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Lee M, Kim YS, Lim S, Shin SH, Kim I, Kim J, Choi M, Kim JH, Koh SJ, Park JW, Shin HW. Protein stabilization of ITF2 by NF-κB prevents colitis-associated cancer development. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2363. [PMID: 37185280 PMCID: PMC10130090 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38080-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic colonic inflammation is a feature of cancer and is strongly associated with tumorigenesis, but its underlying molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. Inflammatory conditions increased ITF2 and p65 expression both ex vivo and in vivo, and ITF2 and p65 showed positive correlations. p65 overexpression stabilized ITF2 protein levels by interfering with the binding of Parkin to ITF2. More specifically, the C-terminus of p65 binds to the N-terminus of ITF2 and inhibits ubiquitination, thereby promoting ITF2 stabilization. Parkin acts as a E3 ubiquitin ligase for ITF2 ubiquitination. Intestinal epithelial-specific deletion of ITF2 facilitated nuclear translocation of p65 and thus increased colitis-associated cancer tumorigenesis, which was mediated by Azoxymethane/Dextran sulfate sodium or dextran sulfate sodium. Upregulated ITF2 expression was lost in carcinoma tissues of colitis-associated cancer patients, whereas p65 expression much more increased in both dysplastic and carcinoma regions. Therefore, these findings indicate a critical role for ITF2 in the repression of colitis-associated cancer progression and ITF2 would be an attractive target against inflammatory diseases including colitis-associated cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyu Lee
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University Graduate School, Seoul, South Korea
- Obstructive Upper airway Research (OUaR) Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yi-Sook Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University Graduate School, Seoul, South Korea
- Obstructive Upper airway Research (OUaR) Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Suha Lim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University Graduate School, Seoul, South Korea
- Obstructive Upper airway Research (OUaR) Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seung-Hyun Shin
- Hanmi Research Center, Hanmi Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 550 Dongtangiheung-ro, Hwaseong-si, 18469, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Iljin Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Jiyoung Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University Graduate School, Seoul, South Korea
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Ischemic/Hypoxic Disease Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Min Choi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University Graduate School, Seoul, South Korea
- Obstructive Upper airway Research (OUaR) Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jung Ho Kim
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seong-Joon Koh
- Liver Research Institute and Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jong-Wan Park
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University Graduate School, Seoul, South Korea
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Ischemic/Hypoxic Disease Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Woo Shin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University Graduate School, Seoul, South Korea.
- Obstructive Upper airway Research (OUaR) Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
- Ischemic/Hypoxic Disease Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea.
- Sensory Organ Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
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Stobdan T, Sahoo D, Haddad GG. A Boolean approach for novel hypoxia-related gene discovery. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0273524. [PMID: 36006949 PMCID: PMC9409593 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0273524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia plays a major role in the etiology and pathogenesis of most of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality, whether cardiovascular diseases, cancer, respiratory diseases or stroke. Despite active research on hypoxia-signaling pathways, the understanding of regulatory mechanisms, especially in specific tissues, still remain elusive. With the accessibility of thousands of potentially diverse genomic datasets, computational methods are utilized to generate new hypotheses. Here we utilized Boolean implication relationship, a powerful method to probe symmetrically and asymmetrically related genes, to identify novel hypoxia related genes. We used a well-known hypoxia-responsive gene, VEGFA, with very large human expression datasets (n = 25,955) to identify novel hypoxia-responsive candidate gene/s. Further, we utilized in-vitro analysis using human endothelial cells exposed to 1% O2 environment for 2, 8, 24 and 48 hours to validate top candidate genes. Out of the top candidate genes (n = 19), 84% genes were previously reported as hypoxia related, validating our results. However, we identified FAM114A1 as a novel candidate gene significantly upregulated in the endothelial cells at 8, 24 and 48 hours of 1% O2 environment. Additional evidence, particularly the localization of intronic miRNA and numerous HREs further support and strengthen our finding. Current results on FAM114A1 provide an example demonstrating the utility of powerful computational methods, like Boolean implications, in playing a major role in hypothesis building and discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsering Stobdan
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Respiratory Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Debashis Sahoo
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Respiratory Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Gabriel G. Haddad
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Respiratory Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Rady Children’s Hospital, San Diego, California, United States of America
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Polygonum cuspidatum Extract (Pc-Ex) Containing Emodin Suppresses Lung Cancer-Induced Cachexia by Suppressing TCF4/TWIST1 Complex-Induced PTHrP Expression. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14071508. [PMID: 35406121 PMCID: PMC9002362 DOI: 10.3390/nu14071508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cachexia, which is characterised by the wasting of fat and skeletal muscles, is the most common risk factor for increased mortality rates among patients with advanced lung cancer. PTHLH (parathyroid hormone-like hormone) is reported to be involved in the pathogenesis of cancer cachexia. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of PTHLH expression and the inhibitors of PTHLH have not yet been identified. The PTHLH mRNA levels were measured using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, while the PTHrP (parathyroid hormone-related protein) expression levels were measured using Western blotting and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The interaction between TCF4 (Transcription Factor 4) and TWIST1 and the binding of the TCF4–TWIST1 complex to the PTHLH promoter were analysed using co-immunoprecipitation and chromatin immunoprecipitation. The results of the mammalian two-hybrid luciferase assay revealed that emodin inhibited TCF4–TWIST1 interaction. The effects of Polygonum cuspidatum extract (Pc-Ex), which contains emodin, on cachexia were investigated in vivo using A549 tumour-bearing mice. Ectopic expression of TCF4 upregulated PTHLH expression. Conversely, TCF4 knockdown downregulated PTHLH expression in lung cancer cells. The expression of PTHLH was upregulated in cells ectopically co-expressing TCF4 and TWIST1 when compared with that in cells expressing TCF4 or TWIST1 alone. Emodin inhibited the interaction between TCF4 and TWIST1 and consequently suppressed the TCF4/TWIST1 complex-induced upregulated mRNA and protein levels of PTHLH and PTHrP. Meanwhile, emodin-containing Pc-Ex significantly alleviated skeletal muscle atrophy and downregulated fat browning-related genes in A549 tumour-bearing mice. Emodin-containing Pc-Ex exerted therapeutic effects on lung cancer-associated cachexia by inhibiting TCF4/TWIST1 complex-induced PTHrP expression.
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Wan D, Qu Y, Ai S, Cheng L. miR-152 Attenuates Apoptosis in Chondrocytes and Degeneration of Cartilages in Osteoarthritis Rats via TCF-4 Pathway. Dose Response 2020; 18:1559325820946918. [PMID: 33192200 PMCID: PMC7597564 DOI: 10.1177/1559325820946918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Osteoarthritis (OA) is associated with deregulation of various miRNAs (miRs). The present study reported protective effect of miR-152 in osteoarthritis. Methods Tissue cartilage tissues of OA and normal subjects were used, rat model of anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT) was developed. Cartilage study was done by Safranin O-fast green, histological and immunostaining. The chondrocytes were isolated from tissues and were treated with IL-1β and infected with miR-152 or TCF-4 cloned lentiviral vectors. MTT assay was done for cell viability, apoptosis by Annexin-V-FITC staining. Expressions of proteins by western blot assay. Collagen-II assay was done by immunofluroscent assay. Luciferase activity by dual luciferase reporter assay. Results Upregulation of miR-152 improved viability of chondrocytes, decreased apoptosis and balanced the catabolic and anabolic factors of extracellular matrix in vitro. Injecting miR-152 lentivirus in rats improved articular cartilage in osteoarthritis ACLT rats. Bioinformatics analysis suggested TCF-4 as favorable target gene of miR-152, having binding site on the 3'UTR region of TCF-4 mRNA and inhibited the expression of TCF-4. Osteoarthritis tissue cartilage both from humans and rats showed expression of miR-152 inversely linked with expression of TCF-4. Conclusion Present study concludes miR-152 diminished the progression of osteoarthritis partially by inhibiting the expression of TCF-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daqian Wan
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Qu
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Songtao Ai
- Department of Radiology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Liming Cheng
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Shanghai, China
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Xue H, Tu Y, Ma T, Wen T, Yang T, Xue L, Cai M, Wang F, Guan M. miR-93-5p attenuates IL-1β-induced chondrocyte apoptosis and cartilage degradation in osteoarthritis partially by targeting TCF4. Bone 2019; 123:129-136. [PMID: 30930294 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2019.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs, miRs) are frequently dysregulated in osteoarthritis (OA), but the role of specific miRNAs in OA remains unclear. In this study, we found that miR-93-5p is underexpressed in human and rat OA-affected cartilage (compared with normal cartilage) as well as in IL-1β-treated chondrocytes. Overexpression of miR-93-5p promoted chondrocyte viability, suppressed chondrocyte apoptosis, and maintained the balance between anabolic and catabolic factors of the extracellular matrix in vitro. Similarly, injection of a miR-93-5p-expressing lentivirus alleviated the destruction of articular cartilage in a rat model of OA (anterior cruciate ligament transection). Furthermore, TCF4 was identified as a direct target gene of miR-93-5p. miR-93-5p directly targeted the 3' untranslated region (3'-UTR) of TCF4 mRNA and repressed TCF4 expression. Overexpression of TCF4 attenuated the effects of miR-93-5p on chondrocyte apoptosis and functions. Finally, analyses of miR-93-5p and TCF4 in OA-affected cartilage tissues revealed that miR-93-5p expression inversely correlated with TCF4 expression. Altogether, these findings indicate that miR-93-5p slows OA progression partially by suppressing TCF4 expression, and this phenomenon may provide novel insights into the function of miRNA in OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaming Xue
- Department of Orthopaedics, Yangpu District Central Hospital affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200090, China
| | - Yihui Tu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Yangpu District Central Hospital affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200090, China.
| | - Tong Ma
- Department of Orthopaedics, Yangpu District Central Hospital affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200090, China
| | - Tao Wen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Yangpu District Central Hospital affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200090, China
| | - Tao Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Yangpu District Central Hospital affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200090, China
| | - Long Xue
- Department of Orthopaedics, Yangpu District Central Hospital affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200090, China
| | - Minwei Cai
- Department of Orthopaedics, Yangpu District Central Hospital affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200090, China
| | - Fangxing Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Yangpu District Central Hospital affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200090, China
| | - Mengying Guan
- Department of Orthopaedics, Yangpu District Central Hospital affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200090, China
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Hellwig M, Lauffer MC, Bockmayr M, Spohn M, Merk DJ, Harrison L, Ahlfeld J, Kitowski A, Neumann JE, Ohli J, Holdhof D, Niesen J, Schoof M, Kool M, Kraus C, Zweier C, Holmberg D, Schüller U. TCF4 (E2-2) harbors tumor suppressive functions in SHH medulloblastoma. Acta Neuropathol 2019; 137:657-673. [PMID: 30830316 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-019-01982-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The TCF4 gene encodes for the basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor 4 (TCF4), which plays an important role in the development of the central nervous system (CNS). Haploinsufficiency of TCF4 was found to cause Pitt-Hopkins syndrome (PTHS), a severe neurodevelopmental disorder. Recently, the screening of a large cohort of medulloblastoma (MB), a highly aggressive embryonal brain tumor, revealed almost 20% of adult patients with MB of the Sonic hedgehog (SHH) subtype carrying somatic TCF4 mutations. Interestingly, many of these mutations have previously been detected as germline mutations in patients with PTHS. We show here that overexpression of wild-type TCF4 in vitro significantly suppresses cell proliferation in MB cells, whereas mutant TCF4 proteins do not to the same extent. Furthermore, RNA sequencing revealed significant upregulation of multiple well-known tumor suppressors upon expression of wild-type TCF4. In vivo, a prenatal knockout of Tcf4 in mice caused a significant increase in apoptosis accompanied by a decreased proliferation and failed migration of cerebellar granule neuron precursor cells (CGNP), which are thought to be the cells of origin for SHH MB. In contrast, postnatal in vitro and in vivo knockouts of Tcf4 with and without an additional constitutive activation of the SHH pathway led to significantly increased proliferation of CGNP or MB cells. Finally, publicly available data from human MB show that relatively low expression levels of TCF4 significantly correlate with a worse clinical outcome. These results not only point to time-specific roles of Tcf4 during cerebellar development but also suggest a functional linkage between TCF4 mutations and the formation of SHH MB, proposing that TCF4 acts as a tumor suppressor during postnatal stages of cerebellar development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malte Hellwig
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Research Institute Children's Cancer Center Hamburg, Martinistrasse 52, N63 (HPI), 20251, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marlen C Lauffer
- Center for Neuropathology, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michael Bockmayr
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Research Institute Children's Cancer Center Hamburg, Martinistrasse 52, N63 (HPI), 20251, Hamburg, Germany
- Institute of Pathology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Spohn
- Research Institute Children's Cancer Center Hamburg, Martinistrasse 52, N63 (HPI), 20251, Hamburg, Germany
- Bioinformatics Core, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Daniel J Merk
- Center for Neuropathology, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Luke Harrison
- Center for Neuropathology, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Research Unit Neurobiology of Diabetes, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Julia Ahlfeld
- Center for Neuropathology, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Annabel Kitowski
- Center for Neuropathology, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Julia E Neumann
- Center for Neuropathology, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jasmin Ohli
- Center for Neuropathology, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Dörthe Holdhof
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Research Institute Children's Cancer Center Hamburg, Martinistrasse 52, N63 (HPI), 20251, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Judith Niesen
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Research Institute Children's Cancer Center Hamburg, Martinistrasse 52, N63 (HPI), 20251, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Melanie Schoof
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Research Institute Children's Cancer Center Hamburg, Martinistrasse 52, N63 (HPI), 20251, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marcel Kool
- Hopp Children's Cancer Center (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Cornelia Kraus
- Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christiane Zweier
- Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dan Holmberg
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ulrich Schüller
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
- Research Institute Children's Cancer Center Hamburg, Martinistrasse 52, N63 (HPI), 20251, Hamburg, Germany.
- Center for Neuropathology, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
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Kovacheva M, Zepp M, Berger SM, Berger MR. Sustained conditional knockdown reveals intracellular bone sialoprotein as essential for breast cancer skeletal metastasis. Oncotarget 2015; 5:5510-22. [PMID: 24980816 PMCID: PMC4170606 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased bone sialoprotein (BSP) serum levels are related to breast cancer skeletal metastasis, but their relevance is unknown. We elucidated novel intracellular BSP functions by a conditional knockdown of BSP. Conditional MDA-MB-231 subclones were equipped with a novel gene expression cassette containing a tet-regulated miRNA providing knockdown of BSP production. These clones were used to assess the effect of BSP on morphology, proliferation, migration, colony formation and gene expression in vitro, and on soft tissue and osteolytic lesions in a xenograft model by three imaging methods. BSP knockdown caused significant anti-proliferative, anti-migratory and anti-clonogenic effects in vitro (p<0.001). In vivo, significant decreases of soft tissue and osteolytic lesions (p<0.03) were recorded after 3 weeks of miRNA treatment, leading to complete remission within 6 weeks. Microarray data revealed that 0.3% of genes were modulated in response to BSP knockdown. Upregulated genes included the endoplasmic reticulum stress genes ATF3 and DDIT3, the tumor suppressor gene EGR1, ID2 (related to breast epithelial differentiation), c-FOS and SERPINB2, whereas the metastasis associated genes CD44 and IL11 were downregulated. Also, activation of apoptotic pathways was demonstrated. These results implicate that intracellular BSP is essential for breast cancer skeletal metastasis and a target for treating these lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marineta Kovacheva
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Toxicology and Chemotherapy Unit, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Zepp
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Toxicology and Chemotherapy Unit, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan M Berger
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Department of Molecular Biology, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Martin R Berger
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Toxicology and Chemotherapy Unit, Heidelberg, Germany
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Yuan A, Lee Y, Choi U, Moeckel G, Karihaloo A. Chemokine receptor Cxcr4 contributes to kidney fibrosis via multiple effectors. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2014; 308:F459-72. [PMID: 25537742 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00146.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Kidney fibrosis is the final common pathway for virtually every type of chronic kidney disease and is a consequence of a prolonged healing response that follows tissue inflammation. Chronic kidney inflammation ultimately leads to progressive tissue injury and scarring/fibrosis. Several pathways have been implicated in the progression of kidney fibrosis. In the present study, we demonstrate that G protein-coupled chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor (CXCR)4 was significantly upregulated after renal injury and that sustained activation of Cxcr4 expression augmented the fibrotic response. We demonstrate that after unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO), both gene and protein expression of Cxcr4 were highly upregulated in tubular cells of the nephron. The increased Cxcr4 expression in tubules correlated with their increased dedifferentiated state, leading to increased mRNA expression of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-α, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, and concurrent loss of bone morphogenetic protein 7 (Bmp7). Ablation of tubular Cxcr4 attenuated UUO-mediated fibrotic responses, which correlated with a significant reduction in PDGF-α and TGF-β1 levels and preservation of Bmp7 expression after UUO. Furthermore, Cxcr4(+) immune cells infiltrated the obstructed kidney and further upregulate their Cxcr4 expression. Genetic ablation of Cxcr4 from macrophages was protective against UUO-induced fibrosis. There was also reduced total kidney TGF-β1, which correlated with reduced Smad activation and α-smooth muscle actin levels. We conclude that chronic high Cxcr4 expression in multiple effector cell types can contribute to the pathogenesis of renal fibrosis by altering their biological profile. This study uncovered a novel cross-talk between Cxcr4-TGF-β1 and Bmp7 pathways and may provide novel targets for interrupting the progression of fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Yuan
- Department of Medicine, Section of Nephrology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Yashang Lee
- Department of Medicine, Section of Nephrology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Uimook Choi
- Laboratory of Host Defense, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Gilbert Moeckel
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; and
| | - Anil Karihaloo
- Department of Medicine, Section of Nephrology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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9
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Shin HW, Choi H, So D, Kim YI, Cho K, Chung HJ, Lee KH, Chun YS, Cho CH, Kang GH, Kim WH, Park JW. ITF2 prevents activation of the β-catenin-TCF4 complex in colon cancer cells and levels decrease with tumor progression. Gastroenterology 2014; 147:430-442.e8. [PMID: 24846398 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2014.04.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Revised: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Immunoglobulin transcription factor 2 (ITF2) was believed to promote neoplastic transformation via activation of β-catenin. However, ITF2 recently was reported to suppress colon carcinogenesis. We investigated the roles of ITF2 in colorectal cancer cell lines and tumor formation and growth in mice. METHODS Levels of ITF2, β-catenin, and c-Myc were measured in 12 human colorectal tumor samples and by immunohistochemistry. ITF2 regulation of β-catenin and T-cell factor (TCF) were analyzed using luciferase reporter, reverse-transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction, flow cytometry, and immunoblot analyses. Mice were given subcutaneous injections of human colorectal cancer cell lines that stably express ITF2, small hairpin RNAs to reduce levels of ITF2, or control plasmids; xenograft tumor growth was assessed. Human colorectal carcinoma tissue arrays were used to associate levels of ITF2 expression and clinical outcomes. RESULTS Levels of β-catenin, cMyc, and ITF2 were increased in areas of human colon adenomas and carcinomas, compared with nontumor areas of the same tissues. ITF2 levels were reduced and cMyc levels were increased in areas of carcinoma, compared with adenoma. In human colorectal cancer cell lines, activation of the β-catenin-TCF4 complex and expression of its target genes were regulated negatively by ITF2. ITF2 inhibited formation of the β-catenin-TCF4 complex by competing with TCF4 for β-catenin binding. Stable transgenic expression of ITF2 in human colorectal cancer cell lines reduced their proliferation and tumorigenic potential in mice, whereas small hairpin RNA knockdown of ITF2 promoted growth of xenograft tumors in mice. In an analysis of colorectal tumor tissue arrays, loss of ITF2 from colorectal tumor tissues was associated with poor outcomes of patients. A gene set enrichment analysis supported the negative correlation between the level of ITF2 and activity of the β-catenin-TCF4 complex. CONCLUSIONS In human colorectal cancer cell lines and tissue samples, ITF2 appears to prevent activation of the β-catenin-TCF4 complex and transcription of its gene targets. Loss of ITF2 promotes the ability of colorectal cancer cells to form xenograft tumors, and is associated with tumor progression and shorter survival times of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Woo Shin
- Department of Pharmacology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Ischemic/Hypoxic Disease Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyunsung Choi
- Department of Pharmacology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Daeho So
- Department of Pharmacology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Department of Biomedical Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young-Im Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Department of Biomedical Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kumsun Cho
- Department of Biomedical Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hee-Joon Chung
- Seoul National University Biomedical Informatics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyoung-Hwa Lee
- Ischemic/Hypoxic Disease Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yang-Sook Chun
- Ischemic/Hypoxic Disease Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Department of Biomedical Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chung-Hyun Cho
- Department of Pharmacology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Ischemic/Hypoxic Disease Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Gyeong Hoon Kang
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Woo Ho Kim
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong-Wan Park
- Department of Pharmacology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Ischemic/Hypoxic Disease Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; Department of Biomedical Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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Novel guanide-substituted compounds bind to CXCR4 and inhibit breast cancer metastasis. Anticancer Drugs 2014; 25:8-16. [DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000000019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Navarrete K, Pedroso I, De Jong S, Stefansson H, Steinberg S, Stefansson K, Ophoff RA, Schalkwyk LC, Collier DA. TCF4 (e2-2; ITF2): a schizophrenia-associated gene with pleiotropic effects on human disease. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2013; 162B:1-16. [PMID: 23129290 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Common SNPs in the transcription factor 4 (TCF4; ITF2, E2-2, SEF-2) gene, which encodes a basic Helix-Loop-Helix (bHLH) transcription factor, are associated with schizophrenia, conferring a small increase in risk. Other common SNPs in the gene are associated with the common eye disorder Fuch's corneal dystrophy, while rare, mostly de novo inactivating mutations cause Pitt-Hopkins syndrome. In this review, we present a systematic bioinformatics and literature review of the genomics, biological function and interactome of TCF4 in the context of schizophrenia. The TCF4 gene is present in all vertebrates, and although protein length varies, there is high conservation of primary sequence, including the DNA binding domain. Humans have a unique leucine-rich nuclear export signal. There are two main isoforms (A and B), as well as complex splicing generating many possible N-terminal amino acid sequences. TCF4 is highly expressed in the brain, where plays a role in neurodevelopment, interacting with class II bHLH transcription factors Math1, HASH1, and neuroD2. The Ca(2+) sensor protein calmodulin interacts with the DNA binding domain of TCF4, inhibiting transcriptional activation. It is also the target of microRNAs, including mir137, which is implicated in schizophrenia. The schizophrenia-associated SNPs are in linkage disequilibrium with common variants within putative DNA regulatory elements, suggesting that regulation of expression may underlie association with schizophrenia. Combined gene co-expression analyses and curated protein-protein interaction data provide a network involving TCF4 and other putative schizophrenia susceptibility genes. These findings suggest new opportunities for understanding the molecular basis of schizophrenia and other mental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherinne Navarrete
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK
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Abstract
It has been 10 years since the role of a chemokine receptor, CXCR4, in breast cancer metastasis was first documented. Since then, the field of chemokines and cancer has grown significantly, so it is timely to review the progress, analyse the studies to date and identify future challenges facing this field. Metastasis is the major factor that limits survival in most patients with cancer. Therefore, understanding the molecular mechanisms that control the metastatic behaviour of tumour cells is pivotal for treating cancer successfully. Substantial experimental and clinical evidence supports the conclusion that molecular mechanisms control organ-specific metastasis. One of the most important mechanisms operating in metastasis involves homeostatic chemokines and their receptors. Here, we review this field and propose a model of 'cellular highways' to explain the effects of homeostatic chemokines on cancer cells and how they influence metastasis.
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Garred MM, Wang MM, Guo X, Harrington CA, Lein PJ. Transcriptional responses of cultured rat sympathetic neurons during BMP-7-induced dendritic growth. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21754. [PMID: 21765909 PMCID: PMC3135585 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2011] [Accepted: 06/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dendrites are the primary site of synapse formation in the vertebrate nervous system; however, relatively little is known about the molecular mechanisms that regulate the initial formation of primary dendrites. Embryonic rat sympathetic neurons cultured under defined conditions extend a single functional axon, but fail to form dendrites. Addition of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) triggers these neurons to extend multiple dendrites without altering axonal growth or cell survival. We used this culture system to examine differential gene expression patterns in naïve vs. BMP-treated sympathetic neurons in order to identify candidate genes involved in regulation of primary dendritogenesis. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS To determine the critical transcriptional window during BMP-induced dendritic growth, morphometric analysis of microtubule-associated protein (MAP-2)-immunopositive processes was used to quantify dendritic growth in cultures exposed to the transcription inhibitor actinomycin-D added at varying times after addition of BMP-7. BMP-7-induced dendritic growth was blocked when transcription was inhibited within the first 24 hr after adding exogenous BMP-7. Thus, total RNA was isolated from sympathetic neurons exposed to three different experimental conditions: (1) no BMP-7 treatment; (2) treatment with BMP-7 for 6 hr; and (3) treatment with BMP-7 for 24 hr. Affymetrix oligonucleotide microarrays were used to identify differential gene expression under these three culture conditions. BMP-7 significantly regulated 56 unique genes at 6 hr and 185 unique genes at 24 hr. Bioinformatic analyses implicate both established and novel genes and signaling pathways in primary dendritogenesis. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE This study provides a unique dataset that will be useful in generating testable hypotheses regarding transcriptional control of the initial stages of dendritic growth. Since BMPs selectively promote dendritic growth in central neurons as well, these findings may be generally applicable to dendritic growth in other neuronal cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle M. Garred
- Gene Microarray Shared Resource, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Michael M. Wang
- Departments of Neurology and Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Xin Guo
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Christina A. Harrington
- Gene Microarray Shared Resource, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Pamela J. Lein
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
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