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Melo G, Silva CAB, Hague A, Parkinson EK, Rivero ERC. Anticancer effects of putative and validated BH3-mimetic drugs in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas: An overview of current knowledge. Oral Oncol 2022; 132:105979. [PMID: 35816876 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2022.105979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this review was to summarise available literature concerning the anticancer effects of both putative and validated BH3-mimetics in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. A literature search was performed and studies assessing malignant cell lines, xenograft models, and/or humans were considered eligible. A total of 501 studies were identified, of which 40 were included. One phase-II clinical trial assessing gossypol (combined with docetaxel) was found. The remaining 39 preclinical studies investigated cell lines and/or xenograft models involving the use of six validated BH3-mimetics (A-1210477, A-1331852, ABT-737, navitoclax, S63845, venetoclax) and six putative BH3-mimetics (ApoG2, gossypol, obatoclax, sabutoclax, TW-37, and YC137). In preclinical settings, most validated BH3-mimetics were capable of inducing apoptosis (in-vitro) and tumour growth inhibition (in-vivo). The majority of putative BH3-mimetics were also capable of inducing cell death, although important off-target effects, such as autophagy induction, were also described. Combinations with conventional anticancer drugs, ionising radiation, or multiple BH3-mimetics generally resulted in enhanced anticancer effects, such as increased sensitivity to apoptotic stimuli, especially considering some cell lines that showed resistance to either treatment alone. In conclusion, although clinical data are still insufficient to evaluate the anticancer effects of BH3-mimetics in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas, promising results in preclinical settings were observed concerning induction of cell death and inhibition of tumour growth. Therefore, further clinical trials are highly encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilberto Melo
- Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil.
| | - Carolina Amália Barcellos Silva
- Department of Morphological Sciences, Biological Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil.
| | - Angela Hague
- Senior Lecturer, Bristol Dental School, Bristol, United Kingdom.
| | - Eric Kenneth Parkinson
- Centre for Oral Immunobiology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Dentistry, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Elena Riet Correa Rivero
- Department of Pathology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil.
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2
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Liu Y, Wang L, Zhao L, Zhang Y. Structure, properties of gossypol and its derivatives-from physiological activities to drug discovery and drug design. Nat Prod Rep 2022; 39:1282-1304. [PMID: 35587693 DOI: 10.1039/d1np00080b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Covering up to 2022Gossypol is a polyphenolic compound isolated from cottonseed. There are two optical enantiomers of gossypol, (-)-gossypol and (+)-gossypol. Gossypol exists as three different tautomers, aldehyde, ketone and lactol. Gossypol is toxic and provides a protective mechanism for cotton plants against pests. Gossypol was used as a male contraceptive in China in the 1970s. It was eventually abandoned due to noticeable side effects, disruption of potassium uptake and incomplete reversibility. Gossypol has gained considerable research interest due to its attractive biological activities, especially antitumor and antivirus. Gossypol derivatives are prepared by a structural modification to reduce toxicity and improve their therapeutic effect. This review depicts the bioactivity and regulation mechanisms of gossypol and its derivatives as drug lead compounds, with emphasis on its antitumor mechanism. The design and synthesis of pharmacologically active derivatives based on the structure of gossypol, such as gossypol Schiff bases, apogossypol, gossypolone, are thoroughly discussed. This review aims to serve as a reference for gossypol-based drug discovery and drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxia Liu
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China.
| | - Lulu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon-based Energy Resource, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, China
| | - Lin Zhao
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China.
| | - Yagang Zhang
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China.
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Ahn JS, Li J, Chen E, Kent DG, Park HJ, Green AR. JAK2V617F mediates resistance to DNA damage-induced apoptosis by modulating FOXO3A localization and Bcl-xL deamidation. Oncogene 2016; 35:2235-46. [PMID: 26234675 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Revised: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The JAK2V617F mutation is found in most patients with a myeloproliferative neoplasm (MPN). This gain-of-function mutation dysregulates cytokine signaling and is associated with increased accumulation of DNA damage, a process likely to drive disease evolution. JAK2V617F inhibits NHE-1 upregulation in response to DNA damage and consequently represses Bcl-xL deamidation and apoptosis, thus giving rise to inappropriate cell survival. However, the mechanism whereby NHE-1 expression is inhibited by JAK2V617F is unknown. In this study, we demonstrate that the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cells expressing JAK2V617F compromises the NHE-1/Bcl-xL deamidation pathway by repressing NHE-1 upregulation in response to DNA damage. In JAK2V617F-positive cells, increased ROS levels results from aberrant PI3K signaling, which decreases nuclear localization of FOXO3A and decreases catalase expression. Furthermore, when compared with autologous control erythroblasts, clonally derived JAK2V617F-positive erythroblasts from MPN patients displayed increased ROS levels and reduced nuclear FOXO3A. However, in hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), FOXO3A is largely localized within the nuclei despite the presence of JAK2V617F mutation, suggesting that JAK2-FOXO signaling has a different effect on progenitors compared with stem cells. Inactivation of FOXO proteins and elevation of intracellular ROS are characteristics common to many cancers, and hence these findings are likely to be of relevance beyond the MPN field.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Ahn
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Wellcome Trust/MRC Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - J Li
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Wellcome Trust/MRC Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - E Chen
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Wellcome Trust/MRC Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - D G Kent
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Wellcome Trust/MRC Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - H J Park
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Wellcome Trust/MRC Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - A R Green
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Wellcome Trust/MRC Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Haematology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
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Ludwig ML, Birkeland AC, Hoesli R, Swiecicki P, Spector ME, Brenner JC. Changing the paradigm: the potential for targeted therapy in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Biol Med 2016; 13:87-100. [PMID: 27144065 PMCID: PMC4850131 DOI: 10.28092/j.issn.2095-3941.2016.0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) remains a highly morbid and fatal disease. Historically, it has been a model example for organ preservation and treatment stratification paradigms. Unfortunately, survival for LSCC has stagnated over the past few decades. As the era of next-generation sequencing and personalized treatment for cancer approaches, LSCC may be an ideal disease for consideration of further treatment stratification and personalization. Here, we will discuss the important history of LSCC as a model system for organ preservation, unique and potentially targetable genetic signatures of LSCC, and methods for bringing stratified, personalized treatment strategies to the 21(st) century.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan L. Ludwig
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Andrew C. Birkeland
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Rebecca Hoesli
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Paul Swiecicki
- Department of Hematology Oncology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Matthew E. Spector
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - J. Chad Brenner
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Proteomic analysis of gossypol induces necrosis in multiple myeloma cells. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:839232. [PMID: 25197664 PMCID: PMC4150408 DOI: 10.1155/2014/839232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 07/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Gossypol is a phenolic aldehyde extracted from plants and is known to be an antitumor agent to induce cancer cell apoptosis. In the present study, multiple myeloma cells were treated with gossypol, which resulted in an increase of cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cell necrosis. Quantitative proteomic analysis was carried out to identify differentially expressed proteins between untreated and gossypol-treated cells. Proteomic analysis identified 4330 proteins, in which 202 proteins are upregulated and 383 proteins are downregulated in gossypol-treated cells as compared to the untreated cells. Importantly, proteomic and western blot analysis showed that apoptosis regulators BAK and Bax were upregulated in gossypol-treated cells, indicating that Bcl-2 associated death pathway was activated. Similarly, gossypol also induced upregulations of DNA mismatch repair proteins and DNA replication licensing factor, suggesting that gossypol caused significant DNA damage. Furthermore, upregulations of HLA class I and class II histocompatibility antigens and beta-2-microglobulin were observed in gossypol-treated cells, indicating that gossypol has a novel function to activate cellular immune responses. Our data demonstrate that the execution of necrosis is a complex process involving ROS, DNA damage, and Bcl-2 family proteins. Gossypol-activated immune responses are a potential new approach for multiple myeloma chemotherapy.
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Jin L, Chen Y, Mu X, Lian Q, Deng H, Ge R. Phosphoproteomic analysis of gossypol-induced apoptosis in ovarian cancer cell line, HOC1a. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:123482. [PMID: 25180175 PMCID: PMC4144078 DOI: 10.1155/2014/123482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2014] [Revised: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is a major cause for death of gynecological cancer patients. The efficacy of traditional surgery and chemotherapy is rather compromised and platinum-resistant cancer recurs. Finding new therapeutic targets is urgently needed to increase the survival rate and to improve life quality of patients with ovarian cancer. In the present work, phosphoproteomic analysis was carried out on untreated and gossypol-treated ovarian cancer cell line, HOC1a. We identified approximately 9750 phosphopeptides from 3030 phosphoproteins, which are involved in diverse cellular processes including cytoskeletal organization, RNA and nucleotide binding, and cell cycle regulation. Upon gossypol treatment, changes in phosphorylation of twenty-nine proteins including YAP1 and AKAP12 were characterized. Western blotting and qPCR analysis were used to determine expression levels of proteins in YAP1-related Hippo pathway showing that gossypol induced upregulation of LATS1, which phosphorylates YAP1 at Ser 61. Furthermore, our data showed that gossypol targets the actin cytoskeletal organization through mediating phosphorylation states of actin-binding proteins. Taken together, our data provide valuable information to understand effects of gossypol on protein phosphorylation and apoptosis of ovarian cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixu Jin
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Yuling Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xinlin Mu
- Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Qingquan Lian
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
- Institute of Reproductive Biomedicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Haiyun Deng
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
- Institute of Reproductive Biomedicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Renshan Ge
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
- Institute of Reproductive Biomedicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
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7
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Kaza N, Kohli L, Graham CD, Klocke BJ, Carroll SL, Roth KA. BNIP3 regulates AT101 [(-)-gossypol] induced death in malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96733. [PMID: 24824755 PMCID: PMC4019476 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs) are aggressive Schwann cell-derived sarcomas and are the leading cause of mortality in patients with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1). Current treatment modalities have been largely ineffective, resulting in a high rate of MPNST recurrence and poor five-year patient survival. This necessitates the exploration of alternative chemotherapeutic options for MPNST patients. This study sought to assess the cytotoxic effect of the BH3-mimetic AT101 [(-)-gossypol] on MPNST cells in vitro and to identify key regulators of AT101-induced MPNST cell death. We found that AT101 caused caspase-independent, non-apoptotic MPNST cell death, which was accompanied by autophagy and was mediated through HIF-1α induced expression of the atypical BH3-only protein BNIP3. These effects were mediated by intracellular iron chelation, a previously unreported mechanism of AT101 cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niroop Kaza
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Latika Kohli
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Christopher D. Graham
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Barbara J. Klocke
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Steven L. Carroll
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Kevin A. Roth
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Ni Z, Dai X, Wang B, Ding W, Cheng P, Xu L, Lian J, He F. Natural Bcl-2 inhibitor (-)- gossypol induces protective autophagy via reactive oxygen species-high mobility group box 1 pathway in Burkitt lymphoma. Leuk Lymphoma 2013; 54:2263-8. [PMID: 23398207 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2013.775437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
(-)- Gossypol, a natural inhibitor of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins, has presented an effective anti-tumor activity in numerous preclinical trials. More and more evidence in vivo and in vitro validates that (-)- gossypol can dramatically suppress cell proliferation and induce cell death in hematological malignancies. However, the detailed mechanisms are not well known. In the present study, we showed that treatment with (-)- gossypol stimulated reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and induced autophagy in Burkitt lymphoma cells. Antioxidant N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC) pretreatment attenuated (-)- gossypol-induced autophagy. Furthermore, (-)- gossypol treatment increased the translocation of high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) from nuclei to cytoplasm, which can be suppressed by NAC pretreatment. NAC pretreatment also dramatically enhanced (-)- gossypol-induced apoptosis and total cell death. These results indicate that (-)- gossypol induces a protective autophagy in Burkitt lymphoma cells, partly due to ROS induction and cytosolic translocation of HMGB1. Antioxidants may serve as potent chemosensitizers to enhance cell death through blocking (-)- gossypol-induced autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhong Ni
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Third Military Medical University , Chongqing , China
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Cheng P, Ni Z, Dai X, Wang B, Ding W, Rae Smith A, Xu L, Wu D, He F, Lian J. The novel BH-3 mimetic apogossypolone induces Beclin-1- and ROS-mediated autophagy in human hepatocellular carcinoma [corrected] cells. Cell Death Dis 2013; 4:e489. [PMID: 23392177 PMCID: PMC3734844 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Apogossypolone (ApoG2), a novel derivative of gossypol, exhibits superior antitumor activity in Bcl-2 transgenic mice, and induces autophagy in several cancer cells. However, the detailed mechanisms are not well known. In the present study, we showed that ApoG2 induced autophagy through Beclin-1- and reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent manners in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells. Incubating the HCC cell with ApoG2 abrogated the interaction of Beclin-1 and Bcl-2/xL, stimulated ROS generation, increased phosphorylation of ERK and JNK, and HMGB1 translocation from the nucleus to cytoplasm while suppressing mTOR. Moreover, inhibition of the ROS-mediated autophagy by antioxidant N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC) potentiates ApoG2-induced apoptosis and cell killing. Our results show that ApoG2 induced protective autophagy in HCC cells, partly due to ROS generation, suggesting that antioxidant may serve as a potential chemosensitizer to enhance cancer cell death through blocking ApoG2-stimulated autophagy. Our novel insights may facilitate the rational design of clinical trials for Bcl-2-targeted cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Wyrsch P, Blenn C, Pesch T, Beneke S, Althaus FR. Cytosolic Ca2+ shifts as early markers of cytotoxicity. Cell Commun Signal 2013; 11:11. [PMID: 23384168 PMCID: PMC3762065 DOI: 10.1186/1478-811x-11-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The determination of the cytotoxic potential of new and so far unknown compounds as well as their metabolites is fundamental in risk assessment. A variety of strategic endpoints have been defined to describe toxin-cell interactions, leading to prediction of cell fate. They involve measurement of metabolic endpoints, bio-energetic parameters or morphological cell modifications. Here, we evaluated alterations of the free cytosolic Ca2+ homeostasis using the Fluo-4 dye and compared results with the metabolic cell viability assay Alamar Blue. We investigated a panel of toxins (As2O3, gossypol, H2O2, staurosporine, and titanium(IV)-salane complexes) in four different mammalian cell lines covering three different species (human, mouse, and African green monkey). All tested compounds induced an increase in free cytosolic Ca2+ within the first 5 s after toxin application. Cytosolic Ca2+ shifts occurred independently of the chemical structure in all tested cell systems and were persistent up to 3 h. The linear increase of free cytosolic Ca2+ within the first 5 s of drug treatment correlates with the EC25 and EC75 values obtained in Alamar Blue assays one day after toxin exposure. Moreover, a rise of cytosolic Ca2+ was detectable independent of induced cell death mode as assessed by caspase and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) activity in HeLa versus MCF-7 cells at very low concentrations. In conclusion, a cytotoxicity assay based on Ca2+ shifts has a low limit of detection (LOD), is less time consuming (at least 24 times faster) compared to the cell viability assay Alamar Blue and is suitable for high-troughput-screening (HTS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Wyrsch
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich-Vetsuisse, Winterthurerstrasse 260, Zurich, CH-8057, Switzerland.
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Emerging glycolysis targeting and drug discovery from chinese medicine in cancer therapy. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2012; 2012:873175. [PMID: 22844340 PMCID: PMC3403522 DOI: 10.1155/2012/873175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2011] [Revised: 05/28/2012] [Accepted: 06/12/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Molecular-targeted therapy has been developed for cancer chemoprevention and treatment. Cancer cells have different metabolic properties from normal cells. Normal cells mostly rely upon the process of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation to produce energy whereas cancer cells have developed an altered metabolism that allows them to sustain higher proliferation rates. Cancer cells could predominantly produce energy by glycolysis even in the presence of oxygen. This alternative metabolic characteristic is known as the “Warburg Effect.” Although the exact mechanisms underlying the Warburg effect are unclear, recent progress indicates that glycolytic pathway of cancer cells could be a critical target for drug discovery. With a long history in cancer treatment, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is recognized as a valuable source for seeking bioactive anticancer compounds. A great progress has been made to identify active compounds from herbal medicine targeting on glycolysis for cancer treatment. Herein, we provide an overall picture of the current understanding of the molecular targets in the cancer glycolytic pathway and reviewed active compounds from Chinese herbal medicine with the potentials to inhibit the metabolic targets for cancer treatment. Combination of TCM with conventional therapies will provide an attractive strategy for improving clinical outcome in cancer treatment.
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Zhan Y, Jia G, Wu D, Xu Y, Xu L. Design and synthesis of a gossypol derivative with improved antitumor activities. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2009; 342:223-9. [PMID: 19340835 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.200800185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A novel chemical process has been devised for the synthesis of a new derivative of gossypol, 6,7,6',7'-tetrahydroxy-5,5'-diisopropyl-3,3'-dimethyl-[2,2']binaphthalenyl-1,4,1',4'-tetraone (Apogossypolone). This new process has only four steps, with a shorter synthesis span, a simple purification process, and improved yield and quality. The structure of apogossypolone was characterized by( 1)H-nuclear magnetic resonance, (13)C-nuclear magnetic resonance, mass spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, and elemental analysis. Cell-cytotoxicity assay demonstrates that apogossypolone is three- to six-fold more potent than the parent compound, (-)-gossypol, in inhibiting the human prostate tumor cell lines PC-3 and DU-145 as well as the human breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231. The colony-formation assay with DU-145 cells showed that apogossypolone inhibited more than 70% of colony formation at 1 muM, whereas (-)-gossypol at 10 muM only inhibited less than 50% of colony formation. The results indicate that apogossypolone exerts strong antitumor activities in human prostate and breast cancer cells, and thus represents a promising cancer therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghua Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Education Ministry, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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Wang X, Howell CP, Chen F, Yin J, Jiang Y. Gossypol--a polyphenolic compound from cotton plant. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2009; 58:215-263. [PMID: 19878861 DOI: 10.1016/s1043-4526(09)58006-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Gossypol (C(30)H(30)O(8)) is a polyphenolic compound derived from the cotton plant (genus Gossypium, family Malvaceae). The presence of six phenolic hydroxyl groups and two aldehydic groups makes gossypol chemically reactive. Gossypol can undergo Schiff base formation, ozonolysis, oxidation, and methylation to form gossypol derivatives. Gossypol and its derivatives have been the target of much research due to their multifaceted biological activities including antifertility, antivirus, anticancer, antioxidant, antitrypanosomal, antimicrobial, and antimalarial activities. Because of restricted rotation of the internaphthyl bond, gossypol is a chiral compound, which has two atropisomers (i.e., (+)- and (-)-gossypol) that exhibit different levels of biological activities. This chapter covers the physiochemical properties, analyses, biological properties, and agricultural and clinical implications of gossypol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Wang
- Department of Genetics and Biochemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, USA
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