1
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Shu W, Kaplan CN. A multiscale theory for spreading and migration of adhesion-reinforced mesenchymal cells. J R Soc Interface 2023; 20:20230317. [PMID: 38086406 PMCID: PMC10715917 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2023.0317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
We present a chemomechanical whole-cell theory for the spreading and migration dynamics of mesenchymal cells that can actively reinforce their adhesion to an underlying viscoelastic substrate as a function of its stiffness. Our multiscale model couples the adhesion reinforcement effect at the subcellular scale with the nonlinear mechanics of the nucleus-cytoskeletal network complex at the cellular scale to explain the concurrent monotonic area-stiffness and non-monotonic speed-stiffness relationships observed in experiments: we consider that large cell spreading on stiff substrates flattens the nucleus, increasing the viscous drag force on it. The resulting force balance dictates a reduction in the migration speed on stiff substrates. We also reproduce the experimental influence of the substrate viscosity on the cell spreading area and migration speed by elucidating how the viscosity may either maintain adhesion reinforcement or prevent it depending on the substrate stiffness. Additionally, our model captures the experimental directed migration behaviour of the adhesion-reinforced cells along a stiffness gradient, known as durotaxis, as well as up or down a viscosity gradient (viscotaxis or anti-viscotaxis), the cell moving towards an optimal viscosity in either case. Overall, our theory explains the intertwined mechanics of the cell spreading, migration speed and direction in the presence of the molecular adhesion reinforcement mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenya Shu
- Department of Physics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
- Center for Soft Matter and Biological Physics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - C. Nadir Kaplan
- Department of Physics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
- Center for Soft Matter and Biological Physics, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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2
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Chinigò G, Grolez GP, Audero M, Bokhobza A, Bernardini M, Cicero J, Toillon RA, Bailleul Q, Visentin L, Ruffinatti FA, Brysbaert G, Lensink MF, De Ruyck J, Cantelmo AR, Fiorio Pla A, Gkika D. TRPM8-Rap1A Interaction Sites as Critical Determinants for Adhesion and Migration of Prostate and Other Epithelial Cancer Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:2261. [PMID: 35565390 PMCID: PMC9102551 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14092261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence indicates that the TRPM8 channel plays an important role in prostate cancer (PCa) progression, by impairing the motility of these cancer cells. Here, we reveal a novel facet of PCa motility control via direct protein-protein interaction (PPI) of the channel with the small GTPase Rap1A. The functional interaction of the two proteins was assessed by active Rap1 pull-down assays and live-cell imaging experiments. Molecular modeling analysis allowed the identification of four putative residues involved in TRPM8-Rap1A interaction. Point mutations of these sites impaired PPI as shown by GST-pull-down, co-immunoprecipitation, and PLA experiments and revealed their key functional role in the adhesion and migration of PC3 prostate cancer cells. More precisely, TRPM8 inhibits cell migration and adhesion by trapping Rap1A in its GDP-bound inactive form, thus preventing its activation at the plasma membrane. In particular, residues E207 and Y240 in the sequence of TRPM8 and Y32 in that of Rap1A are critical for the interaction between the two proteins not only in PC3 cells but also in cervical (HeLa) and breast (MCF-7) cancer cells. This study deepens our knowledge of the mechanism through which TRPM8 would exert a protective role in cancer progression and provides new insights into the possible use of TRPM8 as a new therapeutic target in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Chinigò
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, 10123 Torino, Italy; (G.C.); (M.A.); (M.B.); (L.V.); (F.A.R.); (A.F.P.)
- INSERM, U1003—PHYCEL—Physiologie Cellulaire, University of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; (G.P.G.); (A.B.); (Q.B.); (A.R.C.)
| | - Guillaume P. Grolez
- INSERM, U1003—PHYCEL—Physiologie Cellulaire, University of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; (G.P.G.); (A.B.); (Q.B.); (A.R.C.)
| | - Madelaine Audero
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, 10123 Torino, Italy; (G.C.); (M.A.); (M.B.); (L.V.); (F.A.R.); (A.F.P.)
- INSERM, U1003—PHYCEL—Physiologie Cellulaire, University of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; (G.P.G.); (A.B.); (Q.B.); (A.R.C.)
| | - Alexandre Bokhobza
- INSERM, U1003—PHYCEL—Physiologie Cellulaire, University of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; (G.P.G.); (A.B.); (Q.B.); (A.R.C.)
| | - Michela Bernardini
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, 10123 Torino, Italy; (G.C.); (M.A.); (M.B.); (L.V.); (F.A.R.); (A.F.P.)
| | - Julien Cicero
- CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Centre Oscar Lambret, UMR 9020-UMR 1277-Canther-Cancer Heterogeneity, Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, University of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; (J.C.); (R.-A.T.)
- UR 2465—Laboratoire de la Barrière Hémato-Encéphalique (LBHE), University of Artois, F-62300 Lens, France
| | - Robert-Alain Toillon
- CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Centre Oscar Lambret, UMR 9020-UMR 1277-Canther-Cancer Heterogeneity, Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, University of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; (J.C.); (R.-A.T.)
| | - Quentin Bailleul
- INSERM, U1003—PHYCEL—Physiologie Cellulaire, University of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; (G.P.G.); (A.B.); (Q.B.); (A.R.C.)
| | - Luca Visentin
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, 10123 Torino, Italy; (G.C.); (M.A.); (M.B.); (L.V.); (F.A.R.); (A.F.P.)
| | - Federico Alessandro Ruffinatti
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, 10123 Torino, Italy; (G.C.); (M.A.); (M.B.); (L.V.); (F.A.R.); (A.F.P.)
| | - Guillaume Brysbaert
- CNRS UMR 8576-UGSF-Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, University of Lille, 59000 Lille, France; (G.B.); (M.F.L.); (J.D.R.)
| | - Marc F. Lensink
- CNRS UMR 8576-UGSF-Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, University of Lille, 59000 Lille, France; (G.B.); (M.F.L.); (J.D.R.)
| | - Jerome De Ruyck
- CNRS UMR 8576-UGSF-Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, University of Lille, 59000 Lille, France; (G.B.); (M.F.L.); (J.D.R.)
| | - Anna Rita Cantelmo
- INSERM, U1003—PHYCEL—Physiologie Cellulaire, University of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; (G.P.G.); (A.B.); (Q.B.); (A.R.C.)
| | - Alessandra Fiorio Pla
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, 10123 Torino, Italy; (G.C.); (M.A.); (M.B.); (L.V.); (F.A.R.); (A.F.P.)
- INSERM, U1003—PHYCEL—Physiologie Cellulaire, University of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; (G.P.G.); (A.B.); (Q.B.); (A.R.C.)
| | - Dimitra Gkika
- CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Centre Oscar Lambret, UMR 9020-UMR 1277-Canther-Cancer Heterogeneity, Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, University of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; (J.C.); (R.-A.T.)
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), 75231 Paris, France
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3
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Electrostatic Forces Mediate the Specificity of RHO GTPase-GDI Interactions. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212493. [PMID: 34830380 PMCID: PMC8622166 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Three decades of research have documented the spatiotemporal dynamics of RHO family GTPase membrane extraction regulated by guanine nucleotide dissociation inhibitors (GDIs), but the interplay of the kinetic mechanism and structural specificity of these interactions is as yet unresolved. To address this, we reconstituted the GDI-controlled spatial segregation of geranylgeranylated RHO protein RAC1 in vitro. Various biochemical and biophysical measurements provided unprecedented mechanistic details for GDI function with respect to RHO protein dynamics. We determined that membrane extraction of RHO GTPases by GDI occurs via a 3-step mechanism: (1) GDI non-specifically associates with the switch regions of the RHO GTPases; (2) an electrostatic switch determines the interaction specificity between the C-terminal polybasic region of RHO GTPases and two distinct negatively-charged clusters of GDI1; (3) a non-specific displacement of geranylgeranyl moiety from the membrane sequesters it into a hydrophobic cleft, effectively shielding it from the aqueous milieu. This study substantially extends the model for the mechanism of GDI-regulated RHO GTPase extraction from the membrane, and could have implications for clinical studies and drug development.
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Mosaddeghzadeh N, Ahmadian MR. The RHO Family GTPases: Mechanisms of Regulation and Signaling. Cells 2021; 10:1831. [PMID: 34359999 PMCID: PMC8305018 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Much progress has been made toward deciphering RHO GTPase functions, and many studies have convincingly demonstrated that altered signal transduction through RHO GTPases is a recurring theme in the progression of human malignancies. It seems that 20 canonical RHO GTPases are likely regulated by three GDIs, 85 GEFs, and 66 GAPs, and eventually interact with >70 downstream effectors. A recurring theme is the challenge in understanding the molecular determinants of the specificity of these four classes of interacting proteins that, irrespective of their functions, bind to common sites on the surface of RHO GTPases. Identified and structurally verified hotspots as functional determinants specific to RHO GTPase regulation by GDIs, GEFs, and GAPs as well as signaling through effectors are presented, and challenges and future perspectives are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohammad Reza Ahmadian
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty of the Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstrasse 1, Building 22.03.05, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany;
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A spatial model of YAP/TAZ signaling reveals how stiffness, dimensionality, and shape contribute to emergent outcomes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2021571118. [PMID: 33990464 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2021571118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
YAP/TAZ is a master regulator of mechanotransduction whose functions rely on translocation from the cytoplasm to the nucleus in response to diverse physical cues. Substrate stiffness, substrate dimensionality, and cell shape are all input signals for YAP/TAZ, and through this pathway, regulate critical cellular functions and tissue homeostasis. Yet, the relative contributions of each biophysical signal and the mechanisms by which they synergistically regulate YAP/TAZ in realistic tissue microenvironments that provide multiplexed input signals remain unclear. For example, in simple two-dimensional culture, YAP/TAZ nuclear localization correlates strongly with substrate stiffness, while in three-dimensional (3D) environments, YAP/TAZ translocation can increase with stiffness, decrease with stiffness, or remain unchanged. Here, we develop a spatial model of YAP/TAZ translocation to enable quantitative analysis of the relationships between substrate stiffness, substrate dimensionality, and cell shape. Our model couples cytosolic stiffness to nuclear mechanics to replicate existing experimental trends, and extends beyond current data to predict that increasing substrate activation area through changes in culture dimensionality, while conserving cell volume, forces distinct shape changes that result in nonlinear effect on YAP/TAZ nuclear localization. Moreover, differences in substrate activation area versus total membrane area can account for counterintuitive trends in YAP/TAZ nuclear localization in 3D culture. Based on this multiscale investigation of the different system features of YAP/TAZ nuclear translocation, we predict that how a cell reads its environment is a complex information transfer function of multiple mechanical and biochemical factors. These predictions reveal a few design principles of cellular and tissue engineering for YAP/TAZ mechanotransduction.
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6
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Abdrabou A, Wang Z. Regulation of the nuclear speckle localization and function of Rac1. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21235. [PMID: 33417283 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202001694r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Despite significant evidence that Rac1 is localized to the nucleus, little is known regarding the function and biological significance of nuclear Rac1. Here, we showed that in response to EGF Rac1 was translocated to nuclear speckles and co-localized with the nuclear speckle marker Serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 2 (SRSF2) in Cos-7 cells. We also showed that the nuclear speckle localization of Rac1 was dependent on its T108 phosphorylation and facilitated by Rac1 polybasic region (PBR) that contains a nuclear localization signal and Rac1 GTPase activity. To gain insight into the function of Rac1 in nuclear speckles, we searched for Rac1 binding proteins in the nucleus. We isolated nuclear fraction of HEK 293 cells and incubated with GST-Rac1 and the phosphomimetic GST-Rac1T108E. We identified 463 proteins that were associated with GST-Rac1T108E, but not with GST-Rac1 by LC-MS/MS. Three notable groups of these proteins are: the heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnRNPs), small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs), and SRSFs, all of which are involved in pre-mRNA splicing and associated with nuclear speckles. We further showed by co-immunoprecipitation that Rac1 interacts with SRSF2, hnRNPA1, and U2A' in response to EGF. The interaction is dependent on T108 phosphorylation and facilitated by Rac1 PBR and GTPase activity. We showed that hnRNPA1 translocated in and out of nucleus in response to EGF in a similar pattern to Rac1. Rac1 only partially colocalized with U2A' that localizes to the actual splicing sites adjacent to nuclear speckle. Finally, we showed that Rac1 regulated EGF-induced pre-mRNA splicing and this is mediated by T108 phosphorylation. We conclude that in response to EGF, T108 phosphorylated Rac1 is targeted to nuclear speckles, interacts with multiple groups of proteins involved in pre-mRNA splicing, and regulates EGF-induced pre-mRNA splicing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdalla Abdrabou
- Department of Medical Genetics and Signal, Transduction Research Group, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Zhixiang Wang
- Department of Medical Genetics and Signal, Transduction Research Group, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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7
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Chinigò G, Fiorio Pla A, Gkika D. TRP Channels and Small GTPases Interplay in the Main Hallmarks of Metastatic Cancer. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:581455. [PMID: 33132914 PMCID: PMC7550629 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.581455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) cations channels, as key regulators of intracellular calcium homeostasis, play a central role in the essential hallmarks of cancer. Among the multiple pathways in which TRPs may be involved, here we focus our attention on the ones involving small guanosine triphosphatases (GTPases), summarizing the main processes associated with the metastatic cascade, such as migration, invasion and tumor vascularization. In the last decade, several studies have highlighted a bidirectional interplay between TRPs and small GTPases in cancer progression: TRP channels may affect small GTPases activity via both Ca2+-dependent or Ca2+-independent pathways, and, conversely, some small GTPases may affect TRP channels activity through the regulation of their intracellular trafficking to the plasma membrane or acting directly on channel gating. In particular, we will describe the interplay between TRPC1, TRPC5, TRPC6, TRPM4, TRPM7 or TRPV4, and Rho-like GTPases in regulating cell migration, the cooperation of TRPM2 and TRPV2 with Rho GTPases in increasing cell invasiveness and finally, the crosstalk between TRPC1, TRPC6, TRPM8, TRPV4 and both Rho- and Ras-like GTPases in inducing aberrant tumor vascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Chinigò
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Angiogenesis, Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.,Laboratoire de Cell Physiology, Université de Lille, Department of Life Sciences, Univ. Lille, Inserm, U1003-PHYCEL, Lille, France
| | - Alessandra Fiorio Pla
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Angiogenesis, Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.,Laboratoire de Cell Physiology, Université de Lille, Department of Life Sciences, Univ. Lille, Inserm, U1003-PHYCEL, Lille, France
| | - Dimitra Gkika
- Laboratoire de Cell Physiology, Université de Lille, Department of Life Sciences, Univ. Lille, Inserm, U1003-PHYCEL, Lille, France.,Univ. Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Centre Oscar Lambret, UMR 9020-UMR 1277-Canther-Cancer Heterogeneity, Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, Lille, France.,Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, France
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8
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Copos C, Mogilner A. A hybrid stochastic-deterministic mechanochemical model of cell polarization. Mol Biol Cell 2020; 31:1637-1649. [PMID: 32459563 PMCID: PMC7521800 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e19-09-0549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Polarization is a crucial component in cell differentiation, development, and motility, but its details are not yet well understood. At the onset of cell locomotion, cells break symmetry to form well-defined cell fronts and rears. This polarity establishment varies across cell types: in Dictyostelium discoideum cells, it is mediated by biochemical signaling pathways and can function in the absence of a cytoskeleton, while in keratocytes, it is tightly connected to cytoskeletal dynamics and mechanics. Theoretical models that have been developed to understand the onset of polarization have explored either signaling or mechanical pathways, yet few have explored mechanochemical mechanisms. However, many motile cells rely on both signaling modules and actin cytoskeleton to break symmetry and achieve a stable polarized state. We propose a general mechanochemical polarization model based on coupling between a stochastic model for the segregation of signaling molecules and a simplified mechanical model for actin cytoskeleton network competition. We find that local linear coupling between minimally nonlinear signaling and cytoskeletal systems, separately not supporting stable polarization, yields a robustly polarized cell state. The model captures the essence of spontaneous polarization of neutrophils, which has been proposed to emerge due to the competition between frontness and backness pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calina Copos
- Courant Institute, New York University, New York, NY 10012
| | - Alex Mogilner
- Courant Institute, New York University, New York, NY 10012
- Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10012
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9
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Albanesi JP, Barylko B, DeMartino GN, Jameson DM. Palmitoylated Proteins in Dendritic Spine Remodeling. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2020; 12:22. [PMID: 32655390 PMCID: PMC7325885 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2020.00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Activity-responsive changes in the actin cytoskeleton are required for the biogenesis, motility, and remodeling of dendritic spines. These changes are governed by proteins that regulate the polymerization, depolymerization, bundling, and branching of actin filaments. Thus, processes that have been extensively characterized in the context of non-neuronal cell shape change and migration are also critical for learning and memory. In this review article, we highlight actin regulatory proteins that associate, at least transiently, with the dendritic plasma membrane. All of these proteins have been shown, either in directed studies or in high-throughput screens, to undergo palmitoylation, a potentially reversible, and stimulus-dependent cysteine modification. Palmitoylation increases the affinity of peripheral proteins for the membrane bilayer and contributes to their subcellular localization and recruitment to cholesterol-rich membrane microdomains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph P. Albanesi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Barbara Barylko
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - George N. DeMartino
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - David M. Jameson
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, United States
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10
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Prominin-1 Modulates Rho/ROCK-Mediated Membrane Morphology and Calcium-Dependent Intracellular Chloride Flux. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15911. [PMID: 31685837 PMCID: PMC6828804 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52040-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Membrane morphology is an important structural determinant as it reflects cellular functions. The pentaspan membrane protein Prominin-1 (Prom1/CD133) is known to be localised to protrusions and plays a pivotal role in migration and the determination of cellular morphology; however, the underlying mechanism of its action have been elusive. Here, we performed molecular characterisation of Prom1, focussing primarily on its effects on cell morphology. Overexpression of Prom1 in RPE-1 cells triggers multiple, long, cholesterol-enriched fibres, independently of actin and microtubule polymerisation. A five amino acid stretch located at the carboxyl cytosolic region is essential for fibre formation. The small GTPase Rho and its downstream Rho-associated coiled-coil-containing protein kinase (ROCK) are also essential for this process, and active Rho colocalises with Prom1 at the site of initialisation of fibre formation. In mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) cells we show that Prom1 is required for chloride ion efflux induced by calcium ion uptake, and demonstrate that fibre formation is closely associated with chloride efflux activity. Collectively, these findings suggest that Prom1 affects cell morphology and contributes to chloride conductance.
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11
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Anillin Promotes Cell Contractility by Cyclic Resetting of RhoA Residence Kinetics. Dev Cell 2019; 49:894-906.e12. [PMID: 31105010 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2019.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
RhoA stimulates cell contractility by recruiting downstream effectors to the cortical plasma membrane. We now show that direct binding by anillin is required for effective signaling: this antagonizes the otherwise labile membrane association of GTP-RhoA to promote effector recruitment. However, since its binding to RhoA blocks access by other effectors, we demonstrate that anillin must also concentrate membrane phosphoinositide-4,5-P2 (PIP2) to promote signaling. We propose and test a sequential pathway where GTP-RhoA first binds to anillin and then is retained at the membrane by PIP2 after it disengages from anillin. Importantly, re-binding of membrane GTP-RhoA to anillin, regulated by the cortical density of anillin, creates cycles through this pathway. These cycles repeatedly reset the dissociation kinetics of GTP-RhoA, substantially increasing its dwell time to recruit effectors. Thus, anillin regulates RhoA signaling by a paradigm of kinetic scaffolding that may apply to other signals whose efficacy depends on their cortical dwell times.
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12
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Abdrabou A, Wang Z. Post-Translational Modification and Subcellular Distribution of Rac1: An Update. Cells 2018; 7:cells7120263. [PMID: 30544910 PMCID: PMC6316090 DOI: 10.3390/cells7120263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Rac1 is a small GTPase that belongs to the Rho family. The Rho family of small GTPases is a subfamily of the Ras superfamily. The Rho family of GTPases mediate a plethora of cellular effects, including regulation of cytoarchitecture, cell size, cell adhesion, cell polarity, cell motility, proliferation, apoptosis/survival, and membrane trafficking. The cycling of Rac1 between the GTP (guanosine triphosphate)- and GDP (guanosine diphosphate)-bound states is essential for effective signal flow to elicit downstream biological functions. The cycle between inactive and active forms is controlled by three classes of regulatory proteins: Guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs), GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs), and guanine-nucleotide-dissociation inhibitors (GDIs). Other modifications include RNA splicing and microRNAs; various post-translational modifications have also been shown to regulate the activity and function of Rac1. The reported post-translational modifications include lipidation, ubiquitination, phosphorylation, and adenylylation, which have all been shown to play important roles in the regulation of Rac1 and other Rho GTPases. Moreover, the Rac1 activity and function are regulated by its subcellular distribution and translocation. This review focused on the most recent progress in Rac1 research, especially in the area of post-translational modification and subcellular distribution and translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdalla Abdrabou
- Department of Medical Genetics, and Signal Transduction Research Group, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada.
| | - Zhixiang Wang
- Department of Medical Genetics, and Signal Transduction Research Group, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada.
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13
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FRET biosensor allows spatio-temporal observation of shear stress-induced polar RhoGDIα activation. Commun Biol 2018; 1:224. [PMID: 30564745 PMCID: PMC6288100 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-018-0232-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Rho GDP-dissociation inhibitor α (RhoGDIα) is a known negative regulator of the Rho family that shuts off GDP/GTP cycling and cytoplasm/membrane translocation to regulate cell migration. However, to our knowledge, no reports are available that focus on how the RhoGDIα-Rho GTPases complex is activated by laminar flow through exploring the activation of RhoGDIα itself. Here, we constructed a new biosensor using fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) technology to measure the spatio-temporal activation of RhoGDIα in its binding with Rho GTPases in living HeLa cells. Using this biosensor, we find that the dissociation of the RhoGDIα-Rho GTPases complex is increased by shear stress, and its dissociation rate varies with subcellular location. Moreover, this process is mediated by membrane fluidity, cytoskeleton and Src activity, which indicates that the regulation of RhoGDIα activation under shear stress application represents a relatively separate pathway from the shear stress-induced Rho pathway. Shuai Shao, Xiaoling Liao et al. present a new FRET biosensor for measuring the spatio-temporal activation of RhoGDIα upon binding Rho GTPases. They find that dissociation of the RhoGDIα-Rho GTPase complex is increased by shear stress and varies with subcellular location.
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Ito Y, Honda A, Igarashi M. Glycoprotein M6a as a signaling transducer in neuronal lipid rafts. Neurosci Res 2018; 128:19-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Goedhart J, van Unen J. Molecular perturbation strategies to examine spatiotemporal features of Rho GEF and Rho GTPase activity in living cells. Small GTPases 2017; 10:178-186. [PMID: 28521592 PMCID: PMC6548299 DOI: 10.1080/21541248.2017.1302551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Much of our current knowledge of Rho GTPase networks and the regulation by Rho guanine exchange factors (Rho GEFs) and Rho GTPase activating proteins (Rho GAPs) is based on population-based techniques. Over the last decades, technologies that enable single cell analysis with high spatial and temporal resolution have revealed that Rho GTPase activity in cells is regulated on second timescales and at submicrometer length scales. Therefore, perturbation methods with matching spatial and temporal resolution are crucial to further our understanding of Rho GTPase signaling. Here, we give a brief overview of the components of Rho GTPase signaling networks and review a range of existing perturbation strategies that target a specific component of the Rho GTPase signaling module. The advantages and limitations of each perturbation method are discussed. Several recommendations are formulated to guide future studies aimed at addressing spatiotemporal aspects of Rho GEF and Rho GTPase signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Goedhart
- a Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Section of Molecular Cytology, van Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Jakobus van Unen
- a Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Section of Molecular Cytology, van Leeuwenhoek Centre for Advanced Microscopy, University of Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
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All about that fat: Lipid modification of proteins in Cryptococcus neoformans. J Microbiol 2016; 54:212-22. [PMID: 26920881 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-016-5626-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Lipid modification of proteins is a widespread, essential process whereby fatty acids, cholesterol, isoprenoids, phospholipids, or glycosylphospholipids are attached to polypeptides. These hydrophobic groups may affect protein structure, function, localization, and/or stability; as a consequence such modifications play critical regulatory roles in cellular systems. Recent advances in chemical biology and proteomics have allowed the profiling of modified proteins, enabling dissection of the functional consequences of lipid addition. The enzymes that mediate lipid modification are specific for both the lipid and protein substrates, and are conserved from fungi to humans. In this article we review these enzymes, their substrates, and the processes involved in eukaryotic lipid modification of proteins. We further focus on its occurrence in the fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans, highlighting unique features that are both relevant for the biology of the organism and potentially important in the search for new therapies.
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Moya-Alvarado G, Gershoni-Emek N, Perlson E, Bronfman FC. Neurodegeneration and Alzheimer's disease (AD). What Can Proteomics Tell Us About the Alzheimer's Brain? Mol Cell Proteomics 2015; 15:409-25. [PMID: 26657538 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.r115.053330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's diseases (AD), are becoming more prevalent as the population ages. However, the mechanisms that lead to synapse destabilization and neuron death remain elusive. The advent of proteomics has allowed for high-throughput screening methods to search for biomarkers that could lead to early diagnosis and treatment and to identify alterations in the cellular proteome that could provide insight into disease etiology and possible treatment avenues. In this review, we have concentrated mainly on the findings that are related to how and whether proteomics studies have contributed to two aspects of AD research, the development of biomarkers for clinical diagnostics, and the recognition of proteins that can help elucidate the pathways leading to AD brain pathology. As a result of these studies, several candidate cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers are now available for further validation in different AD cohorts. Studies in AD brain and AD transgenic models support the notion that oxidative damage results in the alterations of metabolic enzymes and that mitochondrial dysfunction is central to AD neuropathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Moya-Alvarado
- From the ‡Millennium Nucleus of Regenerative Biology (MINREB) and CARE Center, Department of Physiology,Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Noga Gershoni-Emek
- §Sagol School of Neuroscience and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Eran Perlson
- §Sagol School of Neuroscience and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Francisca C Bronfman
- From the ‡Millennium Nucleus of Regenerative Biology (MINREB) and CARE Center, Department of Physiology,Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.;
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