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Giorgianni A, Zenone A, Sützl L, Csarman F, Ludwig R. Exploring class III cellobiose dehydrogenase: sequence analysis and optimized recombinant expression. Microb Cell Fact 2024; 23:146. [PMID: 38783303 PMCID: PMC11112829 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-024-02420-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cellobiose dehydrogenase (CDH) is an extracellular fungal oxidoreductase with multiple functions in plant biomass degradation. Its primary function as an auxiliary enzyme of lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase (LPMO) facilitates the efficient depolymerization of cellulose, hemicelluloses and other carbohydrate-based polymers. The synergistic action of CDH and LPMO that supports biomass-degrading hydrolases holds significant promise to harness renewable resources for the production of biofuels, chemicals, and modified materials in an environmentally sustainable manner. While previous phylogenetic analyses have identified four distinct classes of CDHs, only class I and II have been biochemically characterized so far. RESULTS Following a comprehensive database search aimed at identifying CDH sequences belonging to the so far uncharacterized class III for subsequent expression and biochemical characterization, we have curated an extensive compilation of putative CDH amino acid sequences. A sequence similarity network analysis was used to cluster them into the four distinct CDH classes. A total of 1237 sequences encoding putative class III CDHs were extracted from the network and used for phylogenetic analyses. The obtained phylogenetic tree was used to guide the selection of 11 cdhIII genes for recombinant expression in Komagataella phaffii. A small-scale expression screening procedure identified a promising cdhIII gene originating from the plant pathogen Fusarium solani (FsCDH), which was selected for expression optimization by signal peptide shuffling and subsequent production in a 5-L bioreactor. The purified FsCDH exhibits a UV-Vis spectrum and enzymatic activity similar to other characterized CDH classes. CONCLUSION The successful production and functional characterization of FsCDH proved that class III CDHs are catalytical active enzymes resembling the key properties of class I and class II CDHs. A detailed biochemical characterization based on the established expression and purification strategy can provide new insights into the evolutionary process shaping CDHs and leading to their differentiation into the four distinct classes. The findings have the potential to broaden our understanding of the biocatalytic application of CDH and LPMO for the oxidative depolymerization of polysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Giorgianni
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Institute of Food Technology, BOKU University, Muthgasse 18, Vienna, 1190, Austria
| | - Alice Zenone
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Institute of Food Technology, BOKU University, Muthgasse 18, Vienna, 1190, Austria
| | - Leander Sützl
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Institute of Food Technology, BOKU University, Muthgasse 18, Vienna, 1190, Austria
| | - Florian Csarman
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Institute of Food Technology, BOKU University, Muthgasse 18, Vienna, 1190, Austria.
| | - Roland Ludwig
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Institute of Food Technology, BOKU University, Muthgasse 18, Vienna, 1190, Austria
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de Fátima NG, Barriga A, Cáceres JC, Pinto E, Cabrera R. Oxidation of chlortetracycline and its isomers by Botrytis aclada laccase in the absence of mediators: pH dependence and identification of transformation products by LC-MS. Biodegradation 2024; 35:155-171. [PMID: 37428416 DOI: 10.1007/s10532-023-10046-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Tetracyclines are antibiotics considered emerging pollutants and currently, wastewater treatment plants are not able to remove them efficiently. Laccases are promising enzymes for bioremediation because they can oxidize a wide variety of substrates. The aim of this study was to evaluate the Botrytis aclada laccase for the oxidation of chlortetracycline and its isomers in the absence of a mediator molecule, at a pH range between 3.0 to 7.0, and to characterize the transformation products by LC-MS. Chlortetracycline and three isomers were detected in both, controls and reaction mixtures at 0 h and in controls after 48 h of incubation but in different proportions depending on pH. An additional isomer was also detected, but only in the presence of BaLac. Based on the transformation products identified in the enzymatic reactions and information from literature, we assembled a network of transformation pathways starting from chlortetracycline and its isomers. The spectrometric analysis of the products indicated the probable occurrence of oxygen insertion, dehydrogenation, demethylation and deamination reactions. Four new products were identified, and we also described a novel transformation product without the chloro group. We observed that increasing pH led to higher diversity of main products. This is the first study using the laccase from fungi Botrytis aclada to oxidate chlortetracycline and its isomers and it can be considered as an ecological alternative to be used in bioremediation processes such as wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Gavilán de Fátima
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile
- Unidad de Espectrometría de Masas-CEPEDEQ, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santos Dumont 964, Independencia, Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrés Barriga
- Unidad de Espectrometría de Masas-CEPEDEQ, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santos Dumont 964, Independencia, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan Carlos Cáceres
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Ernani Pinto
- Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Pádua Dias 11, Piracicaba, SP, Brasil
| | - Ricardo Cabrera
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile.
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Aza P, Camarero S. Fungal Laccases: Fundamentals, Engineering and Classification Update. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1716. [PMID: 38136587 PMCID: PMC10741624 DOI: 10.3390/biom13121716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Multicopper oxidases (MCOs) share a common catalytic mechanism of activation by oxygen and cupredoxin-like folding, along with some common structural determinants. Laccases constitute the largest group of MCOs, with fungal laccases having the greatest biotechnological applicability due to their superior ability to oxidize a wide range of aromatic compounds and lignin, which is enhanced in the presence of redox mediators. The adaptation of these versatile enzymes to specific application processes can be achieved through the directed evolution of the recombinant enzymes. On the other hand, their substrate versatility and the low sequence homology among laccases make their exact classification difficult. Many of the ever-increasing amounts of MCO entries from fungal genomes are automatically (and often wrongly) annotated as laccases. In a recent comparative genomic study of 52 basidiomycete fungi, MCO classification was revised based on their phylogeny. The enzymes clustered according to common structural motifs and theoretical activities, revealing three novel groups of laccase-like enzymes. This review provides an overview of the structure, catalytic activity, and oxidative mechanism of fungal laccases and how their biotechnological potential as biocatalysts in industry can be greatly enhanced by protein engineering. Finally, recent information on newly identified MCOs with laccase-like activity is included.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Susana Camarero
- Margarita Salas Center for Biological Research, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain;
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Wohlschlager L, Kracher D, Scheiblbrandner S, Csarman F, Ludwig R. Spectroelectrochemical investigation of the glyoxal oxidase activation mechanism. Bioelectrochemistry 2021; 141:107845. [PMID: 34147826 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2021.107845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Glyoxal oxidase (GLOX) is an extracellular source of H2O2 in white-rot secretomes, where it acts in concert with peroxidases to degrade lignin. It has been reported that GLOX requires activation prior to catalytic turnover and that a peroxidase system can fulfill this task. In this study, we verify that an oxidation product of horseradish peroxidase, the radical cation of 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), is an activator for GLOX. A spectroelectrochemical cell was used to generate the activating radical species, to continuously measure its concentration, and to simultaneously measure the catalytic activity of GLOX based on its O2 consumption. The results show that GLOX can undergo multiple catalytic turnovers upon activation and that activity increases with the activator concentration. However, we also found that the ABTS cation radical can serve as an electron acceptor which becomes visible in the absence of O2. Furthermore, GLOX activity is highly restrained by the naturally occurring, low O2 concentration. We conclude that GLOX is indeed an auxiliary enzyme for H2O2 production in white-rot secretomes. Its turnover rate is strongly regulated by the availability of O2 and the radical generating activity of peroxidases present in the secretome, which acts as a feedback loop for GLOX activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Wohlschlager
- Biocatalysis and Biosensing Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Daniel Kracher
- Biocatalysis and Biosensing Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Stefan Scheiblbrandner
- Biocatalysis and Biosensing Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Florian Csarman
- Biocatalysis and Biosensing Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Roland Ludwig
- Biocatalysis and Biosensing Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria.
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Duman-Özdamar ZE, Binay B. Production of Industrial Enzymes via Pichia pastoris as a Cell Factory in Bioreactor: Current Status and Future Aspects. Protein J 2021; 40:367-376. [DOI: 10.1007/s10930-021-09968-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Bronikowski A, Hagedoorn PL, Koschorreck K, Urlacher VB. Expression of a new laccase from Moniliophthora roreri at high levels in Pichia pastoris and its potential application in micropollutant degradation. AMB Express 2017; 7:73. [PMID: 28357784 PMCID: PMC5371579 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-017-0368-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Laccases have gained significant attention due to their emerging applications including bioremediation, biomass degradation and biofuel cells. One of the prerequisites for the industrial application of laccases is their sufficient availability. However, expression levels of recombinantly expressed laccases are often low. In this study Mrl2, a new laccase from the basidiomycete Moniliophthora roreri, was cloned in Pichia pastoris and produced in an optimized fed-batch process at an exceptionally high yield of 1.05 g l−1. With a redox potential of 0.58 V, Mrl2 belongs to mid-redox potential laccases. However, Mrl2 demonstrated high kcat values of 316, 20, 74, and 36 s−1 towards 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), syringaldazine (SGZ), 2,6-dimethoxyphenol (2,6-DMP) and guaiacol, respectively. Mrl2 remained stable above pH 6 and in the presence of many metal ions, which is important for application in bioremediation. Mrl2 was investigated for the ability to degrade endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSDAIs) at neutral pH value. The enzyme accepted and converted estrone, 17β-estradiol, estriol, the synthetic contraceptive 17α-ethinyl estradiol and bisphenol A at pH 7 faster than high-potential laccases from Trametes versicolor. For example, within 30 min Mrl2 removed more than 90% bisphenol A, 17ß-estradiol, 17α-ethinyl estradiol and estriol, respectively. The concentration of the recalcitrant drug diclofenac dropped by 56% after 20 h incubation with Mrl2.
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Scheiblbrandner S, Breslmayr E, Csarman F, Paukner R, Führer J, Herzog PL, Shleev SV, Osipov EM, Tikhonova TV, Popov VO, Haltrich D, Ludwig R, Kittl R. Evolving stability and pH-dependent activity of the high redox potential Botrytis aclada laccase for enzymatic fuel cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13688. [PMID: 29057958 PMCID: PMC5651918 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13734-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal high redox potential laccases are proposed as cathodic biocatalysts in implantable enzymatic fuel cells to generate high cell voltages. Their application is limited mainly through their acidic pH optimum and chloride inhibition. This work investigates evolutionary and engineering strategies to increase the pH optimum of a chloride-tolerant, high redox potential laccase from the ascomycete Botrytis aclada. The laccase was subjected to two rounds of directed evolution and the clones screened for increased stability and activity at pH 6.5. Beneficial mutation sites were investigated by semi-rational and combinatorial mutagenesis. Fourteen variants were characterised in detail to evaluate changes of the kinetic constants. Mutations increasing thermostability were distributed over the entire structure. Among them, T383I showed a 2.6-fold increased half-life by preventing the loss of the T2 copper through unfolding of a loop. Mutations affecting the pH-dependence cluster around the T1 copper and categorise in three types of altered pH profiles: pH-type I changes the monotonic decreasing pH profile into a bell-shaped profile, pH-type II describes increased specific activity below pH 6.5, and pH-type III increased specific activity above pH 6.5. Specific activities of the best variants were up to 5-fold higher (13 U mg−1) than BaL WT at pH 7.5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Scheiblbrandner
- Department of Food Sciences and Technology, VIBT - Vienna Institute of BioTechnology, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, A-1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Erik Breslmayr
- Department of Food Sciences and Technology, VIBT - Vienna Institute of BioTechnology, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, A-1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Florian Csarman
- Department of Food Sciences and Technology, VIBT - Vienna Institute of BioTechnology, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, A-1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Regina Paukner
- Department of Food Sciences and Technology, VIBT - Vienna Institute of BioTechnology, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, A-1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Führer
- Department of Food Sciences and Technology, VIBT - Vienna Institute of BioTechnology, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, A-1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter L Herzog
- Department of Food Sciences and Technology, VIBT - Vienna Institute of BioTechnology, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, A-1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sergey V Shleev
- Biomedical Sciences, Health and Society, Malmö University, 20560, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Evgeny M Osipov
- Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology RAS, 119071, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Tamara V Tikhonova
- Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology RAS, 119071, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir O Popov
- Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Research Center of Biotechnology RAS, 119071, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Dietmar Haltrich
- Department of Food Sciences and Technology, VIBT - Vienna Institute of BioTechnology, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, A-1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Roland Ludwig
- Department of Food Sciences and Technology, VIBT - Vienna Institute of BioTechnology, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, A-1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Roman Kittl
- Department of Food Sciences and Technology, VIBT - Vienna Institute of BioTechnology, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, A-1190, Vienna, Austria.
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Pezzella C, Giacobelli VG, Lettera V, Olivieri G, Cicatiello P, Sannia G, Piscitelli A. A step forward in laccase exploitation: Recombinant production and evaluation of techno-economic feasibility of the process. J Biotechnol 2017; 259:175-181. [PMID: 28751274 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2017.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Protein heterologous production offers viable opportunities to tailor laccase properties to specific industrial needs. The high redox potential laccase POXA1b from Pleurotus ostreatus was chosen as case study of marketable enzyme, due to its desirable properties in terms of activity/stability profile, and already assessed applicability. POXA1b was heterologously produced in Pichia pastoris by investigating the effect of inducible and constitutive expression systems on both the yield and the cost of its production. System performances were first assessed in shaken-flasks and then scaled-up in bioreactor. The production level obtained in the inducible system is 42U/mL, while the activity value achieved with the constitutive one is 60U/mL, the highest obtained in constitutive systems so far. The economic feasibility of recombinant laccase production was simulated, describing the case of an Italian small-medium enterprise. Two scenarios were evaluated: Scenario (I) production based on methanol inducible system; Scenario (II) production based on the constitutive system, fed with glycerol. At all the scales the glycerol-based fermentation is more economic than the methanol-based one. The price forecast for rPOXA1b production is 0.34€kU-1 for glycerol-based process, and is very competitive with the current price of commercial laccase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Pezzella
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, via Cinthia, 4 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Valerio Guido Giacobelli
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, via Cinthia, 4 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Olivieri
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Piazzale V. Tecchio 80, 80125 Napoli, Italy
| | - Paola Cicatiello
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, via Cinthia, 4 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Giovanni Sannia
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, via Cinthia, 4 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - Alessandra Piscitelli
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, via Cinthia, 4 80126 Napoli, Italy.
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9
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Laccase engineering: From rational design to directed evolution. Biotechnol Adv 2015; 33:25-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2014.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Macellaro G, Baratto MC, Piscitelli A, Pezzella C, Fabrizi de Biani F, Palmese A, Piumi F, Record E, Basosi R, Sannia G. Effective mutations in a high redox potential laccase from Pleurotus ostreatus. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:4949-61. [PMID: 24463760 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-5491-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Revised: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/22/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Since the first report on a laccase, there has been a notable development in the interest towards this class of enzymes, highlighted from the number of scientific papers and patents about them. At the same time, interest in exploiting laccases-mainly high redox potential-for various functions has been growing exponentially over the last 10 years. Despite decades of work, the molecular determinants of the redox potential are far to be fully understood. For this reason, interest in tuning laccase redox potential to provide more efficient catalysts has been growing since the last years. The work herein described takes advantage of the filamentous fungus Aspergillus niger as host for the heterologous production of the high redox potential laccase POXA1b from Pleurotus ostreatus and of one of its in vitro selected variants (1H6C). The system herein developed allowed to obtain a production level of 35,000 U/L (583.3 μkat/L) for POXA1b and 60,000 U/L (1,000 μkat/L) for 1H6C, corresponding to 13 and 20 mg/L for POXA1b and 1H6C, respectively. The characterised proteins exhibit very similar characteristics, with some exceptions regarding catalytic behaviour, stability and spectro-electrochemical properties. Remarkably, the 1H6C variant shows a higher redox potential with respect to POXA1b. Furthermore, the spectro-electrochemical results obtained for 1H6C make it tempting to claim that we spectro-electrochemically determined the redox potential of the 1H6C T2 site, which has not been studied in any detail by spectro-electrochemistry yet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Macellaro
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, via Cinthia 4, 80126, Naples, Italy
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Mate DM, Gonzalez-Perez D, Kittl R, Ludwig R, Alcalde M. Functional expression of a blood tolerant laccase in Pichia pastoris. BMC Biotechnol 2013; 13:38. [PMID: 23627343 PMCID: PMC3655043 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6750-13-38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Basidiomycete high-redox potential laccases (HRPLs) working in human physiological fluids (pH 7.4, 150 mM NaCl) arise great interest in the engineering of 3D-nanobiodevices for biomedical uses. In two previous reports, we described the directed evolution of a HRPL from basidiomycete PM1 strain CECT 2971: i) to be expressed in an active, soluble and stable form in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and ii) to be active in human blood. In spite of the fact that S. cerevisiae is suited for the directed evolution of HRPLs, the secretion levels obtained in this host are not high enough for further research and exploitation. Thus, the search for an alternative host to over-express the evolved laccases is mandatory. RESULTS A blood-active laccase (ChU-B mutant) fused to the native/evolved α-factor prepro-leader was cloned under the control of two different promoters (P(AOX1) and P(GAP)) and expressed in Pichia pastoris. The most active construct, which contained the P(AOX1) and the evolved prepro-leader, was fermented in a 42-L fed-batch bioreactor yielding production levels of 43 mg/L. The recombinant laccase was purified to homogeneity and thoroughly characterized. As happened in S. cerevisiae, the laccase produced by P. pastoris presented an extra N-terminal extension (ETEAEF) generated by an alternative processing of the α-factor pro-leader at the Golgi compartment. The laccase mutant secreted by P. pastoris showed the same improved properties acquired after several cycles of directed evolution in S. cerevisiae for blood-tolerance: a characteristic pH-activity profile shifted to the neutral-basic range and a greatly increased resistance against inhibition by halides. Slight biochemical differences between both expression systems were found in glycosylation, thermostability and turnover numbers. CONCLUSIONS The tandem-yeast system based on S. cerevisiae to perform directed evolution and P. pastoris to over-express the evolved laccases constitutes a promising approach for the in vitro evolution and production of these enzymes towards different biocatalytic and bioelectrochemical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana M Mate
- Department of Biocatalysis, Institute of Catalysis, CSIC, Madrid 28049, Spain
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Yang JK, Liu LY, Dai JH, Li Q. de novo design and synthesis of Candida antarctica lipase B gene and α-factor leads to high-level expression in Pichia pastoris. PLoS One 2013; 8:e53939. [PMID: 23326544 PMCID: PMC3542265 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida antarctica lipase B (CALB) is one of the most widely used and studied enzymes in the world. In order to achieve the high-level expression of CALB in Pichia, we optimized the codons of CALB gene and α-factor by using a de novo design and synthesis strategy. Through comparative analysis of a series of recombinants with different expression components, we found that the methanol-inducible expression recombinant carrying the codon-optimized α-factor and mature CALB gene (pPIC9KαM-CalBM) has the highest lipase production capacity. After fermentation parameters optimization, the lipase activity and protein content of the recombinant pPIC9KαM-CalBM reached 6,100 U/mL and 3.0 g/L, respectively, in a 5-L fermentor. We believe this strategy could be of special interest due to its capacity to improve the expression level of target gene, and the Pichia transformants carrying the codon-optimized gene had great potential for the industrial-scale production of CALB lipase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang-Ke Yang
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Li-Ying Liu
- School of Life Science, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jiang-Hong Dai
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Qin Li
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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