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Bichet MC, Adderley J, Avellaneda-Franco L, Magnin-Bougma I, Torriero-Smith N, Gearing LJ, Deffrasnes C, David C, Pepin G, Gantier MP, Lin RCY, Patwa R, Moseley GW, Doerig C, Barr JJ. Mammalian cells internalize bacteriophages and use them as a resource to enhance cellular growth and survival. PLoS Biol 2023; 21:e3002341. [PMID: 37883333 PMCID: PMC10602308 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a growing appreciation that the direct interaction between bacteriophages and the mammalian host can facilitate diverse and unexplored symbioses. Yet the impact these bacteriophages may have on mammalian cellular and immunological processes is poorly understood. Here, we applied highly purified phage T4, free from bacterial by-products and endotoxins to mammalian cells and analyzed the cellular responses using luciferase reporter and antibody microarray assays. Phage preparations were applied in vitro to either A549 lung epithelial cells, MDCK-I kidney cells, or primary mouse bone marrow derived macrophages with the phage-free supernatant serving as a comparative control. Highly purified T4 phages were rapidly internalized by mammalian cells and accumulated within macropinosomes but did not activate the inflammatory DNA response TLR9 or cGAS-STING pathways. Following 8 hours of incubation with T4 phage, whole cell lysates were analyzed via antibody microarray that detected expression and phosphorylation levels of human signaling proteins. T4 phage application led to the activation of AKT-dependent pathways, resulting in an increase in cell metabolism, survival, and actin reorganization, the last being critical for macropinocytosis and potentially regulating a positive feedback loop to drive further phage internalization. T4 phages additionally down-regulated CDK1 and its downstream effectors, leading to an inhibition of cell cycle progression and an increase in cellular growth through a prolonged G1 phase. These interactions demonstrate that highly purified T4 phages do not activate DNA-mediated inflammatory pathways but do trigger protein phosphorylation cascades that promote cellular growth and survival. We conclude that mammalian cells are internalizing bacteriophages as a resource to promote cellular growth and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion C. Bichet
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
- ACTALIA, Food Safety Department, Saint-Lô, France
- University of Lorraine, CNRS, LCPME, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Jack Adderley
- School of Health and Biomedical Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Linden J. Gearing
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Australia
- Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Celine Deffrasnes
- Department of Microbiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Cassandra David
- Department of Microbiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Genevieve Pepin
- Medical Biology Department, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, Québec, Canada
| | - Michael P. Gantier
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Australia
- Department of Molecular and Translational Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Ruby CY Lin
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology; The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, Australia
| | - Ruzeen Patwa
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Gregory W. Moseley
- Department of Microbiology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Christian Doerig
- School of Health and Biomedical Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, Australia
| | - Jeremy J. Barr
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
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2
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Liu L, Li L, Ma C, Shi Y, Liu C, Xiao Z, Zhang Y, Tian F, Gao Y, Zhang J, Ying W, Wang PG, Zhang L. O-GlcNAcylation of Thr 12/Ser 56 in short-form O-GlcNAc transferase (sOGT) regulates its substrate selectivity. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:16620-16633. [PMID: 31527085 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.009085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
O-GlcNAcylation is a ubiquitous protein glycosylation playing different roles on variant proteins. O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) is the unique enzyme responsible for the sugar addition to nucleocytoplasmic proteins. Recently, multiple O-GlcNAc sites have been observed on short-form OGT (sOGT) and nucleocytoplasmic OGT (ncOGT), both of which locate in the nucleus and cytoplasm in cell. Moreover, O-GlcNAcylation of Ser389 in ncOGT (1036 amino acids) affects its nuclear translocation in HeLa cells. To date, the major O-GlcNAcylation sites and their roles in sOGT remain unknown. Here, we performed LC-MS/MS and mutational analyses to seek the major O-GlcNAcylation site on sOGT. We identified six O-GlcNAc sites in the tetratricopeptide repeat domain in sOGT, with Thr12 and Ser56 being two "key" sites. Thr12 is a dominant O-GlcNAcylation site, whereas the modification of Ser56 plays a role in regulating sOGT O-GlcNAcylation, partly through Thr12 In vitro activity and pulldown assays demonstrated that O-GlcNAcylation does not affect sOGT activity but does affect sOGT-interacting proteins. In HEK293T cells, S56A bound to and hence glycosylated more proteins in contrast to T12A and WT sOGT. By proteomic and bioinformatics analyses, we found that T12A and S56A differed in substrate proteins (e.g. HNRNPU and PDCD6IP), which eventually affected cell cycle progression and/or cell proliferation. These findings demonstrate that O-GlcNAcylation modulates sOGT substrate selectivity and affects its role in the cell. The data also highlight the regulatory role of O-GlcNAcylation at Thr12 and Ser56.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Liu
- College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin 300353, China
| | - Ling Li
- College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin 300353, China
| | - Cheng Ma
- Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303
| | - Yangde Shi
- College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin 300353, China
| | - Congcong Liu
- College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin 300353, China
| | - Zikang Xiao
- College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin 300353, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 102206, China.,West China-Washington Mitochondria and Metabolism Research Center, Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, MOH, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Fang Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yang Gao
- School of medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- School of medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Wantao Ying
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Peng George Wang
- College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin 300353, China.,Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303
| | - Lianwen Zhang
- College of Pharmacy and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin 300353, China
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3
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Gupta A, Tsuchiya Y, Ohta M, Shiratsuchi G, Kitagawa D. NEK7 is required for G1 progression and procentriole formation. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 28:2123-2134. [PMID: 28539406 PMCID: PMC5509424 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e16-09-0643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
As cells exit mitosis, the decision to commit to the next cell cycle is made during G1. Not only DNA replication, but also centriole duplication is initiated as cells enter the S-phase. The kinase NEK7 is required for the timely regulation of G1 progression, S-phase entry, and procentriole formation. The decision to commit to the cell cycle is made during G1 through the concerted action of various cyclin–CDK complexes. Not only DNA replication, but also centriole duplication is initiated as cells enter the S-phase. The NIMA-related kinase NEK7 is one of many factors required for proper centriole duplication, as well as for timely cell cycle progression. However, its specific roles in these events are poorly understood. In this study, we find that depletion of NEK7 inhibits progression through the G1 phase in human U2OS cells via down-regulation of various cyclins and CDKs and also inhibits the earliest stages of procentriole formation. Depletion of NEK7 also induces formation of primary cilia in human RPE1 cells, suggesting that NEK7 acts at least before the restriction point during G1. G1-arrested cells in the absence of NEK7 exhibit abnormal accumulation of the APC/C cofactor Cdh1 at the vicinity of centrioles. Furthermore, the ubiquitin ligase APC/CCdh1 continuously degrades the centriolar protein STIL in these cells, thus inhibiting centriole assembly. Collectively our results demonstrate that NEK7 is involved in the timely regulation of G1 progression, S-phase entry, and procentriole formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshari Gupta
- Division of Centrosome Biology, Department of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan.,Department of Genetics, School of Life Science, Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| | - Yuki Tsuchiya
- Division of Centrosome Biology, Department of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan.,Department of Genetics, School of Life Science, Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| | - Midori Ohta
- Division of Centrosome Biology, Department of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| | - Gen Shiratsuchi
- Division of Centrosome Biology, Department of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| | - Daiju Kitagawa
- Division of Centrosome Biology, Department of Molecular Genetics, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan .,Department of Genetics, School of Life Science, Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
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Ko CI, Fan Y, de Gannes M, Wang Q, Xia Y, Puga A. Repression of the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Is Required to Maintain Mitotic Progression and Prevent Loss of Pluripotency of Embryonic Stem Cells. Stem Cells 2016; 34:2825-2839. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.2456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chia-I Ko
- Department of Environmental Health and Center for Environmental Genetics; University of Cincinnati College of Medicine; Cincinnati Ohio USA
| | - Yunxia Fan
- Department of Environmental Health and Center for Environmental Genetics; University of Cincinnati College of Medicine; Cincinnati Ohio USA
| | - Matthew de Gannes
- Department of Environmental Health and Center for Environmental Genetics; University of Cincinnati College of Medicine; Cincinnati Ohio USA
| | - Qin Wang
- Department of Environmental Health and Center for Environmental Genetics; University of Cincinnati College of Medicine; Cincinnati Ohio USA
| | - Ying Xia
- Department of Environmental Health and Center for Environmental Genetics; University of Cincinnati College of Medicine; Cincinnati Ohio USA
| | - Alvaro Puga
- Department of Environmental Health and Center for Environmental Genetics; University of Cincinnati College of Medicine; Cincinnati Ohio USA
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