la Timone, CERIMED, Institut Fresnel, Aix Marseille University, APHM, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Tatjana Traub-Weidinger
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Silvia Morbelli
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa Italy
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Ken Herrmann
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Duisburg-Essen and German Cancer Consortium-University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Pietro Zucchetta
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Igor Yakushev
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich and Munich Center for Neurosciences-Brain and Mind, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Weller
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Glas
- Division of Clinical Neurooncology, Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences, University Medicine Essen, University Duisburg-Essen and German Cancer Consortium, Essen, Germany
| | - Matthias Preusser
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Diego Cecchin
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine-DIMED, University Hospital of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Henryk Barthel
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Leipzig University Medical Centre, Leipzig, Germany; and
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Järvinen J, Pulkkinen H, Rautio J, Timonen JM. Amino Acid-Based Boron Carriers in Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT). Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2663. [PMID: 38140004 PMCID: PMC10748186 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15122663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Interest in the design of boronated amino acids has emerged, partly due to the utilization of boronophenylalanine (BPA), one of the two agents employed in clinical Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT). The boronated amino acids synthesized thus far for BNCT investigations can be classified into two categories based on the source of boron: boronic acids or carboranes. Amino acid-based boron carriers, employed in the context of BNCT treatment, demonstrate significant potential in the treatment of challenging tumors, such as those located in the brain. This review aims to shed light on the developmental journey and challenges encountered over the years in the field of amino acid-based boron delivery compound development. The primary focus centers on the utilization of the large amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1) as a target for boron carriers in BNCT. The development of efficient carriers remains a critical objective, addressing challenges related to tumor specificity, effective boron delivery, and rapid clearance from normal tissue and blood. LAT1 presents an intriguing and promising target for boron delivery, given its numerous characteristics that make it well suited for drug delivery into tumor tissues, particularly in the case of brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juulia Järvinen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Herkko Pulkkinen
- Department of Technical Physics, Faculty of Science, Forestry and Technology, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jarkko Rautio
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Juri M. Timonen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5E, P.O. Box 56, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
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Zhou Z, Li K, Guo Y, Liu P, Chen Q, Fan H, Sun T, Jiang C. ROS/Electro Dual-Reactive Nanogel for Targeting Epileptic Foci to Remodel Aberrant Circuits and Inflammatory Microenvironment. ACS NANO 2023; 17:7847-7864. [PMID: 37039779 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c01140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Medicinal treatment against epilepsy is faced with intractable problems, especially epileptogenesis that cannot be blocked by clinical antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) during the latency of epilepsy. Abnormal circuits of neurons interact with the inflammatory microenvironment of glial cells in epileptic foci, resulting in recurrent seizures and refractory epilepsy. Herein, we have selected phenytoin (PHT) as a model drug to derive a ROS-responsive and consuming prodrug, which is combined with an electro-responsive group (sulfonate sodium, SS) and an epileptic focus-recognizing group (α-methyl-l-tryptophan, AMT) to form hydrogel nanoparticles (i.e., a nanogel). The nanogel will target epileptic foci, release PHT in response to a high concentration of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the microenvironment, and inhibit overexcited circuits. Meanwhile, with the clearance of ROS, the nanogel can also reduce oxidative stress and alleviate microenvironment inflammation. Thus, a synergistic regulation of epileptic lesions will be achieved. Our nanogel is expected to provide a more comprehensive strategy for antiepileptic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Keying Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Guo
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Peixin Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Qinjun Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongrui Fan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Jiang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
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Kaur N, Popli P, Tiwary N, Swami R. Small molecules as cancer targeting ligands: Shifting the paradigm. J Control Release 2023; 355:417-433. [PMID: 36754149 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Conventional chemotherapeutics exploration is hampered due to their nonspecific distribution leading to unintended serious toxicity. Toxicity is so severe that deciding to go for chemotherapy becomes a question of concern for many terminally ill cancer patients. However, with evolving times nanotechnology assisted in reducing the haywire distribution and channelizing the movement of drug-enclosing drug delivery systems to cancer cells to a greater extent, yet toxicity issues still could not be obliterated. Thus, active targeting appeared as a refuge, where ligands actively or specifically deliver linked chemotherapeutics and carriers to cancer cells. For a very long time, large molecule weight/macromolecular ligands (peptides and big polymers) were considered the first choice for ligand-directed active cancer targeting, due to their specificity towards overexpressed native cancer receptors. However, complex characterization, instability, and the expensive nature demanded to reconnoitre better alternatives for macromolecule ligands. The concept of small molecules as ligands emerged from the idea that few chemical molecules including chemotherapeutics have a higher affinity for cancer receptors, which are overexpressed on cell membranes, and may have the ability to assist in drug cellular uptake through endocytosis. But now the question is, can they assist the conjugated macro cargos to enter the cell or not? This present review will provide a holistic overview of the small molecule ligands explored till now.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navjeet Kaur
- Department of Physics, Mata Gujri College, Fatehgarh Sahib, Punjab, India
| | - Pankaj Popli
- Maharishi Markandeshwar College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar University, Mullana, India
| | - Neha Tiwary
- Maharishi Markandeshwar College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar University, Mullana, India
| | - Rajan Swami
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chikara University, Punjab, India.
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6
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Gyimesi G, Hediger MA. Transporter-Mediated Drug Delivery. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031151. [PMID: 36770817 PMCID: PMC9919865 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Transmembrane transport of small organic and inorganic molecules is one of the cornerstones of cellular metabolism. Among transmembrane transporters, solute carrier (SLC) proteins form the largest, albeit very diverse, superfamily with over 400 members. It was recognized early on that xenobiotics can directly interact with SLCs and that this interaction can fundamentally determine their efficacy, including bioavailability and intertissue distribution. Apart from the well-established prodrug strategy, the chemical ligation of transporter substrates to nanoparticles of various chemical compositions has recently been used as a means to enhance their targeting and absorption. In this review, we summarize efforts in drug design exploiting interactions with specific SLC transporters to optimize their therapeutic effects. Furthermore, we describe current and future challenges as well as new directions for the advanced development of therapeutics that target SLC transporters.
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Liu HJ, Xu P. Strategies to overcome/penetrate the BBB for systemic nanoparticle delivery to the brain/brain tumor. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 191:114619. [PMID: 36372301 PMCID: PMC9724744 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite its prevalence in the management of peripheral tumors, compared to surgery and radiation therapy, chemotherapy is still a suboptimal intervention in fighting against brain cancer and cancer brain metastases. This discrepancy is mainly derived from the complicatedly physiological characteristic of intracranial tumors, including the presence of blood-brain barrier (BBB) and limited enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect attributed to blood-brain tumor barrier (BBTB), which largely lead to insufficient therapeutics penetrating to tumor lesions to produce pharmacological effects. Therefore, dependable methodologies that can boost the efficacy of chemotherapy for brain tumors are urgently needed. Recently, nanomedicines have shown great therapeutic potential in brain tumors by employing various transcellular strategies, paracellular strategies, and their hybrids, such as adsorptive-mediated transcytosis, receptor-mediated transcytosis, BBB disruption technology, and so on. It is compulsory to comprehensively summarize these practices to shed light on future directions in developing therapeutic regimens for brain tumors. In this review, the biological and pathological characteristics of brain tumors, including BBB and BBTB, are illustrated. After that, the emerging delivery strategies for brain tumor management are summarized into different classifications and supported with detailed examples. Finally, the potential challenges and prospects for developing and clinical application of brain tumor-oriented nanomedicine are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Jun Liu
- Department of Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, 715 Sumter, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Peisheng Xu
- Department of Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of South Carolina, 715 Sumter, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
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Mitusova K, Peltek OO, Karpov TE, Muslimov AR, Zyuzin MV, Timin AS. Overcoming the blood–brain barrier for the therapy of malignant brain tumor: current status and prospects of drug delivery approaches. J Nanobiotechnology 2022; 20:412. [PMID: 36109754 PMCID: PMC9479308 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-022-01610-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Besides the broad development of nanotechnological approaches for cancer diagnosis and therapy, currently, there is no significant progress in the treatment of different types of brain tumors. Therapeutic molecules crossing the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and reaching an appropriate targeting ability remain the key challenges. Many invasive and non-invasive methods, and various types of nanocarriers and their hybrids have been widely explored for brain tumor treatment. However, unfortunately, no crucial clinical translations were observed to date. In particular, chemotherapy and surgery remain the main methods for the therapy of brain tumors. Exploring the mechanisms of the BBB penetration in detail and investigating advanced drug delivery platforms are the key factors that could bring us closer to understanding the development of effective therapy against brain tumors. In this review, we discuss the most relevant aspects of the BBB penetration mechanisms, observing both invasive and non-invasive methods of drug delivery. We also review the recent progress in the development of functional drug delivery platforms, from viruses to cell-based vehicles, for brain tumor therapy. The destructive potential of chemotherapeutic drugs delivered to the brain tumor is also considered. This review then summarizes the existing challenges and future prospects in the use of drug delivery platforms for the treatment of brain tumors.
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del Alamo D, DeSousa L, Nair RM, Rahman S, Meiler J, Mchaourab HS. Integrated AlphaFold2 and DEER investigation of the conformational dynamics of a pH-dependent APC antiporter. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2206129119. [PMID: 35969794 PMCID: PMC9407458 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2206129119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Amino Acid-Polyamine-Organocation (APC) transporter GadC contributes to the survival of pathogenic bacteria under extreme acid stress by exchanging extracellular glutamate for intracellular γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Its structure, determined in an inward-facing conformation at alkaline pH, consists of the canonical LeuT-fold with a conserved five-helix inverted repeat, thereby resembling functionally divergent transporters such as the serotonin transporter SERT and the glucose-sodium symporter SGLT1. However, despite this structural similarity, it is unclear if the conformational dynamics of antiporters such as GadC follow the blueprint of these or other LeuT-fold transporters. Here, we used double electron-electron resonance (DEER) spectroscopy to monitor the conformational dynamics of GadC in lipid bilayers in response to acidification and substrate binding. To guide experimental design and facilitate the interpretation of the DEER data, we generated an ensemble of structural models in multiple conformations using a recently introduced modification of AlphaFold2 . Our experimental results reveal acid-induced conformational changes that dislodge the Cterminus from the permeation pathway coupled with rearrangement of helices that enables isomerization between inward- and outward-facing states. The substrate glutamate, but not GABA, modulates the dynamics of an extracellular thin gate without shifting the equilibrium between inward- and outward-facing conformations. In addition to introducing an integrated methodology for probing transporter conformational dynamics, the congruence of the DEER data with patterns of structural rearrangements deduced from ensembles of AlphaFold2 models illuminates the conformational cycle of GadC underpinning transport and exposes yet another example of the divergence between the dynamics of different families in the LeuT-fold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego del Alamo
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37212
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37212
| | - Lillian DeSousa
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37212
| | - Rahul M. Nair
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37212
| | - Suhaila Rahman
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37212
| | - Jens Meiler
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37212
- Institute for Drug Discovery, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany 04109
| | - Hassane S. Mchaourab
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37212
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Chen J, Zhuang Y, Zhang Y, Liao H, Liu R, Cheng J, Zhang Z, Sun J, Gao J, Wang X, Chen S, Zhang L, Che F, Wan Q. A synthetic BBB-permeable tripeptide GCF confers neuroprotection by increasing glycine in the ischemic brain. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:950376. [PMID: 36046828 PMCID: PMC9420865 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.950376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: We and others have previously demonstrated that glycine is neuroprotective in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. But glycine has low permeability to the blood–brain barrier (BBB). To deliver glycine into the ischemic brain to confer neuroprotection, we designed a novel glycine-containing and BBB-permeable tripeptide, the H-glycine-cysteine-phenylalanine-OH (GCF). Methods: For the synthesis of GCF, phenylalanine was included to increase the BBB permeability of the tripeptide. Cysteine was conjugated with glycine to enable the release of glycine from GCF. With the use of immunofluorescence labeling and HPLC assays, we measured the distribution and level of GCF. We used TTC labeling, LDH release, and MTT assays to evaluate the neuroprotective effect of GCF. Results: Following intravenous injection in a rat model of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury, GCF was intensively distributed in the ischemic neurons. Intravenous injection of GCF, but not the non-cleavable acetyl-GCF, resulted in the elevation of glycine in the ischemic brain. GCF but not acetyl-GC conferred neuroprotection in ischemic stroke animals. Conclusion: GCF protects against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in the rat. In contrast to peptide drugs that exert therapeutic effect by interfering with signaling interaction, GCF acts as a BBB shuttle and prodrug to deliver glycine to confer neuroprotection, representing a novel therapeutic strategy for acute ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Chen
- Department of Neurology, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yang Zhuang
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ya Zhang
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Huabao Liao
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Rui Liu
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Cheng
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhifeng Zhang
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiangdong Sun
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Institute of Neuroregeneration and Neurorehabilitation, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jingchen Gao
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Institute of Neuroregeneration and Neurorehabilitation, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiyuran Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Institute of Neuroregeneration and Neurorehabilitation, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Shujun Chen
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Institute of Neuroregeneration and Neurorehabilitation, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Fengyuan Che
- Central Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Linyi People’s Hospital, Qingdao University, Linyi, China
- *Correspondence: Qi Wan, ; Fengyuan Che,
| | - Qi Wan
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Institute of Neuroregeneration and Neurorehabilitation, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao Gui-Hong Intelligent Medical Technology Co., Ltd., Qingdao, China
- *Correspondence: Qi Wan, ; Fengyuan Che,
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Cysteine Donor-Based Brain-Targeting Prodrug: Opportunities and Challenges. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:4834117. [PMID: 35251474 PMCID: PMC8894025 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4834117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Overcoming blood-brain barrier (BBB) to improve brain bioavailability of therapeutic drug remains an ongoing concern. Prodrug is one of the most reliable approaches for delivering agents with low-level BBB permeability into the brain. The well-known antioxidant capacities of cysteine (Cys) and its vital role in glutathione (GSH) synthesis indicate that Cys-based prodrug could potentiate therapeutic drugs against oxidative stress-related neurodegenerative disorders. Moreover, prodrug with Cys moiety could be recognized by the excitatory amino acid transporter 3 (EAAT3) that is highly expressed at the BBB and transports drug into the brain. In this review, we summarized the strategies of crossing BBB, properties of EAAT3 and its natural substrates, Cys and its donors, and Cys donor-based brain-targeting prodrugs by referring to recent investigations. Moreover, the challenges that we are faced with and future research orientations were also addressed and proposed. It is hoped that present review will provide evidence for the pursuit of novel Cys donor-based brain-targeting prodrug.
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12
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Ni R, Duan D, Li B, Li Z, Li L, Ming Y, Wang X, Chen J. Dual-modified PCL-PEG nanoparticles for improved targeting and therapeutic efficacy of docetaxel against colorectal cancer. Pharm Dev Technol 2021; 26:910-921. [PMID: 34280065 DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2021.1957930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Polycaprolactone-poly (ethylene glycol) block copolymer (PCL-PEG) based nanoparticles were prepared for the intravenous administration of docetaxel (DTX). PCL-PEG-Tyr and PCL-PEG-Ang were synthesized by using tyrosine (Tyr) and angiopep-2 (Ang) as coupling ligands, and dual-modified PCL-PEG-based nanoparticles (PCL-PEG-Tyr/Ang) were prepared. The physicochemical properties, in vitro drug release, in vitro cytotoxicity, in vitro cellular uptake efficiency, in vivo biodistribution and in vivo antitumor efficacy of PCL-PEG-based nanoparticles were investigated. The PCL-PEG-based nanoparticles were spherical with a mean diameter of 100 nm and high encapsulation efficiencies (> 85%). The results of in vitro drug release showed that the PCL-PEG-based nanoparticles loaded with DTX had sustained-release characteristics. For in vitro cytotoxicity tests, the dual-modified PCL-PEG-based nanoparticles (PCL-PEG-Tyr/Ang) demonstrated the minimum IC50 value (2.94 µg/mL) compared with other PCL-PEG-based nanoparticles. In addition, the cellular uptake of coumarin-6 (C6) in HT29 cells was observed and determined in the PCL-PEG-Tyr/Ang nanoparticles group, which was significantly higher than that in the other PCL-PEG-based groups and C6 solution group. The results of in vivo imaging showed that dual-modified PCL-PEG nanoparticles had better tumor targeting than the other PCL-PEG-based nanoparticles. In the HT29 tumor-xenografted nude mice model, DTX-loaded PCL-PEG-Tyr/Ang nanoparticles also had a significantly higher inhibitory efficacy on tumor growth than Taxotere®-treated group. These results indicated that the dual-modified PCL-PEG-based nanoparticles (PCL-PEG-Tyr/Ang) could be a promising anticancer drug delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Ni
- Department of Pharmacy, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dongyu Duan
- Department of Pharmacy, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Bin Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ziwei Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yue Ming
- Department of Pharmacy, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xianfeng Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jianhong Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
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13
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Kärkkäinen J, Laitinen T, Markowicz-Piasecka M, Montaser A, Lehtonen M, Rautio J, Gynther M, Poso A, Huttunen KM. Molecular characteristics supporting l-Type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1)-mediated translocation. Bioorg Chem 2021; 112:104921. [PMID: 33933805 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.104921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
l-Type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1) is an interesting protein due to its peculiar expression profile. It can be utilized not only as a carrier for improved or targeted drug delivery, e.g., into the brain but also as a target protein by which amino acid supply can be restricted, e.g., from the cancer cells. The recognition and binding processes of LAT1-ligands, such as amino acids and clinically used small molecules, including l-dopa, gabapentin, and melphalan, are today well-known. Binding to LAT1 is crucial, particularly when designing the LAT1-inhibitors. However, it will not guarantee effective translocation across the cell membrane via LAT1, which is a definite requirement for LAT1-substrates, such as drugs that elicit their pharmacological effects inside the cells. Therefore, in the present study, the accumulation of known LAT1-utilizing compounds into the selected LAT1-expressing cancer cells (MCF-7) was explored experimentally over a time period. The differences found among the transport efficiency and affinity of the studied compounds for LAT1 were subsequently explained by docking the ligands into the human LAT1 model (based on the recent cryo-electron microscopy structure). Thus, the findings of this study clarify the favorable structural requirements of the size, shape, and polarity of the ligands that support the translocation and effective transport across the cell membrane via LAT1. This knowledge can be applied in future drug design to attain improved or targeted drug delivery and hence, successful LAT1-utilizing drugs with increased therapeutic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jussi Kärkkäinen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland; Department of Pharmacy, Kuopio University Hospital, Finland, P.O. Box 100, FI-70029, KYS, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tuomo Laitinen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Magdalena Markowicz-Piasecka
- Laboratory of Bioanalysis, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry Drug Analysis and Radiopharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Ahmed Montaser
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Marko Lehtonen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jarkko Rautio
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mikko Gynther
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Antti Poso
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kristiina M Huttunen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
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14
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Kou L, Yao Q, Zhang H, Chu M, Bhutia YD, Chen R, Ganapathy V. Transporter-Targeted Nano-Sized Vehicles for Enhanced and Site-Specific Drug Delivery. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2837. [PMID: 33019627 PMCID: PMC7599460 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12102837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nano-devices are recognized as increasingly attractive to deliver therapeutics to target cells. The specificity of this approach can be improved by modifying the surface of the delivery vehicles such that they are recognized by the target cells. In the past, cell-surface receptors were exploited for this purpose, but plasma membrane transporters also hold similar potential. Selective transporters are often highly expressed in biological barriers (e.g., intestinal barrier, blood-brain barrier, and blood-retinal barrier) in a site-specific manner, and play a key role in the vectorial transfer of nutrients. Similarly, selective transporters are also overexpressed in the plasma membrane of specific cell types under pathological states to meet the biological needs demanded by such conditions. Nano-drug delivery systems could be strategically modified to make them recognizable by these transporters to enhance the transfer of drugs across the biological barriers or to selectively expose specific cell types to therapeutic drugs. Here, we provide a comprehensive review and detailed evaluation of the recent advances in the field of transporter-targeted nano-drug delivery systems. We specifically focus on areas related to intestinal absorption, transfer across blood-brain barrier, tumor-cell selective targeting, ocular drug delivery, identification of the transporters appropriate for this purpose, and details of the rationale for the approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longfa Kou
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang 325027, China;
- Wenzhou Municipal Key Laboratory of Pediatric Pharmacy, Zhejiang 325027, China; (Q.Y.); (H.Z.); (M.C.)
| | - Qing Yao
- Wenzhou Municipal Key Laboratory of Pediatric Pharmacy, Zhejiang 325027, China; (Q.Y.); (H.Z.); (M.C.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Hailin Zhang
- Wenzhou Municipal Key Laboratory of Pediatric Pharmacy, Zhejiang 325027, China; (Q.Y.); (H.Z.); (M.C.)
- Department of Children’s Respiration Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Maoping Chu
- Wenzhou Municipal Key Laboratory of Pediatric Pharmacy, Zhejiang 325027, China; (Q.Y.); (H.Z.); (M.C.)
- Pediatric Research Institute, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Yangzom D. Bhutia
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA;
| | - Ruijie Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang 325027, China;
- Wenzhou Municipal Key Laboratory of Pediatric Pharmacy, Zhejiang 325027, China; (Q.Y.); (H.Z.); (M.C.)
| | - Vadivel Ganapathy
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang 325027, China;
- Wenzhou Municipal Key Laboratory of Pediatric Pharmacy, Zhejiang 325027, China; (Q.Y.); (H.Z.); (M.C.)
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA;
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15
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Colas C. Toward a Systematic Structural and Functional Annotation of Solute Carriers Transporters-Example of the SLC6 and SLC7 Families. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:1229. [PMID: 32973497 PMCID: PMC7466448 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.01229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
SLC transporters are emerging key drug targets. One important step for drug development is the profound understanding of the structural determinants defining the substrate selectivity of each transporter. Recently, the improvement of computational power and experimental methods such as X-ray and cryo-EM crystallography permitted to conduct structure-based studies on specific transporters having important pharmacological impact. However, a lot remains to be discovered regarding their dynamics, transport modulation and ligand recognition. A detailed functional characterization of transporters would provide opportunities to develop new compounds targeting these key drug targets. Here, we are giving an overview of two major human LeuT-fold families, SLC6 and SLC7, with an emphasis on the most relevant members of each family for drug development. We gather the most recent understanding on the structural determinants of selectivity within and across the two families. We then use this information to discuss the benefits of a more generalized structural and functional annotation of the LeuT fold and the implications of such mapping for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Colas
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Vienna, Austria
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16
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Suwanttananuruk P, Jiaranaikulwanitch J, Waiwut P, Vajragupta O. Lead discovery of a guanidinyl tryptophan derivative on amyloid cascade inhibition. OPEN CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1515/chem-2020-0067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractAmyloid cascade, one of pathogenic pathways of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), was focused as one of drug discovery targets. In this study, β-secretase (BACE1) inhibitors were designed aiming at the development of multifunctional compounds targeting amyloid pathogenic cascade. Tryptophan was used as a core structure due to its properties of the central nervous system (CNS) penetration and BACE1 inhibition activity. Three amino acid residues and guanidine were selected as linkers to connect the tryptophan core structure and the extended aromatic moieties. The distance between the aromatic systems of the core structure and the extended moieties was kept at the optimal length for amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide binding to inhibit its fibrillation and aggregation. Sixteen designed compounds were evaluated in silico. Eight hit compounds of TSR and TGN series containing serine and guanidine linkers, respectively, were identified and synthesized based on docking results. TSR2 and TGN2 were found to exert strong actions as BACE1 (IC50 24.18 µM and 22.35 µM) and amyloid aggregation inhibitors (IC50 37.06 µM and 36.12 µM). Only TGN2 demonstrated a neuroprotective effect in SH-SY5Y cells by significantly reducing Aβ-induced cell death at a concentration of 2.62 µM. These results support the validity of multifunctional approaches to inhibition of the β-amyloid cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyapan Suwanttananuruk
- Center of Excellence for Innovation in Drug Design and Discovery and Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Jutamas Jiaranaikulwanitch
- Center of Excellence for Innovation in Drug Design and Discovery and Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
- Innovation Center for Holistic Health, Nutraceuticals, and Cosmeceuticals, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Pornthip Waiwut
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ubon Ratchathani University, Ubon Ratchathani 34190, Thailand
| | - Opa Vajragupta
- Center of Excellence for Innovation in Drug Design and Discovery and Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
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17
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Pocasap P, Weerapreeyakul N, Timonen J, Järvinen J, Leppänen J, Kärkkäinen J, Rautio J. Tyrosine-Chlorambucil Conjugates Facilitate Cellular Uptake through L-Type Amino Acid Transporter 1 (LAT1) in Human Breast Cancer Cell Line MCF-7. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21062132. [PMID: 32244913 PMCID: PMC7139360 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21062132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
l-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1) is an amino acid transporter that is overexpressed in several types of cancer and, thus, it can be a potential target for chemotherapy. The objectives of this study were to (a) synthesize LAT1-targeted chlorambucil derivatives and (b) evaluate their LAT1-mediated cellular uptake as well as antiproliferative activity in vitro in the human breast cancer MCF-7 cell line. Chlorambucil was conjugated to l-tyrosine—an endogenous LAT1 substrate—via either ester or amide linkage (compounds 1 and 2, respectively). While chlorambucil itself did not bind to LAT1, its derivatives 1 and 2 bound to LAT1 with a similar affinity as with l-tyrosine and their respective cellular uptake was significantly higher than that of chlorambucil in MCF-7. The results of our cellular uptake study are indicative of antiproliferative activity, as a higher intracellular uptake of chlorambucil derivatives resulted in greater cytotoxicity than chlorambucil by itself. LAT1 thus contributes to intracellular uptake of chlorambucil derivatives and, therefore, increases antiproliferative activity. The understanding gained from our research can be used in the development of LAT1-targeted anticancer drugs and prodrugs for site-selective and enhanced chemotherapeutic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piman Pocasap
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand;
- Human High Performance and Health Promotion Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Natthida Weerapreeyakul
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand;
- Human High Performance and Health Promotion Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- Correspondence: (N.W.); (J.R.)
| | - Juri Timonen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland; (J.T.); (J.J.); (J.L.); (J.K.)
| | - Juulia Järvinen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland; (J.T.); (J.J.); (J.L.); (J.K.)
| | - Jukka Leppänen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland; (J.T.); (J.J.); (J.L.); (J.K.)
| | - Jussi Kärkkäinen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland; (J.T.); (J.J.); (J.L.); (J.K.)
| | - Jarkko Rautio
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland; (J.T.); (J.J.); (J.L.); (J.K.)
- Correspondence: (N.W.); (J.R.)
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18
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Zhang L, Sui C, Yang W, Luo Q. Amino acid transporters: Emerging roles in drug delivery for tumor-targeting therapy. Asian J Pharm Sci 2020; 15:192-206. [PMID: 32373199 PMCID: PMC7193455 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2019.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Amino acid transporters, which play a vital role in transporting amino acids for the biosynthesis of mammalian cells, are highly expressed in types of tumors. Increasing studies have shown the feasibility of amino acid transporters as a component of tumor-targeting therapy. In this review, we focus on tumor-related amino acid transporters and their potential use in tumor-targeting therapy. Firstly, the expression characteristics of amino acid transporters in cancer and their relationship with tumor growth are reviewed. Secondly, the recognition requirements are discussed, focusing on the "acid-base" properties, conformational isomerism and structural analogues. Finally, recent developments in amino acid transporter-targeting drug delivery strategies are highlighted, including prodrugs and nanocarriers, with special attention to the latest findings of molecular mechanisms and targeting efficiency of transporter-mediated endocytosis. We aim to offer related clues that might lead to valuable tumor-targeting strategies by the utilization of amino acid transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Zhang
- Department of Biotherapy, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
| | - Chengguang Sui
- Department of Biotherapy, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
| | - Wenhan Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
- Department of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
| | - Qiuhua Luo
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
- Department of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
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19
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Tombari RJ, Saunders CM, Wu CY, Dunlap LE, Tantillo DJ, Olson DE. Ex Vivo Analysis of Tryptophan Metabolism Using 19F NMR. ACS Chem Biol 2019; 14:1866-1873. [PMID: 31449387 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.9b00548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Tryptophan, an essential amino acid, is metabolized into a variety of small molecules capable of impacting human physiology, and aberrant tryptophan metabolism has been linked to a number of diseases. There are three principal routes by which tryptophan is degraded, and thus methods for measuring metabolic flux through these pathways can be used to understand the factors that perturb tryptophan metabolism and potentially to measure disease biomarkers. Here, we describe a method utilizing 6-fluorotryptophan as a probe for detecting tryptophan metabolites in ex vivo tissue samples via 19F nuclear magnetic resonance. As a proof of concept, we demonstrate that 6-fluorotryptophan can be used to measure changes in tryptophan metabolism resulting from antibiotic-induced changes in gut microbiota composition. Taken together, we describe a general strategy for monitoring amino acid metabolism using 19F nuclear magnetic resonance that is operationally simple and does not require chromatographic separation of metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J. Tombari
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Carla M. Saunders
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Chun-Yi Wu
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacokinetics Core Facility, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California 95817, United States
| | - Lee E. Dunlap
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Dean J. Tantillo
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - David E. Olson
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California 95817, United States
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
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20
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Krammer EM, Prévost M. Function and Regulation of Acid Resistance Antiporters. J Membr Biol 2019; 252:465-481. [DOI: 10.1007/s00232-019-00073-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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21
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Chien HC, Colas C, Finke K, Springer S, Stoner L, Zur AA, Venteicher B, Campbell J, Hall C, Flint A, Augustyn E, Hernandez C, Heeren N, Hansen L, Anthony A, Bauer J, Fotiadis D, Schlessinger A, Giacomini KM, Thomas AA. Reevaluating the Substrate Specificity of the L-Type Amino Acid Transporter (LAT1). J Med Chem 2018; 61:7358-7373. [PMID: 30048132 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The L-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1, SLC7A5) transports essential amino acids across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and into cancer cells. To utilize LAT1 for drug delivery, potent amino acid promoieties are desired, as prodrugs must compete with millimolar concentrations of endogenous amino acids. To better understand ligand-transporter interactions that could improve potency, we developed structural LAT1 models to guide the design of substituted analogues of phenylalanine and histidine. Furthermore, we evaluated the structure-activity relationship (SAR) for both enantiomers of naturally occurring LAT1 substrates. Analogues were tested in cis-inhibition and trans-stimulation cell assays to determine potency and uptake rate. Surprisingly, LAT1 can transport amino acid-like substrates with wide-ranging polarities including those containing ionizable substituents. Additionally, the rate of LAT1 transport was generally nonstereoselective even though enantiomers likely exhibit different binding modes. Our findings have broad implications to the development of new treatments for brain disorders and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan-Chieh Chien
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences , University of California, San Francisco , San Francisco , California 94158 , United States
| | - Claire Colas
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences , Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York , New York 10029 , United States
| | - Karissa Finke
- Department of Chemistry , University of Nebraska at Kearney , Kearney , Nebraska 68849 , United States
| | - Seth Springer
- Department of Chemistry , University of Nebraska at Kearney , Kearney , Nebraska 68849 , United States
| | - Laura Stoner
- Department of Chemistry , University of Nebraska at Kearney , Kearney , Nebraska 68849 , United States
| | - Arik A Zur
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences , University of California, San Francisco , San Francisco , California 94158 , United States
| | - Brooklynn Venteicher
- Department of Chemistry , University of Nebraska at Kearney , Kearney , Nebraska 68849 , United States
| | - Jerome Campbell
- Department of Chemistry , University of Nebraska at Kearney , Kearney , Nebraska 68849 , United States
| | - Colton Hall
- Department of Chemistry , University of Nebraska at Kearney , Kearney , Nebraska 68849 , United States
| | - Andrew Flint
- Department of Chemistry , University of Nebraska at Kearney , Kearney , Nebraska 68849 , United States
| | - Evan Augustyn
- Department of Chemistry , University of Nebraska at Kearney , Kearney , Nebraska 68849 , United States
| | - Christopher Hernandez
- Department of Chemistry , University of Nebraska at Kearney , Kearney , Nebraska 68849 , United States
| | - Nathan Heeren
- Department of Chemistry , University of Nebraska at Kearney , Kearney , Nebraska 68849 , United States
| | - Logan Hansen
- Department of Chemistry , University of Nebraska at Kearney , Kearney , Nebraska 68849 , United States
| | - Abby Anthony
- Department of Chemistry , University of Nebraska at Kearney , Kearney , Nebraska 68849 , United States
| | - Justine Bauer
- Department of Chemistry , University of Nebraska at Kearney , Kearney , Nebraska 68849 , United States
| | - Dimitrios Fotiadis
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, and Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) TransCure , University of Bern , 3012 Bern , Switzerland
| | - Avner Schlessinger
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences , Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York , New York 10029 , United States
| | - Kathleen M Giacomini
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences , University of California, San Francisco , San Francisco , California 94158 , United States
| | - Allen A Thomas
- Department of Chemistry , University of Nebraska at Kearney , Kearney , Nebraska 68849 , United States
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22
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Kärkkäinen J, Gynther M, Kokkola T, Petsalo A, Auriola S, Lahtela-Kakkonen M, Laine K, Rautio J, Huttunen KM. Structural properties for selective and efficient l-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1) mediated cellular uptake. Int J Pharm 2018; 544:91-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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23
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinam Park
- Purdue University, Biomedical Engineering and Pharmaceutics, West Lafayette, IN47907, USA.
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24
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Taslimifar M, Buoso S, Verrey F, Kurtcuoglu V. Functional Polarity of Microvascular Brain Endothelial Cells Supported by Neurovascular Unit Computational Model of Large Neutral Amino Acid Homeostasis. Front Physiol 2018; 9:171. [PMID: 29593549 PMCID: PMC5859092 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The homeostatic regulation of large neutral amino acid (LNAA) concentration in the brain interstitial fluid (ISF) is essential for proper brain function. LNAA passage into the brain is primarily mediated by the complex and dynamic interactions between various solute carrier (SLC) transporters expressed in the neurovascular unit (NVU), among which SLC7A5/LAT1 is considered to be the major contributor in microvascular brain endothelial cells (MBEC). The LAT1-mediated trans-endothelial transport of LNAAs, however, could not be characterized precisely by available in vitro and in vivo standard methods so far. To circumvent these limitations, we have incorporated published in vivo data of rat brain into a robust computational model of NVU-LNAA homeostasis, allowing us to evaluate hypotheses concerning LAT1-mediated trans-endothelial transport of LNAAs across the blood brain barrier (BBB). We show that accounting for functional polarity of MBECs with either asymmetric LAT1 distribution between membranes and/or intrinsic LAT1 asymmetry with low intraendothelial binding affinity is required to reproduce the experimentally measured brain ISF response to intraperitoneal (IP) L-tyrosine and L-phenylalanine injection. On the basis of these findings, we have also investigated the effect of IP administrated L-tyrosine and L-phenylalanine on the dynamics of LNAAs in MBECs, astrocytes and neurons. Finally, the computational model was shown to explain the trans-stimulation of LNAA uptake across the BBB observed upon ISF perfusion with a competitive LAT1 inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Taslimifar
- The Interface Group, Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Epithelial Transport Group, Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stefano Buoso
- The Interface Group, Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Zurich University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Francois Verrey
- Epithelial Transport Group, Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,National Center of Competence in Research, Kidney.CH, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Vartan Kurtcuoglu
- The Interface Group, Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,National Center of Competence in Research, Kidney.CH, Zurich, Switzerland.,Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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25
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Kou L, Bhutia YD, Yao Q, He Z, Sun J, Ganapathy V. Transporter-Guided Delivery of Nanoparticles to Improve Drug Permeation across Cellular Barriers and Drug Exposure to Selective Cell Types. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:27. [PMID: 29434548 PMCID: PMC5791163 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted nano-drug delivery systems conjugated with specific ligands to target selective cell-surface receptors or transporters could enhance the efficacy of drug delivery and therapy. Transporters are expressed differentially on the cell-surface of different cell types, and also specific transporters are expressed at higher than normal levels in selective cell types under pathological conditions. They also play a key role in intestinal absorption, delivery via non-oral routes (e.g., pulmonary route and nasal route), and transfer across biological barriers (e.g., blood–brain barrier and blood–retinal barrier. As such, the cell-surface transporters represent ideal targets for nano-drug delivery systems to facilitate drug delivery to selective cell types under normal or pathological conditions and also to avoid off-target adverse side effects of the drugs. There is increasing evidence in recent years supporting the utility of cell-surface transporters in the field of nano-drug delivery to increase oral bioavailability, to improve transfer across the blood–brain barrier, and to enhance delivery of therapeutics in a cell-type selective manner in disease states. Here we provide a comprehensive review of recent advancements in this interesting and important area. We also highlight certain key aspects that need to be taken into account for optimal development of transporter-assisted nano-drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longfa Kou
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States.,Municipal Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Department of Pharmaceutics, Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yangzom D Bhutia
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Qing Yao
- Municipal Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Department of Pharmaceutics, Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhonggui He
- Municipal Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Department of Pharmaceutics, Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jin Sun
- Municipal Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Department of Pharmaceutics, Wuya College of Innovation, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Vadivel Ganapathy
- Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
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26
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Haddad F, Sawalha M, Khawaja Y, Najjar A, Karaman R. Dopamine and Levodopa Prodrugs for the Treatment of Parkinson's Disease. Molecules 2017; 23:E40. [PMID: 29295587 PMCID: PMC5943940 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23010040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Parkinson's disease is an aggressive and progressive neurodegenerative disorder that depletes dopamine (DA) in the central nervous system. Dopamine replacement therapy, mainly through actual dopamine and its original prodrug l-dopa (LD), faces many challenges such as poor blood brain barrier penetration and decreased response to therapy with time. Methods: The prodrugs described herein are ester, amide, dimeric amide, carrier-mediated, peptide transport-mediated, cyclic, chemical delivery systems and enzyme-models prodrugs designed and made by chemical means, and their bioavailability was studied in animals. Results: A promising ester prodrug for intranasal delivery has been developed. LD methyl ester is currently in Phase III clinical trials. A series of amide prodrugs were synthesized with better stability than ester prodrugs. Both amide and dimeric amide prodrugs offer enhanced blood brain barrier (BBB) penetration and better pharmacokinetics. Attaching LD to sugars has been used to exploit glucose transport mechanisms into the brain. Conclusions: Till now, no DA prodrug has reached the pharmaceutical market, nevertheless, the future of utilizing prodrugs for the treatment of PD seems to be bright. For instance, LD ester prodrugs have demonstrated an adequate intranasal delivery of LD, thus enabling the absorption of therapeutic agents to the brain. Most of the amide, cyclic, peptidyl or chemical delivery systems of DA prodrugs demonstrated enhanced pharmacokinetic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Haddad
- Department of Bioorganic & Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Quds University, Jerusalem P.O. Box 20002, Palestine.
| | - Maryam Sawalha
- Department of Bioorganic & Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Quds University, Jerusalem P.O. Box 20002, Palestine.
| | - Yahya Khawaja
- Department of Bioorganic & Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Quds University, Jerusalem P.O. Box 20002, Palestine.
| | - Anas Najjar
- Department of Bioorganic & Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Quds University, Jerusalem P.O. Box 20002, Palestine.
| | - Rafik Karaman
- Department of Bioorganic & Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Quds University, Jerusalem P.O. Box 20002, Palestine.
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Engineering Tumour Cell-Binding Synthetic Polymers with Sensing Dense Transporters Associated with Aberrant Glutamine Metabolism. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6077. [PMID: 28729677 PMCID: PMC5519697 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06438-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased glutamine uptake toward the elevated glutaminolysis is one of the hallmarks of tumour cells. This aberrant glutamine metabolism has recently attracted considerable attention as a diagnostic and therapeutic target. Herein, we developed glutamine-functionalized polymer to achieve a selective high affinity to tumour cells overexpressing glutaminolysis-related transporter ASCT2. In in vitro study, our developed polymer exhibited faster and higher cellular uptake in tumour cells than that in normal cells. Uptake inhibition study revealed the dominant contribution of ASCT2 to the polymer-cell interaction. Furthermore, the binding affinity of the polymer to tumour cells was estimated to be comparable to that of the potent ligand molecules reported in the literature. In in vivo study, the polymer showed prolonged retention at tumour site after intratumoral injection. This study offers a novel approach for designing tumour cell-binding synthetic polymers through the recognition of dense transporters related to tumour-associated metabolism.
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Tornabene E, Brodin B. Stroke and Drug Delivery--In Vitro Models of the Ischemic Blood-Brain Barrier. J Pharm Sci 2016; 105:398-405. [PMID: 26869407 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2015.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is a major cause of death and disability worldwide. Both cerebral hypoperfusion and focal cerebral infarcts are caused by a reduction of blood flow to the brain, leading to stroke and subsequent brain damage. At present, only few medical treatments of stroke are available, with the Food and Drug Administration-approved tissue plasminogen activator for treatment of acute ischemic stroke being the most prominent example. A large number of potential drug candidates for treatment of ischemic brain tissue have been developed and subsequently failed in clinical trials. A deeper understanding of permeation pathways across the barrier in ischemic and postischemic brain endothelium is important for development of new medical treatments. The blood-brain barrier, that is, the endothelial monolayer lining the brain capillaries, changes properties during an ischemic event. In vitro models of the blood-brain barrier are useful tools to investigate the effects of induced ischemia under controlled conditions. In the present mini review, we aim to give a brief overview of the in vitro models of ischemia. Special focus is given to the expression of uptake and efflux transport pathways in the ischemic and postischemic endothelium. Finally, we will point toward future challenges within the field of in vitro models of brain ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Tornabene
- Section of Pharmaceutical Design and Drug Delivery, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Birger Brodin
- Section of Pharmaceutical Design and Drug Delivery, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Barar J, Rafi MA, Pourseif MM, Omidi Y. Blood-brain barrier transport machineries and targeted therapy of brain diseases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 6:225-248. [PMID: 28265539 PMCID: PMC5326671 DOI: 10.15171/bi.2016.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 10/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
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Introduction: Desired clinical outcome of pharmacotherapy of brain diseases largely depends upon the safe drug delivery into the brain parenchyma. However, due to the robust blockade function of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), drug transport into the brain is selectively controlled by the BBB formed by brain capillary endothelial cells and supported by astrocytes and pericytes.
Methods: In the current study, we have reviewed the most recent literature on the subject to provide an insight upon the role and impacts of BBB on brain drug delivery and targeting.
Results: All drugs, either small molecules or macromolecules, designated to treat brain diseases must adequately cross the BBB to provide their therapeutic properties on biological targets within the central nervous system (CNS). However, most of these pharmaceuticals do not sufficiently penetrate into CNS, failing to meet the intended therapeutic outcomes. Most lipophilic drugs capable of penetrating BBB are prone to the efflux functionality of BBB. In contrast, all hydrophilic drugs are facing severe infiltration blockage imposed by the tight cellular junctions of the BBB. Hence, a number of strategies have been devised to improve the efficiency of brain drug delivery and targeted therapy of CNS disorders using multimodal nanosystems (NSs).
Conclusions: In order to improve the therapeutic outcomes of CNS drug transfer and targeted delivery, the discriminatory permeability of BBB needs to be taken under control. The carrier-mediated transport machineries of brain capillary endothelial cells (BCECs) can be exploited for the discovery, development and delivery of small molecules into the brain. Further, the receptor-mediated transport systems can be recruited for the delivery of macromolecular biologics and multimodal NSs into the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaleh Barar
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran ; Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad A Rafi
- Department of Neurology, Sidney Kimmel College of Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mohammad M Pourseif
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Yadollah Omidi
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran ; Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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30
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Li L, Di X, Wu M, Sun Z, Zhong L, Wang Y, Fu Q, Kan Q, Sun J, He Z. Targeting tumor highly-expressed LAT1 transporter with amino acid-modified nanoparticles: Toward a novel active targeting strategy in breast cancer therapy. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2016; 13:987-998. [PMID: 27890657 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2016.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Designing active targeting nanocarriers with increased cellular accumulation of chemotherapeutic agents is a promising strategy in cancer therapy. Herein, we report a novel active targeting strategy based on the large amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1) overexpressed in a variety of cancers. Glutamate was conjugated to polyoxyethylene stearate as a targeting ligand to achieve LAT1-targeting PLGA nanoparticles. The targeting efficiency of nanoparticles was investigated in HeLa and MCF-7 cells. Significant increase in cellular uptake and cytotoxicity was observed in LAT1-targeting nanoparticles compared to the unmodified ones. More interestingly, the internalized LAT1 together with targeting nanoparticles could recycle back to the cell membrane within 3 h, guaranteeing sufficient transporters on cell membrane for continuous cellular uptake. The LAT1 targeting nanoparticles exhibited better tumor accumulation and antitumor effects. These results suggested that the overexpressed LAT1 on cancer cells holds a great potential to be a high-efficiency target for the rational design of active-targeting nanosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xingsheng Di
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Mingrui Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhisu Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Lu Zhong
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yongjun Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Qiang Fu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Qiming Kan
- Department of Pharmacology, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, China
| | - Jin Sun
- Municipal Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, China.
| | - Zhonggui He
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
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31
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Zur AA, Chien HC, Augustyn E, Flint A, Heeren N, Finke K, Hernandez C, Hansen L, Miller S, Lin L, Giacomini KM, Colas C, Schlessinger A, Thomas AA. LAT1 activity of carboxylic acid bioisosteres: Evaluation of hydroxamic acids as substrates. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:5000-5006. [PMID: 27624080 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 08/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Large neutral amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1) is a solute carrier protein located primarily in the blood-brain barrier (BBB) that offers the potential to deliver drugs to the brain. It is also up-regulated in cancer cells, as part of a tumor's increased metabolic demands. Previously, amino acid prodrugs have been shown to be transported by LAT1. Carboxylic acid bioisosteres may afford prodrugs with an altered physicochemical and pharmacokinetic profile than those derived from natural amino acids, allowing for higher brain or tumor levels of drug and/or lower toxicity. The effect of replacing phenylalanine's carboxylic acid with a tetrazole, acylsulfonamide and hydroxamic acid (HA) bioisostere was examined. Compounds were tested for their ability to be LAT1 substrates using both cis-inhibition and trans-stimulation cell assays. As HA-Phe demonstrated weak substrate activity, its structure-activity relationship (SAR) was further explored by synthesis and testing of HA derivatives of other LAT1 amino acid substrates (i.e., Tyr, Leu, Ile, and Met). The potential for a false positive in the trans-stimulation assay caused by parent amino acid was evaluated by conducting compound stability experiments for both HA-Leu and the corresponding methyl ester derivative. We concluded that HA's are transported by LAT1. In addition, our results lend support to a recent account that amino acid esters are LAT1 substrates, and that hydrogen bonding may be as important as charge for interaction with the transporter binding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arik A Zur
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, United States.
| | - Huan-Chieh Chien
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, United States
| | - Evan Augustyn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska Kearney, Kearney, NE 68849, United States
| | - Andrew Flint
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska Kearney, Kearney, NE 68849, United States
| | - Nathan Heeren
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska Kearney, Kearney, NE 68849, United States
| | - Karissa Finke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska Kearney, Kearney, NE 68849, United States
| | - Christopher Hernandez
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska Kearney, Kearney, NE 68849, United States
| | - Logan Hansen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska Kearney, Kearney, NE 68849, United States
| | - Sydney Miller
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska Kearney, Kearney, NE 68849, United States
| | - Lawrence Lin
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, United States
| | - Kathleen M Giacomini
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, United States
| | - Claire Colas
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States; Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States
| | - Avner Schlessinger
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States; Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, United States
| | - Allen A Thomas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska Kearney, Kearney, NE 68849, United States.
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Augustyn E, Finke K, Zur AA, Hansen L, Heeren N, Chien HC, Lin L, Giacomini KM, Colas C, Schlessinger A, Thomas AA. LAT-1 activity of meta-substituted phenylalanine and tyrosine analogs. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:2616-2621. [PMID: 27106710 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The transporter protein Large-neutral Amino Acid Transporter 1 (LAT-1, SLC7A5) is responsible for transporting amino acids such as tyrosine and phenylalanine as well as thyroid hormones, and it has been exploited as a drug delivery mechanism. Recently its role in cancer has become increasingly appreciated, as it has been found to be up-regulated in many different tumor types, and its expression levels have been correlated with prognosis. Substitution at the meta position of aromatic amino acids has been reported to increase affinity for LAT-1; however, the SAR for this position has not previously been explored. Guided by newly refined computational models of the binding site, we hypothesized that groups capable of filling a hydrophobic pocket would increase binding to LAT-1, resulting in improved substrates relative to parent amino acid. Tyrosine and phenylalanine analogs substituted at the meta position with halogens, alkyl and aryl groups were synthesized and tested in cis-inhibition and trans-stimulation cell assays to determine activity. Contrary to our initial hypothesis we found that lipophilicity was correlated with diminished substrate activity and increased inhibition of the transporter. The synthesis and SAR of meta-substituted phenylalanine and tyrosine analogs is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan Augustyn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska Kearney, Kearney, NE, 68849
| | - Karissa Finke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska Kearney, Kearney, NE, 68849
| | - Arik A Zur
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Logan Hansen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska Kearney, Kearney, NE, 68849
| | - Nathan Heeren
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska Kearney, Kearney, NE, 68849
| | - Huan-Chieh Chien
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Lawrence Lin
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Kathleen M Giacomini
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Claire Colas
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Avner Schlessinger
- Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Allen A Thomas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska Kearney, Kearney, NE, 68849
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Development of a cell-based screening method for compounds that inhibit or are transported by large neutral amino acid transporter 1, a key transporter at the blood-brain barrier. Anal Biochem 2015; 486:81-5. [PMID: 26151684 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2015.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Revised: 06/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Large neutral amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1) transports neutral amino acids with aromatic or branched side chains as well as their derivatives or prodrugs. Because the transporter is highly expressed at the blood-brain barrier and in some tumor cells, it is a potential target to treat brain disease and cancer. Therefore, it is essential to develop a method to screen for LAT1 inhibitors or for therapeutic compounds that it can transport. In this study, one such method was developed that combines an in vitro cell-based assay with high-throughput ultra-performance liquid chromatography triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (UPLC-QQQ-MS). Using this method, candidate compounds could be tested for the ability to inhibit or to compete with uptake of gabapentin, an LAT1 substrate, in HT-29 cells, which abundantly express the transporter. Gabapentin uptake is measured by mass spectrometry, which requires as little as 6min/sample and will enable analysis of large numbers of samples. We anticipate that the method will be useful to identify LAT1 inhibitors or substrates without the need for animals or radioactive labeling.
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Maldonado-Báez L, Williamson C, Donaldson JG. Clathrin-independent endocytosis: a cargo-centric view. Exp Cell Res 2013; 319:2759-69. [PMID: 23954817 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2013.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Revised: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Clathrin-independent endocytosis occurs in all cells and interest in this mode of cellular entry has grown. Although this form of endocytosis was first described for entry of bacterial toxins, here we focus our attention on the endogenous cell surface "cargo" proteins that enter cells by this mechanism. The cargo proteins entering by this mechanism are varied and include nutrient transporters, ion channels, cell adhesion molecules and proteins associated with the immune system. Despite the apparent lack of selection at the cell surface, we provide some examples of specific sorting of these cargo proteins after entry, leading to distinct itineraries and cellular fates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lymarie Maldonado-Báez
- Cell Biology & Physiology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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