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Zavvarian MM, Modi AD, Sadat S, Hong J, Fehlings MG. Translational Relevance of Secondary Intracellular Signaling Cascades Following Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5708. [PMID: 38891894 PMCID: PMC11172219 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25115708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) is a life-threatening and life-altering condition that results in debilitating sensorimotor and autonomic impairments. Despite significant advances in the clinical management of traumatic SCI, many patients continue to suffer due to a lack of effective therapies. The initial mechanical injury to the spinal cord results in a series of secondary molecular processes and intracellular signaling cascades in immune, vascular, glial, and neuronal cell populations, which further damage the injured spinal cord. These intracellular cascades present promising translationally relevant targets for therapeutic intervention due to their high ubiquity and conservation across eukaryotic evolution. To date, many therapeutics have shown either direct or indirect involvement of these pathways in improving recovery after SCI. However, the complex, multifaceted, and heterogeneous nature of traumatic SCI requires better elucidation of the underlying secondary intracellular signaling cascades to minimize off-target effects and maximize effectiveness. Recent advances in transcriptional and molecular neuroscience provide a closer characterization of these pathways in the injured spinal cord. This narrative review article aims to survey the MAPK, PI3K-AKT-mTOR, Rho-ROCK, NF-κB, and JAK-STAT signaling cascades, in addition to providing a comprehensive overview of the involvement and therapeutic potential of these secondary intracellular pathways following traumatic SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad-Masoud Zavvarian
- Division of Genetics and Development, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada; (M.-M.Z.); (A.D.M.); (S.S.); (J.H.)
- Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Akshat D. Modi
- Division of Genetics and Development, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada; (M.-M.Z.); (A.D.M.); (S.S.); (J.H.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto, Scarborough, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
- Department of Human Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3J6, Canada
| | - Sarah Sadat
- Division of Genetics and Development, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada; (M.-M.Z.); (A.D.M.); (S.S.); (J.H.)
- Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - James Hong
- Division of Genetics and Development, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada; (M.-M.Z.); (A.D.M.); (S.S.); (J.H.)
| | - Michael G. Fehlings
- Division of Genetics and Development, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5T 2S8, Canada; (M.-M.Z.); (A.D.M.); (S.S.); (J.H.)
- Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 1P5, Canada
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Sintakova K, Romanyuk N. The role of small extracellular vesicles and microRNA as their cargo in the spinal cord injury pathophysiology and therapy. Front Neurosci 2024; 18:1400413. [PMID: 38774785 PMCID: PMC11106386 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1400413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating condition with a complex pathology that affects a significant portion of the population and causes long-term consequences. After primary injury, an inflammatory cascade of secondary injury occurs, followed by neuronal cell death and glial scar formation. Together with the limited regenerative capacity of the central nervous system, these are the main reasons for the poor prognosis after SCI. Despite recent advances, there is still no effective treatment. Promising therapeutic approaches include stem cells transplantation, which has demonstrated neuroprotective and immunomodulatory effects in SCI. This positive effect is thought to be mediated by small extracellular vesicles (sEVs); membrane-bound nanovesicles involved in intercellular communication through transport of functional proteins and RNA molecules. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about sEVs and microRNA as their cargo as one of the most promising therapeutic approaches for the treatment of SCI. We provide a comprehensive overview of their role in SCI pathophysiology, neuroprotective potential and therapeutic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristyna Sintakova
- Department of Neuroregeneration, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
- Department of Neuroscience, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Nataliya Romanyuk
- Department of Neuroregeneration, Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
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Park CS, Lee JY, Seo KJ, Kim IY, Ju BG, Yune TY. TRPM7 Mediates BSCB Disruption After Spinal Cord Injury by Regulating the mTOR/JMJD3 Axis in Rats. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:662-677. [PMID: 37653221 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03617-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
After spinal cord injury (SCI), secondary injuries including blood cells infiltration followed by the production of inflammatory mediators are led by blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB) breakdown. Therefore, preventing BSCB damage could alleviate the secondary injury progresses after SCI. Recently, we reported that transient receptor potential melastatin 7 channel (TRPM7) expression is increased in vascular endothelial cells after injury and thereby mediates BSCB disruption. However, the mechanism by which TRPM7 regulates BSCB disruption has not been examined yet. In current research, we show that TRPM7 mediates BSCB disruption via mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway after SCI in rats. After contusion injury at T9 level of spinal cord, mTOR pathway was activated in the endothelial cells of blood vessels and TRPM7 was involved in the activation of mTOR pathway. BSCB disruption, MMP-2/9 activation, and blood cell infiltration after injury were alleviated by rapamycin, a mTOR signaling inhibitor. Rapamycin also conserved the level of tight junction proteins, which were decreased after SCI. Furthermore, mTOR pathway regulated the expression and activation of histone H3K27 demethylase JMJD3, known as a key epigenetic regulator mediating BSCB damage after SCI. In addition, rapamycin inhibited JMJD3 expression, the loss of tight junction molecules, and MMP-2/9 expression in bEnd.3, a brain endothelial cell line, after oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation. Thus, our results suggest that TRPM7 contributes to the BSCB disruption by regulating JMJD3 expression through the mTOR pathway after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan Sol Park
- Age-Related and Brain Diseases Research Center, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Jee Youn Lee
- Age-Related and Brain Diseases Research Center, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Jin Seo
- Department of Biomedical Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - In Yi Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong Gun Ju
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul, 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Young Yune
- Age-Related and Brain Diseases Research Center, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Biomedical Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea.
- Biomedical Science Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Korea.
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Zhang Y, Yang YS, Chen WC, Wang CM, He HF. Constructing and Validating a Network of Potential Olfactory Sheathing Cell Transplants Regulating Spinal Cord Injury Progression. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:6883-6895. [PMID: 37515671 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03510-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
The pathology of spinal cord injury (SCI), including primary and secondary injuries, primarily involves hemorrhage, ischemia, edema, and inflammatory responses. Cell transplantation has been the most promising treatment for SCI in recent years; however, its specific molecular mechanism remains unclear. In this study, bioinformatics analysis verified by experiment was used to elucidate the hub genes associated with SCI and to discover the underlying molecular mechanisms of cell intervention. GSE46988 data were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus dataset. In our study, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were reanalyzed using the "R" software (R v4.2.1). Functional enrichment and protein-protein interaction network analyses were performed, and key modules and hub genes were identified. Network construction was performed for the hub genes and their associated miRNAs. Finally, a semi-quantitative analysis of hub genes and pathways was performed using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. In total, 718 DEGs were identified, mainly enriched in immune and inflammation-related functions. We found that Cd4, Tp53, Rac2, and Akt3 differed between vehicle and transplanted groups, suggesting that these genes may play an essential role in the transplantation of olfactory ensheathing cells, while a toll-like receptor signaling pathway was significantly enriched in Gene set enrichment analysis, and then, the differences were statistically significant by experimentally verifying the expression of their associated molecules (Tlr4, Nf-κb, Ikkβ, Cxcl2, and Tnf-α). In addition, we searched for upstream regulatory molecules of these four central genes and constructed a regulatory network. This study is the first to construct a regulatory network for olfactory ensheathing cell transplantation in treating SCI, providing a new idea for SCI cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Yu-Shen Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Wei-Can Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Cong-Mei Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - He-Fan He
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, Fujian Province, China.
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Li Y, Khan N, Ritzel RM, Lei Z, Allen S, Faden AI, Wu J. Sexually dimorphic extracellular vesicle responses after chronic spinal cord injury are associated with neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in the aged brain. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:197. [PMID: 37653491 PMCID: PMC10469550 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02881-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Medical advances have made it increasingly possible for spinal cord injury (SCI) survivors to survive decades after the insult. But how SCI affects aging changes and aging impacts the injury process have received limited attention. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are recognized as critical mediators of neuroinflammation after CNS injury, including at a distance from the lesion site. We have previously shown that SCI in young male mice leads to robust changes in plasma EV count and microRNA (miR) content. Here, our goal was to investigate the impact of biological sex and aging on EVs and brain after SCI. METHODS Young adult age-matched male and female C57BL/6 mice were subjected to SCI. At 19 months post-injury, total plasma EVs were isolated by ultracentrifugation and characterized by nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA). EVs miR cargo was examined using the Fireplex® assay. The transcriptional changes in the brain were assessed by a NanoString nCounter Neuropathology panel and validated by Western blot (WB) and flow cytometry (FC). A battery of behavioral tests was performed for assessment of neurological function. RESULTS Transcriptomic changes showed a high number of changes between sham and those with SCI. Sex-specific changes were found in transcription networks related to disease association, activated microglia, and vesicle trafficking. FC showed higher microglia and myeloid counts in the injured tissue of SCI/Female compared to their male counterparts, along with higher microglial production of ROS in both injured site and the brain. In the latter, increased levels of TNF and mitochondrial membrane potential were seen in microglia from SCI/Female. WB and NTA revealed that EV markers are elevated in the plasma of SCI/Male. Particle concentration in the cortex increased after injury, with SCI/Female showing higher counts than SCI/Male. EVs cargo analysis revealed changes in miR content related to injury and sex. Behavioral testing confirmed impairment of cognition and depression at chronic time points after SCI in both sexes, without significant differences between males and females. CONCLUSIONS Our study is the first to show sexually dimorphic changes in brain after very long-term SCI and supports a potential sex-dependent EV-mediated mechanism that contributes to SCI-induced brain changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Li
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR), University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 W. Baltimore Street, MSTF, Room 6-034D, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Niaz Khan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR), University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 W. Baltimore Street, MSTF, Room 6-034D, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Rodney M Ritzel
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR), University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 W. Baltimore Street, MSTF, Room 6-034D, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Zhuofan Lei
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR), University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 W. Baltimore Street, MSTF, Room 6-034D, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Samantha Allen
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR), University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 W. Baltimore Street, MSTF, Room 6-034D, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Alan I Faden
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR), University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 W. Baltimore Street, MSTF, Room 6-034D, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Junfang Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR), University of Maryland School of Medicine, 685 W. Baltimore Street, MSTF, Room 6-034D, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
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Li N, Chen L, Zhao X, Gu C, Chang Y, Feng S. Targeting ANXA7/LAMP5-mTOR axis attenuates spinal cord injury by inhibiting neuronal apoptosis via enhancing autophagy in mice. Cell Death Discov 2023; 9:309. [PMID: 37620352 PMCID: PMC10449888 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-023-01612-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) could lead to severe disabilities in motor and sensory functions, and cause a heavy burden on patient physiology and psychology due to lack of specific repair measures so far. ANXA7 is an annexin with Ca2+ -dependent GTPase activity, which were mainly expressed in neuron in spinal cord and downregulated significantly after SCI in mice. In our study, GTPase activity activation of ANXA7 plays the protective role in neuron after OGD/R through inhibiting neuron apoptosis, which mediated by enhancing autophagy via mTOR/TFEB pathway. We also discovered that ANXA7 has significant interaction with neural-specific lysosomal-associated membrane protein LAMP5, which together with ANXA7 regulates autophagy and apoptosis. Asp411 mutation of ANXA7 obviously impaired the interaction of ANXA7 and LAMP5 compared with the wild type. Furthermore, it was found that activation of ANXA7 could help to stabilize the protein expression of LAMP5. Overexpression of LAMP5 could attenuate the destruction of lysosomal acidic environment, inhibition of autophagy and activation of apoptosis caused by ANXA7 downregulation after OGD/R. We verified that injecting ANXA7 overexpression lentivirus and activation of ANXA7 both have significant repair effects on SCI mice by using CatWalk assay and immunohistochemistry staining. In summary, our findings clarify the new role of ANXA7 and LAMP5 in SCI, provided a new specific target of neuronal repair and discovered new molecular mechanisms of ANXA7 to regulate autophagy and apoptosis. Targeting ANXA7 may be a prospective therapeutic strategy for SCI in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- Orthopaedic Research Center of Shandong University, Department of orthopaedics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, #44 Wenhua West Road, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Lu Chen
- Orthopaedic Research Center of Shandong University, Department of orthopaedics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, #44 Wenhua West Road, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaoqing Zhao
- Orthopaedic Research Center of Shandong University, Department of orthopaedics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, #44 Wenhua West Road, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Chi Gu
- Orthopaedic Research Center of Shandong University, Department of orthopaedics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, #44 Wenhua West Road, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yong Chang
- Orthopaedic Research Center of Shandong University, Department of orthopaedics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, #44 Wenhua West Road, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Shiqing Feng
- Orthopaedic Research Center of Shandong University, Department of orthopaedics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, #44 Wenhua West Road, 250012, Jinan, Shandong, China.
- Advanced Medical Research Institute, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
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Sun Z, Zhu D, Zhao H, Liu J, He P, Luan X, Hu H, Zhang X, Wei G, Xi Y. Recent advance in bioactive hydrogels for repairing spinal cord injury: material design, biofunctional regulation, and applications. J Nanobiotechnology 2023; 21:238. [PMID: 37488557 PMCID: PMC10364437 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-023-01996-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional hydrogels show potential application in repairing spinal cord injury (SCI) due to their unique chemical, physical, and biological properties and functions. In this comprehensive review, we present recent advance in the material design, functional regulation, and SCI repair applications of bioactive hydrogels. Different from previously released reviews on hydrogels and three-dimensional scaffolds for the SCI repair, this work focuses on the strategies for material design and biologically functional regulation of hydrogels, specifically aiming to show how these significant efforts can promoting the repairing performance of SCI. We demonstrate various methods and techniques for the fabrication of bioactive hydrogels with the biological components such as DNA, proteins, peptides, biomass polysaccharides, and biopolymers to obtain unique biological properties of hydrogels, including the cell biocompatibility, self-healing, anti-bacterial activity, injectability, bio-adhesion, bio-degradation, and other multi-functions for repairing SCI. The functional regulation of bioactive hydrogels with drugs/growth factors, polymers, nanoparticles, one-dimensional materials, and two-dimensional materials for highly effective treating SCI are introduced and discussed in detail. This work shows new viewpoints and ideas on the design and synthesis of bioactive hydrogels with the state-of-the-art knowledges of materials science and nanotechnology, and will bridge the connection of materials science and biomedicine, and further inspire clinical potential of bioactive hydrogels in biomedical fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengang Sun
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Huangdao Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
- The Department of Plastic Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730030, People's Republic of China
| | - Danzhu Zhu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Zhao
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Huangdao Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Huangdao Central Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Peng He
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Luan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - Huiqiang Hu
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuanfen Zhang
- The Department of Plastic Surgery, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, 730030, People's Republic of China.
| | - Gang Wei
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yongming Xi
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China.
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Du Y, Cai X. Therapeutic potential of natural compounds from herbs and nutraceuticals in spinal cord injury: Regulation of the mTOR signaling pathway. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 163:114905. [PMID: 37207430 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a disease in which the spinal cord is subjected to various external forces that cause it to burst, shift, or, in severe cases, injure the spinal tissue, resulting in nerve injury. SCI includes not only acute primary injury but also delayed and persistent spinal tissue injury (i.e., secondary injury). The pathological changes post-SCI are complex, and effective clinical treatment strategies are lacking. The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) coordinates the growth and metabolism of eukaryotic cells in response to various nutrients and growth factors. The mTOR signaling pathway has multiple roles in the pathogenesis of SCI. There is evidence for the beneficial effects of natural compounds and nutraceuticals that regulate the mTOR signaling pathways in a variety of diseases. Therefore, the effects of natural compounds on the pathogenesis of SCI were evaluated by a comprehensive review using electronic databases, such as PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Medline, combined with our expertise in neuropathology. In particular, we reviewed the pathogenesis of SCI, including the importance of secondary nerve injury after the primary mechanical injury, the roles of the mTOR signaling pathways, and the beneficial effects and mechanisms of natural compounds that regulate the mTOR signaling pathway on pathological changes post-SCI, including effects on inflammation, neuronal apoptosis, autophagy, nerve regeneration, and other pathways. This recent research highlights the value of natural compounds in regulating the mTOR pathway, providing a basis for developing novel therapeutic strategies for SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Du
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China
| | - Xue Cai
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, PR China.
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Rahimi B, Behroozi Z, Motamednezhad A, Jafarpour M, Hamblin MR, Moshiri A, Janzadeh A, Ramezani F. Study of nerve cell regeneration on nanofibers containing cerium oxide nanoparticles in a spinal cord injury model in rats. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2023; 34:9. [PMID: 36809518 PMCID: PMC9944598 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-023-06711-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Since the CNS is unable to repair itself via neuronal regeneration in adult mammals, alternative therapies need to be found. The use of cerium oxide nanoparticles to repair nerve damage could be a promising approach for spinal cord reconstruction. In this study, we constructed a scaffold containing cerium oxide nanoparticles (Scaffold-CeO2) and investigated the rate of nerve cell regeneration in a rat model of spinal cord injury. The scaffold of gelatin and polycaprolactone was synthesized, and a gelatin solution containing cerium oxide nanoparticles was attached to the scaffold. For the animal study, 40 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 4 groups (n = 10): (a) Control; (b) Spinal cord injury (SCI); (c) Scaffold (SCI + scaffold without CeO2 nanoparticles); (d) Scaffold-CeO2 (SCI + scaffold containing CeO2 nanoparticles). After creation of a hemisection SCI, scaffolds were placed at the site of injury in groups c and d, and after 7 weeks the rats were subjected to behavioral tests and then sacrificed for preparation of the spinal cord tissue to measure the expression of G-CSF, Tau and Mag proteins by Western blotting and Iba-1 protein by immunohistochemistry. The result of behavioral tests confirmed motor improvement and pain reduction in the Scaffold-CeO2 group compared to the SCI group. Decreased expression of Iba-1 and higher expression of Tau and Mag in the Scaffold-CeO2 group compared to the SCI group could be the result of nerve regeneration caused by the scaffold containing CeONPs as well as relief of pain symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behnaz Rahimi
- Department of basic sciences, Saveh University of Medical Sciences, Saveh, Iran
| | - Zahra Behroozi
- Physiology Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Science, Kerman, Iran
| | - Ali Motamednezhad
- Radiation Biology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maral Jafarpour
- International Campus, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, 2028, South Africa
| | | | - Atousa Janzadeh
- Radiation Biology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Fatemeh Ramezani
- Physiology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Moderate-Intensity Treadmill Exercise Promotes mTOR-Dependent Motor Cortical Neurotrophic Factor Expression and Functional Recovery in a Murine Model of Crush Spinal Cord Injury (SCI). Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:960-978. [PMID: 36385234 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-03117-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Treadmill exercise is widely considered an effective strategy for restoration of skilled motor function after spinal cord injury (SCI). However, the specific exercise intensity that optimizes recovery and the underlying mechanistic basis of this recovery remain unclear. To that end, we sought to investigate the effect of different treadmill exercise intensities on cortical mTOR activity, a key regulator of functional recovery following CNS trauma, in an animal model of C5 crush spinal cord injury (SCI). Following injury, animals were subjected to treadmill exercise for 4 consecutive weeks at three different intensities (low intensity [LEI]; moderate intensity [MEI]; and high intensity [HEI]). Motor function recovery was assessed by horizontal ladder test, cylinder rearing test, and electrophysiology, while neurotrophic factors and cortical mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway-related proteins were assessed by Western blotting. The activation of the cortical mTOR pathway and axonal sprouting was evaluated by immunofluorescence and the changes of plasticity in motor cortex neurons were assessed by Golgi staining. In keeping with previous studies, we found that 4 weeks of treadmill training resulted in improved skilled motor function, enhanced nerve conduction capability, increased neuroplasticity, and axonal sprouting. Importantly, we also demonstrated that when compared with the LEI group, MEI and HEI groups demonstrated elevated expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), phosphorylated ribosomal S6 protein (p-S6), and protein kinase B (p-Akt), consistent with an intensity-dependent activation of the mTOR pathway and neurotrophic factor expression in the motor cortex. We also observed impaired exercise endurance and higher mortality during training in the HEI group than in the LEI and MEI groups. Collectively, our findings suggest that treadmill exercise following SCI is an effective means of promoting recovery and highlight the importance of the cortical mTOR pathway and neurotrophic factors as mediators of this effect. Importantly, our findings also demonstrate that excessive exercise can be detrimental, suggesting that moderation may be the optimal strategy. These findings provide an important foundation for further investigation of treadmill training as a modality for recovery following spinal cord injury and of the underlying mechanisms.
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Li RY, Hu Q, Shi X, Luo ZY, Shao DH. Crosstalk between exosomes and autophagy in spinal cord injury: fresh positive target for therapeutic application. Cell Tissue Res 2023; 391:1-17. [PMID: 36380098 PMCID: PMC9839811 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-022-03699-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a very serious clinical traumatic illness with a very high disability rate. It not only causes serious functional disorders below the injured segment, but also causes unimaginable economic burden to social development. Exosomes are nano-sized cellular communication carriers that exist stably in almost all organisms and cell types. Because of their capacity to transport proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, they affect various physiological and pathological functions of recipient cells and parental cells. Autophagy is a process that relies on the lysosomal pathway to degrade cytoplasmic proteins and organelles and involves a variety of pathophysiological processes. Exosomes and autophagy play critical roles in cellular homeostasis following spinal cord injury. Presently, the coordination mechanism of exosomes and autophagy has attracted much attention in the early efficacy of spinal cord injury. In this review, we discussed the interaction of autophagy and exosomes from the perspective of molecular mechanisms, which might provide novel insights for the early therapeutic application of spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-yu Li
- Anqing First People’s Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anqing, 246000 Anhui Province, China
| | - Qi Hu
- Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001 Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xu Shi
- Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001 Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhen-yu Luo
- Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001 Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Dong-hua Shao
- Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212001 Jiangsu Province, China
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12
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Yeo JH, Roh DH. The mTOR inhibitor rapamycin suppresses trigeminal neuropathic pain and p-MKK4/p-p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase-mediated microglial activation in the trigeminal nucleus caudalis of mice with infraorbital nerve injury. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1172366. [PMID: 37122619 PMCID: PMC10140572 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1172366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuropathic pain caused by trigeminal nerve injury is a typical refractory orofacial chronic pain accompanied by the development of hyperalgesia and allodynia. We previously demonstrated that the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor rapamycin suppressed orofacial formalin injection-induced nociception; however, the underlying mechanism is unclear, and it is unknown whether it can reduce trigeminal neuropathic pain. In mice, left infraorbital nerve and partial nerve ligation (ION-pNL) was performed using a silk suture (8-0). Fourteen days after surgery, neuropathic pain behavior was examined on a whisker pad and rapamycin (0.1, 0.3, and 1.0 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally. Mechanical and cold sensitivities in the orofacial region were quantified using von Frey filaments and acetone solution, respectively. Changes in mTOR and related proteins, such as p-MKK3/6, p-MKK4, p-JNK, p-ERK, p-p38 MAPK, GFAP, and Iba-1, in the trigeminal nucleus caudalis (TNC) or the trigeminal ganglia (TG) tissues were examined via western blot analysis or immunohistochemistry. Mice demonstrated significant mechanical and cold allodynia 2 weeks following ION-pNL injury, both of which were significantly reduced 1 h after the administration of high-dose rapamycin (1.0 mg/kg). In the TG tissue, ION-pNL surgery or rapamycin treatment did not change p-mTOR and p-4EBP1, but rapamycin reduced the increase of p-S6 and S6 induced by ION-pNL. In the TNC tissue, neither ION-pNL surgery nor rapamycin treatment altered p-mTOR, p-S6, and p-4EBP1 expressions, whereas rapamycin significantly decreased the ION-pNL-induced increase in Iba-1 expression. In addition, rapamycin suppressed the increase in p-p38 MAPK and p-MKK4 expressions but not p-MKK3/6 expression. Moreover, p-p38 MAPK-positive cells were colocalized with increased Iba-1 in the TNC. Our findings indicate that rapamycin treatment reduces both mechanical and cold orofacial allodynia in mice with trigeminal neuropathic pain, which is closely associated with the modulation of p-MKK4/p-p38 MAPK-mediated microglial activation in the TNC.
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Zhang H, Wang D, Tong J, Fang J, Lin Z. MiR-30b-5p attenuates the inflammatory response and facilitates the functional recovery of spinal cord injury by targeting the NEFL/mTOR pathway. Brain Behav 2022; 12:e2788. [PMID: 36282532 PMCID: PMC9759133 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.2788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurofilament light chain (NEFL) has been identified as a biomarker for spinal cord injury (SCI), but its effect and underlying mechanism in SCI remain unclear. METHODS SCI rat models were established for in vivo studies. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cell models were used for in vitro studies. The protein and mRNA expression levels of genes were evaluated by western blotting and reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). The pathological changes in rats after SCI were subjected to histological examinations. The interaction of NEFL and upstream miRNAs was explored using dual-luciferase reporter gene assays. RESULTS NEFL was highly expressed in SCI rat spinal cord tissues and LPS-stimulated PC12 cells. NEFL silencing showed an inhibitory effect on the morphological changes of SCI rats and the secretion of inflammatory factors and facilitated functional recovery of SCI rats. MiR-30b-5p was demonstrated to target NEFL and negatively regulate NEFL mRNA and protein levels. Downregulation of miR-30b-5p in SCI cell and rat models was demonstrated. MiR-30b-5p alleviated the inflammatory response in SCI rat models and LPS-stimulated PC12 cells and promoted functional recovery in rats by targeting NEFL. NEFL activated mTOR signaling. MiR-30b-5p inactivated mTOR signaling by negatively regulating NEFL. CONCLUSION MiR-30b-5p alleviated the inflammatory response and facilitated the functional recovery of SCI rats by targeting NEFL to inactivate the mTOR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Shidong Hospital Affiliated to University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Yangpu District, Shanghai, China
| | - Duojun Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Shidong Hospital Affiliated to University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Yangpu District, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinyu Tong
- Department of Spine Surgery, Shidong Hospital Affiliated to University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Yangpu District, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianguo Fang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Shidong Hospital Affiliated to University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Yangpu District, Shanghai, China
| | - Zaijun Lin
- Department of Spine Surgery, Shidong Hospital Affiliated to University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Yangpu District, Shanghai, China
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14
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Behroozi Z, Ramezani F, Nasirinezhad F. Human umbilical cord blood-derived platelet -rich plasma: a new window for motor function recovery and axonal regeneration after spinal cord injury. Physiol Behav 2022; 252:113840. [PMID: 35525286 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.113840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are complex mechanisms for reducing intrinsic repairability and neuronal regeneration following spinal cord injury (SCI). Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is a rich source of growth factors and has been used to motivate the regeneration of peripheral nerves in neurodegenerative disorders. However, only a few studies have shown the effects of PRP on the SCI models. METHODS We investigated whether PRP derived from human umbilical cord blood (HUCB-PRP) could recover motor function in animals with spinal cord injury. Sixty adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 6 groups (n=60) as control, sham (laminectomy without induction of spinal cord injury), SCI, vehicle (SCI+ Platelet-Poor Plasma), PRP2day (SCI+PRP injection 2 days after SCI), and PRP14day (SCI+PRP injection 14 days after SCI). SCI was performed at the T12-T13 level. BBB test was carried out weekly after injury for six weeks. Caspase3 expression was determined using the Immunohistochemistry technique. The expression of GSK3β, CSF-tau, and MAG was determined using the Western blot technique. Data were analyzed by PRISM & SPSS software. RESULTS HUCB-PRP treated animals showed a higher locomotor function recovery than those in the SCI group (p<0.0001). The level of caspase3, GSK3β and CSF- Tau reduced and the MAG level in the spinal cord increased by the injection of HUCB-PRP in SCI animals. CONCLUSION Injection of HUCB-PRP enhanced hind limb locomotor performance by modulation of caspase3, GSK3β, CSF-tau, and MAG expression. Using HUCB-PRP could be a new therapeutic option for recovering motor function and axonal regeneration after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Behroozi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Physiology Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences. Kerman, Iran.
| | - Fatemeh Ramezani
- Physiology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Farinaz Nasirinezhad
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Physiology Research Center, Department of Physiology, Iran University of Medical Sciences; Center for Experimental and Comparative Study, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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15
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Behroozi Z, Rahimi B, Hamblin MR, Nasirinezhad F, Janzadeh A, Ramezani F. Injection of Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles to Treat Spinal Cord Injury in Rats. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2022; 81:635-642. [PMID: 35472142 PMCID: PMC9297098 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlac026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of local injection of cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeONPs) in a rat spinal cord injury (SCI) model. Thirty-six adult male Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups: controls (healthy animals), sham (laminectomy), SCI (laminectomy+SCI induction), and treatment (laminectomy+SCI induction+intrathecal injection of CeONPs immediately after injury). SCI was induced using an aneurysm clip at the T12-T13 vertebral region. Motor performance and pain threshold tests were performed weekly; H&E staining and measurement of cavity sizes were performed 6 weeks after injury. The expression of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (GCSF), P44/42 MAPK, P-P44/42 MAPK, Tau, myelin-associated glycoprotein(MAG) was evaluated after 6 weeks by Western blot. The Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan locomotor scoring scales improved in animals receiving CeONPs compared with SCI animals. The cavity sizes were less in the treatment group. GCSF expression was similar in the animals receiving CeONPs compared with the SCI group but the expression of ERK1/ERK2 and phospho-ERK was lower than in the SCI group. Expression levels of Tau and MAG were significantly increased in treated animals compared to the SCI group. These data indicate that the use of CeONPs may improve motor functional recovery in SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Behroozi
- From the Physiology Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmaclogy, Kerman University of Medical Sciences. Kerman, Iran
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behnaz Rahimi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, South Africa
| | - Farinaz Nasirinezhad
- Physiology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Atousa Janzadeh
- Radiation Biology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Ramezani
- Physiology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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16
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Kang Y, Li Q, Zhu R, Li S, Xu X, Shi X, Yin Z. Identification of Ferroptotic Genes in Spinal Cord Injury at Different Time Points: Bioinformatics and Experimental Validation. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:5766-5784. [PMID: 35796899 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02935-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Programmed cell death (PCD) is an important pathologic process after spinal cord injury (SCI). As a new type of PCD, ferroptosis is involved in the secondary SCI. However, the underlying molecular mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we validated ferroptotic phenotype in an animal model of SCI. Then, the bioinformatic analyses performed on a microarray data of SCI (GSE45006). KEGG analysis suggested that the pathways of mTOR, HIF-1, VEGF, and protein process in endoplasmic reticulum were involved in SCI-induced ferroptosis. GO analysis revealed that oxidative stress, amide metabolic process, cation transport, and cytokine production were essential biological processes in ferroptosis after SCI. We highlighted five genes including ATF-3, XBP-1, HMOX-1, DDIT-3, and CHAC-1 as ferroptotic key gene in SCI. These results contribute to exploring the ferroptotic mechanism underlying the secondary SCI and providing potential targets for clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Kang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, 218 Jixi Road, Hefei, 230022, China
| | - Qiangwei Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Rui Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, 218 Jixi Road, Hefei, 230022, China
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, 64 Chaohu Northern Road, Hefei, 238001, China
| | - Shuang Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, 218 Jixi Road, Hefei, 230022, China
- The Key Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Xin Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, 218 Jixi Road, Hefei, 230022, China
| | - Xuanming Shi
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, China.
| | - Zongsheng Yin
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, 218 Jixi Road, Hefei, 230022, China.
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, 64 Chaohu Northern Road, Hefei, 238001, China.
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17
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Rahimi B, Aliaghaei A, Ramezani F, Behroozi Z, Nasirinezhad F. Sertoli cell transplantation attenuates microglial activation and inhibits TRPC6 expression in neuropathic pain induced by spinal cord injury. Physiol Behav 2022; 251:113807. [PMID: 35427673 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.113807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cell therapy is a promising treatment method for relieving neuropathic pain caused by spinal cord injuries (SCI). Sertoli cells (SCs) are an attractive choice given their demonstrated secretion of growth factors and immunosuppressant effect. This study mechanistically characterizes the analgesic effect of SCs transplantation. METHODS The clip compression SCI model was carried out on the T12-T13 level in male Wistar rats. One-week post-SCI, SCs were transplanted into the site of injury. Animals underwent Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan locomotor scoring, mechanical allodynia, and thermal hyperalgesia on a weekly basis for a duration of six weeks. Histological examination of the spinal cord and molecular evaluation of Iba-1, P2Y4, TRPC6, and P-mTOR were performed. SCs survival, measured by anti-Müllerian hormone expression in the spinal cord. RESULTS Animals that received SCs transplantation showed improvement in motor function recovery and pain relief. Furthermore, a cavity was significantly decreased in the transplanted animals (p = 0.0024), the expression level of TRPC6 and caspase3 and the number of activated microglia decreased compared to the SCI animals, and p-mTOR and P2Y4R expression remarkably increased compared to the SCI group. CONCLUSION SCs transplantation produces an analgesic effect which may represent a promising treatment for SCI-induced chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behnaz Rahimi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Aliaghaei
- Hearing Disorders Research Center, Loghman Hakim Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Biology and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Ramezani
- Physiology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Behroozi
- Physiology Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Farinaz Nasirinezhad
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Physiology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Center for experimental and comparative study, Iran university of medical sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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18
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Wang X, Fu Y, Botchway BOA, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Jin T, Liu X. Quercetin Can Improve Spinal Cord Injury by Regulating the mTOR Signaling Pathway. Front Neurol 2022; 13:905640. [PMID: 35669881 PMCID: PMC9163835 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.905640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of spinal cord injury (SCI) is complex. At present, there is no effective treatment for SCI, with most current interventions focused on improving the symptoms. Inflammation, apoptosis, autophagy, and oxidative stress caused by secondary SCI may instigate serious consequences in the event of SCI. The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), as a key signaling molecule, participates in the regulation of inflammation, apoptosis, and autophagy in several processes associated with SCI. Quercetin can reduce the loss of myelin sheath, enhance the ability of antioxidant stress, and promote axonal regeneration. Moreover, quercetin is also a significant player in regulating the mTOR signaling pathway that improves pathological alterations following neuronal injury. Herein, we review the therapeutic effects of quercetin in SCI through its modulation of the mTOR signaling pathway and elaborate on how it can be a potential interventional agent for SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xichen Wang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Shaoxing University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuke Fu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Shaoxing University, Zhejiang, China
| | | | - Yufeng Zhang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Shaoxing University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Shaoxing University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tian Jin
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Shaoxing University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xuehong Liu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Shaoxing University, Zhejiang, China
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19
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Novel Therapeutic Effects in Rat Spinal Cord Injuries: Recovery of the Definitive and Early Spinal Cord Injury by the Administration of Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 Therapy. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2022; 44:1901-1927. [PMID: 35678659 PMCID: PMC9164058 DOI: 10.3390/cimb44050130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, marked therapeutic effects pertaining to the recovery of injured rat spinal cords (1 min compression injury of the sacrocaudal spinal cord (S2-Co1) resulting in tail paralysis) appeared after a single intraperitoneal administration of the stable gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 at 10 min post-injury. Besides the demonstrated rapid and sustained recovery (1 year), we showed the particular points of the immediate effect of the BPC 157 therapy that began rapidly after its administration, (i) soon after injury (10 min), or (ii) later (4 days), in the rats with a definitive spinal cord injury. Specifically, in counteracting spinal cord hematoma and swelling, (i) in rats that had undergone acute spinal cord injury, followed by intraperitoneal BPC 157 application at 10 min, we focused on the first 10–30 min post-injury period (assessment of gross, microscopic, and gene expression changes). Taking day 4 post-injury as the definitive injury, (ii) we focused on the immediate effects after the BPC 157 intragastric application over 20 min of the post-therapy period. Comparable long-time recovery was noted in treated rats which had definitive tail paralysis: (iii) the therapy was continuously given per orally in drinking water, beginning at day 4 after injury and lasting one month after injury. BPC 157 rats presented only discrete edema and minimal hemorrhage and increased Nos1, Nos2, and Nos3 values (30 min post-injury, (i)) or only mild hemorrhage, and only discrete vacuolation of tissue (day 4, (ii)). In the day 4–30 post-injury study (iii), BPC 157 rats rapidly presented tail function recovery, and no demyelination process (Luxol fast blue staining).
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20
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Chaperone-Mediated Autophagy in Neurodegenerative Diseases and Acute Neurological Insults in the Central Nervous System. Cells 2022; 11:cells11071205. [PMID: 35406769 PMCID: PMC8997510 DOI: 10.3390/cells11071205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an important function that mediates the degradation of intracellular proteins and organelles. Chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA) degrades selected proteins and has a crucial role in cellular proteostasis under various physiological and pathological conditions. CMA dysfunction leads to the accumulation of toxic protein aggregates in the central nervous system (CNS) and is involved in the pathogenic process of neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease. Previous studies have suggested that the activation of CMA to degrade aberrant proteins can provide a neuroprotective effect in the CNS. Recent studies have shown that CMA activity is upregulated in damaged neural tissue following acute neurological insults, such as cerebral infarction, traumatic brain injury, and spinal cord injury. It has been also suggested that various protein degradation mechanisms are important for removing toxic aberrant proteins associated with secondary damage after acute neurological insults in the CNS. Therefore, enhancing the CMA pathway may induce neuroprotective effects not only in neurogenerative diseases but also in acute neurological insults. We herein review current knowledge concerning the biological mechanisms involved in CMA and highlight the role of CMA in neurodegenerative diseases and acute neurological insults. We also discuss the possibility of developing CMA-targeted therapeutic strategies for effective treatments.
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21
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Cheng P, Liao HY, Zhang HH. The role of Wnt/mTOR signaling in spinal cord injury. J Clin Orthop Trauma 2022; 25:101760. [PMID: 35070684 PMCID: PMC8762069 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcot.2022.101760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is the most common disabling spinal injury, a complex pathologic process that can eventually lead to severe neurological dysfunction. The Wnt/mTOR signaling pathway is a pervasive signaling cascade that regulates a wide range of physiological processes during embryonic development, from stem cell pluripotency to cell fate. Numerous studies have reported that Wnt/mTOR signaling pathway plays an important role in neural development, synaptogenesis, neuron growth, differentiation and survival after the central nervous system (CNS) is damaged. Wnt/mTOR also plays an important role in regulating various pathophysiological processes after spinal cord injury (SCI). After SCI, Wnt/mTOR signal regulates the physiological and pathological processes of neural stem cell proliferation and differentiation, neuronal axon regeneration, neuroinflammation and pain through multiple pathways. Due to the characteristics of the Wnt signal in SCI make it a potential therapeutic target of SCI. In this paper, the characteristics of Wnt/mTOR signal, the role of Wnt/mTOR pathway on SCI and related mechanisms are reviewed, and some unsolved problems are discussed. It is hoped to provide reference value for the research field of the role of Wnt/mTOR pathway in SCI, and provide a theoretical basis for biological therapy of SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Cheng
- Department of Spine Surgery, LanZhou University Second Hospital, 82 Cuiying Men, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Hai-Yang Liao
- Department of Spine Surgery, Ganzhou People's Hospital, 16 Meiguan Avenue, Ganzhou, 342800, PR China
| | - Hai-Hong Zhang
- Department of Spine Surgery, LanZhou University Second Hospital, 82 Cuiying Men, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
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22
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Ding Y, Chen Q. mTOR pathway: A potential therapeutic target for spinal cord injury. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 145:112430. [PMID: 34800780 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is the most common disabling spinal injury, and the complex pathological process can eventually lead to severe neurological dysfunction. Many studies have reported that the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway plays an important role in synaptogenesis, neuron growth, differentiation, and survival after central nervous system injury. It is also involved in various traumatic and central nervous system diseases, including traumatic brain injury, neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and cerebral apoplexy. mTOR has also been reported to play an important regulatory role in various pathophysiological processes following SCI. Activation of mTOR signals after SCI can regulate physiological and pathological processes, such as proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells, regeneration of nerve axons, neuroinflammation, and glial scar formation, through various pathways. Inhibition of mTOR activity has been confirmed to promote repair in SCI. At present, many studies have reported that Chinese herbal medicine can inhibit the SCI-activated mTOR pathway to improve the microenvironment and promote nerve repair after SCI. Due to the role of the mTOR pathway in SCI, it may be a potential therapeutic target for SCI. This review is focused on the pathophysiological process of SCI, characteristics of the mTOR pathway, role of the mTOR pathway in SCI, role of inhibition of mTOR on SCI, and role and significance of inhibition of mTOR by related Chinese herbal medicine inhibitors in SCI. In addition, the review discusses the deficiencies and solutions to mTOR and SCI research shortcomings. This study hopes to provide reference for mTOR and SCI research and a theoretical basis for SCI biotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Ding
- Department of Spine Surgery, Ganzhou People's Hospital, 16 Meiguan Avenue, Ganzhou 342800, PR China; The Affiliated Ganzhou Hospital of Nanchang University, Ganzhou 342800, PR China.
| | - Qin Chen
- Department of Spine Surgery, Ganzhou People's Hospital, 16 Meiguan Avenue, Ganzhou 342800, PR China; The Affiliated Ganzhou Hospital of Nanchang University, Ganzhou 342800, PR China.
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23
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Rismanbaf A, Afshari K, Ghasemi M, Badripour A, Haj-Mirzaian A, Dehpour AR, Shafaroodi H. Therapeutic Effects of Azithromycin on Spinal Cord Injury in Male Wistar Rats: A Role for Inflammatory Pathways. J Neurol Surg A Cent Eur Neurosurg 2021; 83:411-419. [PMID: 34781403 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1735854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammatory responses, including macrophages/microglia imbalance, are associated with spinal cord injury (SCI) complications. Accumulating evidence also suggests an anti-inflammatory property of azithromycin (AZM). MATERIAL AND METHODS Male Wistar rats were subjected to T9 vertebra laminectomy. SCI was induced by spinal cord compression at this level with an aneurysmal clip for 60 seconds. They were divided into three groups: the sham-operated group and two SCI treatment (normal saline as a vehicle control vs. AZM at 180 mg/kg/d intraperitoneally for 3 days postsurgery; first dose: 30 minutes after surgery) groups. Locomotor scaling and behavioral tests for neuropathic pain were evaluated and compared through a 28-day period. At the end of the study, tissue samples were taken to assess neuroinflammatory changes and neural demyelination using ELISA and histopathologic examinations, respectively. In addition, the proportion of M1/M2 macrophage polarization was assessed by using flow cytometry. RESULTS Post-SCI AZM treatment (180 mg/kg/d for 3 days) significantly improved locomotion (p < 0.01) and decreased sensitivity to mechanical (p < 0.01) and thermal allodynia (p < 0.001). Moreover, there was a significant tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) decline (p < 0.01) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) elevation (p < 0.01) in the spinal cord tissue of the AZM-treated group compared with the control groups 28 days post-SCI. AZM significantly improved neuroinflammation as evidenced by reduction of the M1 expression, elevation of M2 macrophages, and reduction of the M1/M2 ratio in both the dorsal root ganglion and the spinal cord tissue after SCI compared with controls (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION AZM treatment can be considered a therapeutic agent for SCI, as it could reduce neuroinflammation and SCI sensory/locomotor complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Rismanbaf
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Islamic Azad University Tehran Medical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Tehran, Iran (the Islamic Republic of)
| | - Khashayar Afshari
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (the Islamic Republic of).,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (the Islamic Republic of)
| | - Mehdi Ghasemi
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Abolfazl Badripour
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (the Islamic Republic of)
| | - Arvin Haj-Mirzaian
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (the Islamic Republic of)
| | - Ahmad Reza Dehpour
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (the Islamic Republic of)
| | - Hamed Shafaroodi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (the Islamic Republic of)
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Campos J, Silva NA, Salgado AJ. Nutritional interventions for spinal cord injury: preclinical efficacy and molecular mechanisms. Nutr Rev 2021; 80:1206-1221. [PMID: 34472615 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuab068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a debilitating condition that leads to motor, sensory, and autonomic impairments. Its intrinsic pathophysiological complexity has hindered the establishment of effective treatments for decades. Nutritional interventions (NIs) for SCI have been proposed as a route to circumvent some of the problems associated with this condition. Results obtained in animal models point to a more holistic effect, rather than to specific modulation, of several relevant SCI pathophysiological processes. Indeed, published data have shown NI improves energetic imbalance, oxidative damage, and inflammation, which are promoters of improved proteostasis and neurotrophic signaling, leading ultimately to neuroprotection and neuroplasticity. This review focuses on the most well-documented Nis. The mechanistic implications and their translational potential for SCI are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Campos
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Nuno A Silva
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - António J Salgado
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
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25
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Vargova I, Machova Urdzikova L, Karova K, Smejkalova B, Sursal T, Cimermanova V, Turnovcova K, Gandhi CD, Jhanwar-Uniyal M, Jendelova P. Involvement of mTOR Pathways in Recovery from Spinal Cord Injury by Modulation of Autophagy and Immune Response. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9060593. [PMID: 34073791 PMCID: PMC8225190 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9060593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) is untreatable and remains the leading cause of disability. Neuroprotection and recovery after SCI can be partially achieved by rapamycin (RAPA) treatment, an inhibitor of mTORC1, complex 1 of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. However, mechanisms regulated by the mTOR pathway are not only controlled by mTORC1, but also by a second mTOR complex (mTORC2). Second-generation inhibitor, pp242, inhibits both mTORC1 and mtORC2, which led us to explore its therapeutic potential after SCI and compare it to RAPA treatment. In a rat balloon-compression model of SCI, the effect of daily RAPA (5 mg/kg; IP) and pp242 (5 mg/kg; IP) treatment on inflammatory responses and autophagy was observed. We demonstrated inhibition of the mTOR pathway after SCI through analysis of p-S6, p-Akt, and p-4E-BP1 levels. Several proinflammatory cytokines were elevated in pp242-treated rats, while RAPA treatment led to a decrease in proinflammatory cytokines. Both RAPA and pp242 treatments caused an upregulation of LC3B and led to improved functional and structural recovery in acute SCI compared to the controls, however, a greater axonal sprouting was seen following RAPA treatment. These results suggest that dual mTOR inhibition by pp242 after SCI induces distinct mechanisms and leads to recovery somewhat inferior to that following RAPA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Vargova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Videnska, 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic; (I.V.); (L.M.U.); (K.K.); (B.S.); (V.C.); (K.T.)
- 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, V Uvalu 84, 150 06 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lucia Machova Urdzikova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Videnska, 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic; (I.V.); (L.M.U.); (K.K.); (B.S.); (V.C.); (K.T.)
| | - Kristyna Karova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Videnska, 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic; (I.V.); (L.M.U.); (K.K.); (B.S.); (V.C.); (K.T.)
| | - Barbora Smejkalova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Videnska, 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic; (I.V.); (L.M.U.); (K.K.); (B.S.); (V.C.); (K.T.)
- 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, V Uvalu 84, 150 06 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tolga Sursal
- Department of Neurosurgery, Westchester Medical Center, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA; (T.S.); (C.D.G.)
| | - Veronika Cimermanova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Videnska, 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic; (I.V.); (L.M.U.); (K.K.); (B.S.); (V.C.); (K.T.)
| | - Karolina Turnovcova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Videnska, 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic; (I.V.); (L.M.U.); (K.K.); (B.S.); (V.C.); (K.T.)
| | - Chirag D. Gandhi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Westchester Medical Center, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA; (T.S.); (C.D.G.)
| | - Meena Jhanwar-Uniyal
- Department of Neurosurgery, Westchester Medical Center, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA; (T.S.); (C.D.G.)
- Correspondence: (M.J.-U.); (P.J.); Tel.: +420-2-4106-2828 (P.J.)
| | - Pavla Jendelova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Videnska, 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic; (I.V.); (L.M.U.); (K.K.); (B.S.); (V.C.); (K.T.)
- 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, V Uvalu 84, 150 06 Prague, Czech Republic
- Correspondence: (M.J.-U.); (P.J.); Tel.: +420-2-4106-2828 (P.J.)
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Chen Y, Tian Z, He L, Liu C, Wang N, Rong L, Liu B. Exosomes derived from miR-26a-modified MSCs promote axonal regeneration via the PTEN/AKT/mTOR pathway following spinal cord injury. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:224. [PMID: 33820561 PMCID: PMC8022427 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-021-02282-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Exosomes derived from the bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) have shown great potential in spinal cord injury (SCI) treatment. This research was designed to investigate the therapeutic effects of miR-26a-modified MSC-derived exosomes (Exos-26a) following SCI. Methods Bioinformatics and data mining were performed to explore the role of miR-26a in SCI. Exosomes were isolated from miR-26a-modified MSC culture medium by ultracentrifugation. A series of experiments, including assessment of Basso, Beattie and Bresnahan scale, histological evaluation, motor-evoked potential recording, diffusion tensor imaging, and western blotting, were performed to determine the therapeutic influence and the underlying molecular mechanisms of Exos-26a in SCI rats. Results Exos-26a was shown to promote axonal regeneration. Furthermore, we found that exosomes derived from miR-26a-modified MSC could improve neurogenesis and attenuate glial scarring through PTEN/AKT/mTOR signaling cascades. Conclusions Exosomes derived from miR-26a-modified MSC could activate the PTEN-AKT-mTOR pathway to promote axonal regeneration and neurogenesis and attenuate glia scarring in SCI and thus present great potential for SCI treatment. Graphical abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13287-021-02282-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyong Chen
- Department of Spine Surgery, The 3rd Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Provincial Center for Quality Control of Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Provincial Center for Engineering and Technology Research of Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhenming Tian
- Department of Spine Surgery, The 3rd Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Provincial Center for Quality Control of Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Provincial Center for Engineering and Technology Research of Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China
| | - Lei He
- Department of Spine Surgery, The 3rd Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Provincial Center for Quality Control of Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Provincial Center for Engineering and Technology Research of Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China
| | - Can Liu
- Department of Spine Surgery, The 3rd Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Provincial Center for Quality Control of Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Provincial Center for Engineering and Technology Research of Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China
| | - Nangxiang Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, The 3rd Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Provincial Center for Quality Control of Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Provincial Center for Engineering and Technology Research of Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China
| | - Limin Rong
- Department of Spine Surgery, The 3rd Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China. .,Guangdong Provincial Center for Quality Control of Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China. .,Guangdong Provincial Center for Engineering and Technology Research of Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China.
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Spine Surgery, The 3rd Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China. .,Guangdong Provincial Center for Quality Control of Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China. .,Guangdong Provincial Center for Engineering and Technology Research of Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery, Guangzhou, 510630, Guangdong, China.
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27
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Afshari K, Momeni Roudsari N, Lashgari NA, Haddadi NS, Haj-Mirzaian A, Hassan Nejad M, Shafaroodi H, Ghasemi M, Dehpour AR, Abdolghaffari AH. Antibiotics with therapeutic effects on spinal cord injury: a review. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2020; 35:277-304. [PMID: 33464681 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that a considerable number of antibiotics exert anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects in different central and peripheral nervous system diseases including spinal cord injury (SCI). Both clinical and preclinical studies on SCI have found therapeutic effects of antibiotics from different families on SCI. These include macrolides, minocycline, β-lactams, and dapsone, all of which have been found to improve SCI sequels and complications. These antibiotics may target similar signaling pathways such as reducing inflammatory microglial activity, promoting autophagy, inhibiting neuronal apoptosis, and modulating the SCI-related mitochondrial dysfunction. In this review paper, we will discuss the mechanisms underlying therapeutic effects of these antibiotics on SCI, which not only could supply vital information for investigators but also guide clinicians to consider administering these antibiotics as part of a multimodal therapeutic approach for management of SCI and its complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khashayar Afshari
- Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1419733141, Iran.,Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 13145-784, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Dermatology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01655, USA
| | - Nazanin Momeni Roudsari
- Department of Toxicology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, No. 99, Yakhchal, Gholhak, Shariati St., Tehran, P. O. Box: 19419-33111, Iran
| | - Naser-Aldin Lashgari
- Department of Toxicology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, No. 99, Yakhchal, Gholhak, Shariati St., Tehran, P. O. Box: 19419-33111, Iran
| | - Nazgol-Sadat Haddadi
- Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1419733141, Iran.,Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 13145-784, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Dermatology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01655, USA
| | - Arvin Haj-Mirzaian
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 13145-784, Tehran, Iran
| | - Malihe Hassan Nejad
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1419733141, Iran
| | - Hamed Shafaroodi
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 13145-784, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Ghasemi
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts School of Medicine, Worcester, MA, 01655, USA
| | - Ahmad Reza Dehpour
- Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1419733141, Iran.,Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 13145-784, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Hossein Abdolghaffari
- Department of Toxicology & Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, No. 99, Yakhchal, Gholhak, Shariati St., Tehran, P. O. Box: 19419-33111, Iran.,Medicinal Plants Research Center, Institute of Medicinal Plants, ACECR, Karaj, 31375-1369, Iran.,Gastrointestinal Pharmacology Interest Group (GPIG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, 1419733151, Iran
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28
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Behroozi Z, Ramezani F, Janzadeh A, Rahimi B, Nasirinezhad F. Platelet-rich plasma in umbilical cord blood reduces neuropathic pain in spinal cord injury by altering the expression of ATP receptors. Physiol Behav 2020; 228:113186. [PMID: 32980385 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.113186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuropathic pain following injury or dysfunction of the peripheral or CNS is one of the most important medical challenges to treat. Humane platelet-rich plasma (HPRP), which is a rich source of growth factors, may be able to treat and reduce pain caused by spinal cord injury (SCI). In this study, the effect of HPRP on neuropathic pain caused by SCI was investigated. METHODS Sixty adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 6 groups: control, sham, SCI, vehicle (SCI+platelet-poor plasma), SCI+ PRP2day (injection 48 hrs after SCI) and SCI+PRP14day (injection 14 days after SCI). SCI was induced at the T12-T13 level. Behavioral tests were conducted weekly after injury for six weeks. Allodynia and hyperalgesia were assessed using acetone drops, plantar test and von Frey filament. Cavity size and the number of fibroblasts were determined by H&E stain, and the expression of mTOR, p-mTOR, P2×3R and P2Y4R were determined using the western blot technique. Data were analyzed using PRISM & SPSS software. RESULTS PRP injection showed a higher pain threshold in mechanical allodynia (p<0.0001), cold allodynia (p<0.0001) and thermal hyperalgesia (p<0.0001) than those in the spinal. Animals treated with PRP also reduced cavity size, fibroblast number, p-mTOR/mTOR ratio, and P2×3R expression, and increased P2Y4R expression. The difference between the two groups was not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS The results showed that PRP reduced SCI-induced allodynia and hyperalgesia by regulating ATP signaling. Using HPRP can open a new window in the treatment of pain caused by damage to the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Behroozi
- Student research committee, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Ramezani
- Physiology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Atousa Janzadeh
- Radiation Biology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behnaz Rahimi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farinaz Nasirinezhad
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Physiology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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29
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Gao K, Niu J, Dang X. Wnt-3a improves functional recovery through autophagy activation via inhibiting the mTOR signaling pathway after spinal cord injury. Neurosci Lett 2020; 737:135305. [PMID: 32818590 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.135305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about the effect of wnt-3a on motor nerve function and its specific molecular mechanisms after spinal cord injury (SCI). This study demonstrates that the downregulated expression levels of caspases-3, caspases-9 and chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG) proteins and number of proportion of transferase UTP nick end labeling (TUNEL)-positive neurons by wnt-3a treatment. Then, Nissl and hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining showed that wnt-3a significantly reduced the loss of spinal anterior horn motor neurons and promoted repair of injured spinal cord tissues after SCI. The above factors constructed a favorable microenvironment for the recovery of motor nerve function after SCI. To elucidate the molecular mechanism of neuroprotection of wnt-3a on SCI, the study showed that the expression levels of Beclin-1 and light chain (LC)3-II/I in spinal cord neurons were significantly improved by wnt-3a after SCI in vitro and vivo experiments, while the effect of wnt-3a was inhibited after mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway being activated by MHY-1485. Besides, the level of p70S6K phosphorylation was inhibited by wnt-3a treatment, on the contrary, the level of p70S6K protein was elevated by wnt-3a, indicating that wnt-3a significantly activated neuronal autophagy by inhibiting mTOR signaling pathway after SCI. To further verify the correlation between neuroprotection of wnt-3a and autophagy, we found that after the rats and spinal cord neurons were combined treatment with wnt-3a and MHY-1485, the neuroprotection of wnt-3a on SCI was significantly inhibited. This study is the first to report that wnt-3a improves functional recovery through autophagy activation via inhibiting the mTOR signaling pathway after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Gao
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China; Department of Orthopedics, Jining NO.1 People's Hospital, Jining, China.
| | - Jianbing Niu
- Department of Orthopedics, Jining NO.1 People's Hospital, Jining, China.
| | - Xiaoqian Dang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
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30
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Liu J, Li K, Huang K, Yang C, Huang Z, Zhao X, Song S, Pang T, Zhou J, Wang Y, Wang C, Tang Y. Acellularized spinal cord scaffolds incorporating bpV(pic)/PLGA microspheres promote axonal regeneration and functional recovery after spinal cord injury. RSC Adv 2020; 10:18677-18686. [PMID: 35518337 PMCID: PMC9053942 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra02661a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a traumatic injury to the central nervous system (CNS) with a high rate of disability and a low capability of self-recovery. Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) inhibition by pharmacological blockade with bisperoxovanadium (pic) (bpV(pic)) has been reported to increase AKT/mTOR activity and induce robust axonal elongation and regeneration. However, the therapeutic effect of bpV(pic) in treating SCI is limited due to the lack of efficient delivery approaches. In this study, a composite scaffold consisting of an acellular spinal cord (ASC) scaffold and incorporated bpV(pic) loaded poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microspheres was developed, in order to improve the therapeutic effect of bpV(pic) on SCI. The inhibition of PTEN activity and activation of the mTORC1/AKT pathway, the axonal regeneration and the markers of apoptosis were analyzed via western blot and immunofluorescence in vitro. The bpV(pic)/PLGA/ASC scaffolds showed excellent biocompatibility and promoted the viability of neural stem cells and axonal growth in vitro. Implantation of the composite scaffold into rats with hemi-sectioned SCI resulted in increased axonal regeneration and functional recovery in vivo. Besides, bpV(pic) inhibited the phosphorylation of PTEN and activated the PI3K/mTOR signaling pathway. The successful construction of the composite scaffold improves the therapeutic effect of bpV(pic) on SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities18 Zhongshan II RoadBaiseGuangxi533000China+86-0776-2833076
| | - Kai Li
- Academy of Orthopedics, Guangdong Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhouGuangdong510000China
| | - Ke Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities18 Zhongshan II RoadBaiseGuangxi533000China+86-0776-2833076
| | - Chengliang Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities18 Zhongshan II RoadBaiseGuangxi533000China+86-0776-2833076
| | - Zhipeng Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities18 Zhongshan II RoadBaiseGuangxi533000China+86-0776-2833076
| | - Xingchang Zhao
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities18 Zhongshan II RoadBaiseGuangxi533000China+86-0776-2833076
| | - Shiqiang Song
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities18 Zhongshan II RoadBaiseGuangxi533000China+86-0776-2833076
| | - Taisen Pang
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities18 Zhongshan II RoadBaiseGuangxi533000China+86-0776-2833076
| | - Jing Zhou
- Department of Anatomy, Youjiang Medical College for NationalitiesBaiseGuangxi533000China
| | - Yuhai Wang
- Academy of Orthopedics, People's Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous RegionNingxia502213China
| | - Chong Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Dongguan University of TechnologyNo. 1 University Road, Songshan LakeDongguanGuangdong523808P. R. China+86-1341-6885162
| | - Yujin Tang
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities18 Zhongshan II RoadBaiseGuangxi533000China+86-0776-2833076
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31
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Handa K, Kanno H, Matsuda M, Sugaya T, Murakami T, Prudnikova M, Ozawa H, Itoi E. Chaperone-Mediated Autophagy after Spinal Cord Injury. J Neurotrauma 2020; 37:1687-1695. [PMID: 32233738 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2019.6820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is the degradation process of dysfunctional intracellular components and has a crucial function in various human diseases. There are three different types of autophagy: macroautophagy, microautophagy, and chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA). CMA is a major route for the elimination of cellular aberrant proteins and can provide a cytoprotective effect. The present study investigated the expression of lysosome-associated membrane protein type 2A (LAMP2A), which is the hallmark of CMA activity, in damaged neural tissue after spinal cord injury (SCI) in mice. The number of LAMP2A-expressing cells was significantly increased at the lesion following SCI. The increased number of LAMP2A-positive cells was observed from 24 h and peaked at 3 days after injury. A western blot analysis confirmed that the level of LAMP2A protein was significantly increased in the injured spinal cord compared with the uninjured cord. On double staining for LAMP2A and different neural cell type markers, the increased expression of LAMP2A was observed in neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia/macrophages following injury. An electron microscopic analysis showed that secondary lysosomes were increased in damaged neurons at the lesion site. Immunoelectron microscopy revealed that the gold particles with anti-LAMP2A antibody were frequently localized at the secondary lysosomes in the injured site. These findings indicated that CMA was clearly activated in damaged neural tissue after SCI. The activation of CMA may contribute to the elimination of intracellular aberrant proteins and exert a neuroprotective effect following SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoichi Handa
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Haruo Kanno
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Michiharu Matsuda
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Takehiro Sugaya
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Taishi Murakami
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Maria Prudnikova
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ozawa
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Faculty of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Eiji Itoi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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Lund-Ricard Y, Cormier P, Morales J, Boutet A. mTOR Signaling at the Crossroad between Metazoan Regeneration and Human Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E2718. [PMID: 32295297 PMCID: PMC7216262 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21082718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A major challenge in medical research resides in controlling the molecular processes of tissue regeneration, as organ and structure damage are central to several human diseases. A survey of the literature reveals that mTOR (mechanistic/mammalian target of rapamycin) is involved in a wide range of regeneration mechanisms in the animal kingdom. More particularly, cellular processes such as growth, proliferation, and differentiation are controlled by mTOR. In addition, autophagy, stem cell maintenance or the newly described intermediate quiescence state, Galert, imply upstream monitoring by the mTOR pathway. In this review, we report the role of mTOR signaling in reparative regenerations in different tissues and body parts (e.g., axon, skeletal muscle, liver, epithelia, appendages, kidney, and whole-body), and highlight how the mTOR kinase can be viewed as a therapeutic target to boost organ repair. Studies in this area have focused on modulating the mTOR pathway in various animal models to elucidate its contribution to regeneration. The diversity of metazoan species used to identify the implication of this pathway might then serve applied medicine (in better understanding what is required for efficient treatments in human diseases) but also evolutionary biology. Indeed, species-specific differences in mTOR modulation can contain the keys to appreciate why certain regeneration processes have been lost or conserved in the animal kingdom.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Agnès Boutet
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Sorbonne Université, Integrative Biology of Marine Models (LBI2M), UMR 8227, Station Biologique de Roscoff (SBR), 29680 Roscoff, France; (Y.L.-R.); (P.C.); (J.M.)
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Sutherland TC, Geoffroy CG. The Influence of Neuron-Extrinsic Factors and Aging on Injury Progression and Axonal Repair in the Central Nervous System. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:190. [PMID: 32269994 PMCID: PMC7109259 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the aging western population, the average age of incidence for spinal cord injury (SCI) has increased, as has the length of survival of SCI patients. This places great importance on understanding SCI in middle-aged and aging patients. Axon regeneration after injury is an area of study that has received substantial attention and made important experimental progress, however, our understanding of how aging affects this process, and any therapeutic effort to modulate repair, is incomplete. The growth and regeneration of axons is mediated by both neuron intrinsic and extrinsic factors. In this review we explore some of the key extrinsic influences on axon regeneration in the literature, focusing on inflammation and astrogliosis, other cellular responses, components of the extracellular matrix, and myelin proteins. We will describe how each element supports the contention that axonal growth after injury in the central nervous system shows an age-dependent decline, and how this may affect outcomes after a SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa C Sutherland
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX, United States
| | - Cédric G Geoffroy
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Bryan, TX, United States
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Therapeutic Effects of Minocycline Pretreatment in the Locomotor and Sensory Complications of Spinal Cord Injury in an Animal Model. J Mol Neurosci 2020; 70:1064-1072. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-020-01509-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Ray SK. Modulation of autophagy for neuroprotection and functional recovery in traumatic spinal cord injury. Neural Regen Res 2020; 15:1601-1612. [PMID: 32209759 PMCID: PMC7437603 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.276322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a serious central nervous system trauma that leads to loss of motor and sensory functions in the SCI patients. One of the cell death mechanisms is autophagy, which is 'self-eating' of the damaged and misfolded proteins and nucleic acids, damaged mitochondria, and other impaired organelles for recycling of cellular building blocks. Autophagy is different from all other cell death mechanisms in one important aspect that it gives the cells an opportunity to survive or demise depending on the circumstances. Autophagy is a therapeutic target for alleviation of pathogenesis in traumatic SCI. However, functions of autophagy in traumatic SCI remain controversial. Spatial and temporal patterns of activation of autophagy after traumatic SCI have been reported to be contradictory. Formation of autophagosomes following therapeutic activation or inhibition of autophagy flux is ambiguous in traumatic SCI studies. Both beneficial and harmful outcomes due to enhancement autophagy have been reported in traumatic SCI studies in preclinical models. Only further studies will make it clear whether therapeutic activation or inhibition of autophagy is beneficial in overall outcomes in preclinical models of traumatic SCI. Therapeutic enhancement of autophagy flux may digest the damaged components of the central nervous system cells for recycling and thereby facilitating functional recovery. Many studies demonstrated activation of autophagy flux and inhibition of apoptosis for neuroprotective effects in traumatic SCI. Therapeutic induction of autophagy in traumatic SCI promotes axonal regeneration, supporting another beneficial role of autophagy in traumatic SCI. In contrast, some other studies demonstrated that disruption of autophagy flux in traumatic SCI strongly correlated with neuronal death at remote location and impaired functional recovery. This article describes our current understanding of roles of autophagy in acute and chronic traumatic SCI, cross-talk between autophagy and apoptosis, therapeutic activation or inhibition of autophagy for promoting functional recovery, and future of autophagy in traumatic SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swapan K. Ray
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC, USA,Correspondence to: Swapan K. Ray, .
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Huang R, Meng T, Zhu R, Zhao L, Song D, Yin H, Huang Z, Cheng L, Zhang J. The Integrated Transcriptome Bioinformatics Analysis Identifies Key Genes and Cellular Components for Spinal Cord Injury-Related Neuropathic Pain. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:101. [PMID: 32140464 PMCID: PMC7042182 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spinal cord injury (SCI) is one of the most devastating diseases with a high incidence rate around the world. SCI-related neuropathic pain (NeP) is a common complication, whereas its pathomechanism is still unclear. The purpose of this study is to identify key genes and cellular components for SCI-related NeP by an integrated transcriptome bioinformatics analysis. METHODS The gene expression profile of 25 peripheral blood samples from chronic phase SCI patients (E-GEOD-69901) and 337 normal peripheral blood samples were downloaded from ArrayExpress and Genotype-Tissue Expression Portal (GTEx), respectively. A total of 3,368 normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were download from Sequence Read Archive (SRA713577). Non-parametric tests were used to evaluate the association between all of differential expression genes (DEGs) and SCI-related NeP. CellPhoneDB algorithm was performed to identify the ligand-receptor interactions and their cellular localization among single PBMCs. Transcription factor (TF) enrichment analysis and Gene Set Variation Analysis (GSVA) were used to identify the potential upstream regulatory TFs and downstream signaling pathways, respectively. Co-expression analysis among significantly enriched TFs, key cellular communication genes and differentially expressed signaling pathways were performed to identify key genes and cellular components for SCI-related NeP. RESULTS A total of 2,314 genes were identified as DEGs between the experimental and the control group. Five proteins (ADRB2, LGALS9, PECAM1, HAVCR2, LRP1) were identified in the overlap of proteins in the significant ligand-receptor interactions of PBMCs and protein-protein interaction (PPI) network based on the DEGs. Only HAVCR2 was significantly associated with NeP (P = 0.005). Besides, the co-expression analysis revealed that TF YY1 had significantly co-expression pattern with cellular communication receptor HAVCR2 (R = -0.54, P < 0.001) in NK cells while HAVCR2 was also co-expressed with mTOR signaling pathway (R = 0.57, P < 0.001). The results of RT-qPCR and external dataset validation supported the signaling axis with the most significant co-expression patterns. CONCLUSION In peripheral blood of chronic SCI, HAVCR2 might act as a key receptor on the surface of NK cells and interact with ligand LGALS9 secreted by CD14+ monocytes, inhibiting NK cells through mTOR signaling pathway and ultimately predicting the occurrence of SCI-related NeP. This hypothetical signaling axis may provide prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for SCI-related NeP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runzhi Huang
- Division of Spine, Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration of Ministry of Education, Orthopaedic Department of Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tong Meng
- Division of Spine, Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration of Ministry of Education, Orthopaedic Department of Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui Zhu
- Division of Spine, Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration of Ministry of Education, Orthopaedic Department of Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lijuan Zhao
- Division of Spine, Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration of Ministry of Education, Orthopaedic Department of Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dianwen Song
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huabin Yin
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zongqiang Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Liming Cheng
- Division of Spine, Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration of Ministry of Education, Orthopaedic Department of Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Division of Spine, Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration of Ministry of Education, Orthopaedic Department of Tongji Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Prevention, Tongji University School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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CRISPR, Prime Editing, Optogenetics, and DREADDs: New Therapeutic Approaches Provided by Emerging Technologies in the Treatment of Spinal Cord Injury. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:2085-2100. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-01861-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Wang C, Zhang L, Ndong JDLC, Hettinghouse A, Sun G, Chen C, Zhang C, Liu R, Liu CJ. Progranulin deficiency exacerbates spinal cord injury by promoting neuroinflammation and cell apoptosis in mice. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:238. [PMID: 31775776 PMCID: PMC6882111 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1630-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Spinal cord injury (SCI) often results in significant and catastrophic dysfunction and disability and imposes a huge economic burden on society. This study aimed to determine whether progranulin (PGRN) plays a role in the progressive damage following SCI and evaluate the potential for development of a PGRN derivative as a new therapeutic target in SCI. METHODS PGRN-deficient (Gr-/-) and wild-type (WT) littermate mice were subjected to SCI using a weight-drop technique. Local PGRN expression following injury was evaluated by Western blotting and immunofluorescence. Basso Mouse Scale (BMS), inclined grid walking test, and inclined plane test were conducted at indicated time points to assess neurological recovery. Inflammation and apoptosis were examined by histology (Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) staining and Nissl staining, TUNEL assays, and immunofluorescence), Western blotting (from whole tissue protein for iNOS/p-p65/Bax/Bcl-2), and ex vivo ELISA (for TNFα/IL-1β/IL-6/IL-10). To identify the prophylactic and therapeutic potential of targeting PGRN, a PGRN derived small protein, Atsttrin, was conjugated to PLGA-PEG-PLGA thermosensitive hydrogel and injected into intrathecal space prior to SCI. BMS was recorded for neurological recovery and Western blotting was applied to detect the inflammatory and apoptotic proteins. RESULTS After SCI, PGRN was highly expressed in activated macrophage/microglia and peaked at day 7 post-injury. Grn-/- mice showed a delayed neurological recovery after SCI at day 21, 28, 35, and 42 post-injury relative to WT controls. Histology, TUNEL assay, immunofluorescence, Western blotting, and ELISA all indicated that Grn-/- mice manifested uncontrolled and expanded inflammation and apoptosis. Administration of control-released Atsttrin could improve the neurological recovery and the pro-inflammatory/pro-apoptotic effect of PGRN deficiency. CONCLUSION PGRN deficiency exacerbates SCI by promoting neuroinflammation and cellular apoptosis, which can be alleviated by Atsttrin. Collectively, our data provide novel evidence of using PGRN derivatives as a promising therapeutic approach to improve the functional recovery for patients with spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10003, USA.,Department of Spine Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, Shandong, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, Shandong, China
| | - Jean De La Croix Ndong
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10003, USA
| | - Aubryanna Hettinghouse
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10003, USA
| | - Guodong Sun
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10003, USA
| | - Changhong Chen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10003, USA
| | - Chen Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10003, USA
| | - Ronghan Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10003, USA
| | - Chuan-Ju Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10003, USA. .,Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
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Lin J, Pan X, Huang C, Gu M, Chen X, Zheng X, Shao Z, Hu S, Wang B, Lin H, Wu Y, Tian N, Wu Y, Gao W, Zhou Y, Zhang X, Wang X. Dual regulation of microglia and neurons by Astragaloside IV-mediated mTORC1 suppression promotes functional recovery after acute spinal cord injury. J Cell Mol Med 2019; 24:671-685. [PMID: 31675186 PMCID: PMC6933381 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation and neuronal apoptosis contribute to the progression of secondary injury after spinal cord injury (SCI) and are targets for SCI therapy; autophagy is reported to suppress apoptosis in neuronal cells and M2 polarization may attenuate inflammatory response in microglia, while both are negatively regulated by mTORC1 signalling. We hypothesize that mTORC1 suppression may have dual effects on inflammation and neuronal apoptosis and may be a feasible approach for SCI therapy. In this study, we evaluate a novel inhibitor of mTORC1 signalling, Astragaloside IV (AS-IV), in vitro and in vivo. Our results showed that AS-IV may suppress mTORC1 signalling both in neuronal cells and microglial cells in vitro and in vivo. AS-IV treatment may stimulate autophagy in neuronal cells and protect them against apoptosis through autophagy regulation; it may also promote M2 polarization in microglial cells and attenuate neuroinflammation. In vivo, rats were intraperitoneally injected with AS-IV (10 mg/kg/d) after SCI, behavioural and histological evaluations showed that AS-IV may promote functional recovery in rats after SCI. We propose that mTORC1 suppression may attenuate both microglial inflammatory response and neuronal apoptosis and promote functional recovery after SCI, while AS-IV may become a novel therapeutic medicine for SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialiang Lin
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xiangxiang Pan
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Chongan Huang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Mingbao Gu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Ximiao Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical College, Guilin, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Xuanqi Zheng
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Zhenxuan Shao
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Sunli Hu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Ben Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Hao Lin
- The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yaosen Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Naifeng Tian
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yan Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Weiyang Gao
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yifei Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xiaolei Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,Chinese Orthopaedic Regenerative Medicine Society, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xiangyang Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
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Long-Distance Axon Regeneration Promotes Recovery of Diaphragmatic Respiratory Function after Spinal Cord Injury. eNeuro 2019; 6:ENEURO.0096-19.2019. [PMID: 31427403 PMCID: PMC6794082 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0096-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Compromise in inspiratory breathing following cervical spinal cord injury (SCI) is caused by damage to descending bulbospinal axons originating in the rostral ventral respiratory group (rVRG) and consequent denervation and silencing of phrenic motor neurons (PhMNs) that directly control diaphragm activation. In a rat model of high-cervical hemisection SCI, we performed systemic administration of an antagonist peptide directed against phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), a central inhibitor of neuron-intrinsic axon growth potential. PTEN antagonist peptide (PAP4) robustly restored diaphragm function, as determined with electromyography (EMG) recordings in living SCI animals. PAP4 promoted substantial, long-distance regeneration of injured rVRG axons through the lesion and back toward PhMNs located throughout the C3–C5 spinal cord. These regrowing rVRG axons also formed putative excitatory synaptic connections with PhMNs, demonstrating reconnection of rVRG-PhMN-diaphragm circuitry. Lastly, re-lesion through the hemisection site completely ablated functional recovery induced by PAP4. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that axon regeneration in response to systemic PAP4 administration promoted recovery of diaphragmatic respiratory function after cervical SCI.
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Wei X, Luo L, Chen J. Roles of mTOR Signaling in Tissue Regeneration. Cells 2019; 8:cells8091075. [PMID: 31547370 PMCID: PMC6769890 DOI: 10.3390/cells8091075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), is a serine/threonine protein kinase and belongs to the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-related kinase (PIKK) family. mTOR interacts with other subunits to form two distinct complexes, mTORC1 and mTORC2. mTORC1 coordinates cell growth and metabolism in response to environmental input, including growth factors, amino acid, energy and stress. mTORC2 mainly controls cell survival and migration through phosphorylating glucocorticoid-regulated kinase (SGK), protein kinase B (Akt), and protein kinase C (PKC) kinase families. The dysregulation of mTOR is involved in human diseases including cancer, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, and epilepsy. Tissue damage caused by trauma, diseases or aging disrupt the tissue functions. Tissue regeneration after injuries is of significance for recovering the tissue homeostasis and functions. Mammals have very limited regenerative capacity in multiple tissues and organs, such as the heart and central nervous system (CNS). Thereby, understanding the mechanisms underlying tissue regeneration is crucial for tissue repair and regenerative medicine. mTOR is activated in multiple tissue injuries. In this review, we summarize the roles of mTOR signaling in tissue regeneration such as neurons, muscles, the liver and the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyong Wei
- Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Lingfei Luo
- Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Jinzi Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China.
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Akhmetzyanova E, Kletenkov K, Mukhamedshina Y, Rizvanov A. Different Approaches to Modulation of Microglia Phenotypes After Spinal Cord Injury. Front Syst Neurosci 2019; 13:37. [PMID: 31507384 PMCID: PMC6718713 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2019.00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglial cells, which are highly plastic, immediately respond to any change in the microenvironment by becoming activated and shifting the phenotype toward neurotoxicity or neuroprotection. The polarization of microglia/macrophages after spinal cord injury (SCI) seems to be a dynamic process and can change depending on the microenvironment, stage, course, and severity of the posttraumatic process. Effective methods to modulate microglia toward a neuroprotective phenotype in order to stimulate neuroregeneration are actively sought for. In this context, available approaches that can selectively impact the polarization of microglia/macrophages regulate synthesis of trophic factors and cytokines/chemokines in them, and their phagocytic function and effects on the course and outcome of SCI are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Akhmetzyanova
- OpenLab Gene and Cell Technologies, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Konstantin Kletenkov
- OpenLab Gene and Cell Technologies, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Yana Mukhamedshina
- OpenLab Gene and Cell Technologies, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia.,Department of Histology, Cytology and Embryology, Kazan State Medical University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Albert Rizvanov
- OpenLab Gene and Cell Technologies, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
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Innovative mouse model mimicking human-like features of spinal cord injury: efficacy of Docosahexaenoic acid on acute and chronic phases. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8883. [PMID: 31222077 PMCID: PMC6586623 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45037-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic spinal cord injury has dramatic consequences and a huge social impact. We propose a new mouse model of spinal trauma that induces a complete paralysis of hindlimbs, still observable 30 days after injury. The contusion, performed without laminectomy and deriving from the pressure exerted directly on the bone, mimics more closely many features of spinal injury in humans. Spinal cord was injured at thoracic level 10 (T10) in adult anesthetized female CD1 mice, mounted on stereotaxic apparatus and connected to a precision impactor device. Following severe injury, we evaluated motor and sensory functions, and histological/morphological features of spinal tissue at different time points. Moreover, we studied the effects of early and subchronic administration of Docosahexaenoic acid, investigating functional responses, structural changes proximal and distal to the lesion in primary and secondary injury phases, proteome modulation in injured spinal cord. Docosahexaenoic acid was able i) to restore behavioural responses and ii) to induce pro-regenerative effects and neuroprotective action against demyelination, apoptosis and neuroinflammation. Considering the urgent health challenge represented by spinal injury, this new and reliable mouse model together with the positive effects of docosahexaenoic acid provide important translational implications for promising therapeutic approaches for spinal cord injuries.
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Influence of passage number on the impact of the secretome of adipose tissue stem cells on neural survival, neurodifferentiation and axonal growth. Biochimie 2018; 155:119-128. [PMID: 30342112 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2018.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), and within them adipose tissue derived stem cells (ASCs), have been shown to have therapeutic effects on central nervous system (CNS) cell populations. Such effects have been mostly attributed to soluble factors, as well as vesicles, present in their secretome. Yet, little is known about the impact that MSC passaging might have in the secretion therapeutic profile. Our aim was to show how human ASCs (hASCs) passage number influences the effect of their secretome in neuronal survival, differentiation and axonal growth. For this purpose, post-natal rat hippocampal primary cultures, human neural progenitor cell (hNPCs) cultures and dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) explants were incubated with secretome, collected as conditioned media (CM), obtained from hASCs in P3, P6, P9 and P12. Results showed no differences when comparing percentages of MAP-2 positive cells (a mature neuronal marker) in neuronal cultures or hNPCs, after incubation with hASCs secretome from different passages. The same was observed regarding DRG neurite outgrowth. In order to characterize the secretomes obtained from different passages, a proteomic analysis was performed, revealing that its composition did not vary significantly with passage number P3 to P12. Results allowed us to identify several key proteins, such as pigment epithelium derived factor (PEDF), DJ-1, interleucin-6 (IL-6) and galectin, all of which have already proven to play neuroprotective and neurodifferentiating roles. Proteins that promote neurite outgrowth were also found present, such as semaphorin 7A and glypican-1. We conclude that cellular passaging does not influence significantly hASCs's secretome properties especially their ability to support post-natal neuronal survival, induce neurodifferentiation and promote axonal growth.
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Anti-inflammatory effects of Metformin improve the neuropathic pain and locomotor activity in spinal cord injured rats: introduction of an alternative therapy. Spinal Cord 2018; 56:1032-1041. [PMID: 29959433 DOI: 10.1038/s41393-018-0168-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN This is an animal study. OBJECTIVES Metformin is a safe drug for controlling blood sugar in diabetes. It has been shown that metformin improves locomotor recovery after spinal cord injury (SCI). Neuropathic pain is also a disturbing component of SCI. It is indicated that metformin has neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects, which attenuate neuropathic pain and hyperalgesia in injured nerves. Thus, we evaluated metformin's therapeutic effects on SCI neuroinflammation and its sensory and locomotor complications. Meanwhile, results were compared to minocycline, an anti-neuroinflammation therapy in SCI. SETTING Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran METHODS: In an animal model of SCI, 48 male rats were subjected to T9 vertebra laminectomy. Animals were divided into a SHAM-operated group and five treatment groups. The treatments included normal saline as a vehicle control group, minocycline 90 mg/kg and metformin at the doses of 10, 50 and 100 mg/kg. Locomotor scaling, behavioral tests for neuropathic pain and weight changes were evaluated and compared through a 28-days period. At the end of the study, tissue samples were taken to assess neuroinflammatory changes. RESULTS Metformin 50 mg/kg improved the locomotors ability (p < 0.001) and decreased sensitivity to mechanical and thermal allodynia (p < 0.01). These results were compatible with minocycline effect on SCI (p > 0.05). While metformin led to weight loss, both metformin and minocycline significantly decreased neuroinflammation in the assessment of cord tissue histopathology, and levels of TNF-α and interleukin-1β (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Metformin could be considered as an alternative therapeutic agent for SCI, as it potentially attenuates neuroinflammation, sensory and locomotor complications of cord injury.
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Li X, Yang B, Xiao Z, Zhao Y, Han S, Yin Y, Chen B, Dai J. Comparison of subacute and chronic scar tissues after complete spinal cord transection. Exp Neurol 2018; 306:132-137. [PMID: 29753649 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2018.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Traditional views consider scar tissue formed in the lesion epicenter after severe spinal cord injury (SCI) as both a physical barrier and chemical impediment for axonal regeneration. Recently, a controversial opinion suggested that astrocyte scar formation aids rather than prevents axonal regeneration in the CNS. Here, following complete transection of the thoracic spinal cord (T8) in rats, we found that scar tissue showed greater growth factor expression at 2 weeks than 8 weeks post-SCI. Further, tandem mass tag (TMT)-based quantitative proteomic analysis revealed that the components of scar tissue formed in the subacute phase are quite different from that formed in the chronic phase. We also found significantly increased axonal regrowth of sensory axons into the lesion center after chronically formed scar tissue was removed. This indicates that scar tissue formed at the chronic phase actually inhibits axonal regeneration, and that chronic removal of scar tissue may have clinical significance and benefit for SCI repair. Taken together, our study suggests that the features and roles of subacute and chronic scar tissues formed post-SCI is different and scar tissue-targeted strategies for spinal cord regeneration cannot be generalized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Bin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Zhifeng Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yannan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Sufang Han
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yanyun Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Bing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jianwu Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
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Beneficial Effects of Resveratrol-Mediated Inhibition of the mTOR Pathway in Spinal Cord Injury. Neural Plast 2018; 2018:7513748. [PMID: 29780409 PMCID: PMC5892236 DOI: 10.1155/2018/7513748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Revised: 02/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) causes a high rate of morbidity and disability. The clinical features of SCI are divided into acute, subacute, and chronic phases according to its pathophysiological events. The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway plays an important role in cell death and inflammation in the acute phase and neuroregeneration in the subacute/chronic phases at different times. Resveratrol has the potential of regulating cell growth, proliferation, metabolism, and angiogenesis through the mTOR signaling pathway. Herein, we explicate the role of resveratrol in the repair of SCI through the inhibition of the mTOR signaling pathway. The inhibition of the mTOR pathway by resveratrol has the potential of serving as a neuronal restorative mechanism following SCI.
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48
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Nie J, Chen J, Yang J, Pei Q, Li J, Liu J, Xu L, Li N, Chen Y, Chen X, Luo H, Sun T. Inhibition of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 signaling by n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids promotes locomotor recovery after spinal cord injury. Mol Med Rep 2018; 17:5894-5902. [PMID: 29436695 PMCID: PMC5866035 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.8583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to explore the effects of n‑3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) on autophagy and their potential for promoting locomotor recovery after spinal cord injury (SCI). Primary neurons were isolated and cultured. Sprague‑Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups and fed diets with different amounts of n‑3 PUFAs. A model of spinal cord contusion was created at the T10 spinal segment and the composition of PUFAs was analyzed using gas chromatography. Spinal repair and motor function were evaluated postoperatively. Assessment of the effects of n‑3 PUFAs on autophagy and mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) was performed using immunofluorescence staining and western blotting. In vitro, n‑3 PUFAs inhibited mTORC1 and enhanced autophagy. The n‑3 PUFA levels and the ratio of n‑3 PUFA to n‑6 PUFA in the spinal cord and serum of rats fed a high‑n‑3 PUFA diet were higher before and after operation (P<0.05). Additionally, rats in the high‑n‑3 PUFA group showed improved motor function recovery, spinal cord repair‑related protein expression level (MBP, Galc and GFAP). Expression levels if these protiens in the high‑n‑3 PUFA diet group expressed the highest levels, followed by the low‑n‑3 PUFA diet group and finally the control group (P<0.05). high‑n‑3 PUFA diet promoted autophagy ability and inhibited activity of the mTORC1 signaling pathway compared with the low‑n‑3 PUFA diet group or the control group (P<0.05). These results suggest that exogenous dietary n‑3 PUFAs can inhibit mTORC1 signaling and enhance autophagy, promoting functional recovery of rats with SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiping Nie
- Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Jian Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Three Gorges Central Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing 404000, P.R. China
| | - Jianguo Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Huhhot First Hospital, Huhhot, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region 010020, P.R. China
| | - Qinqin Pei
- Department of Orthopedics, Three Gorges Central Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing 404000, P.R. China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Three Gorges Central Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing 404000, P.R. China
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical College for Nationalities, Baise, Guangxi 533000, P.R. China
| | - Lixin Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, Three Gorges Central Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing 404000, P.R. China
| | - Nan Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Three Gorges Central Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing 404000, P.R. China
| | - Youhao Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Three Gorges Central Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing 404000, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohua Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Three Gorges Central Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing 404000, P.R. China
| | - Hao Luo
- Department of Orthopedics, Three Gorges Central Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing 404000, P.R. China
| | - Tiansheng Sun
- Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
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49
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Yan S, Zhang L, Wang S, Wu T, Gong Z. Inhibition of the Ras/Raf/extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 signaling pathway by compounds of natural origin for possible treatment of spinal cord injury: An in silico approach. Exp Ther Med 2018; 15:2860-2868. [PMID: 29456689 PMCID: PMC5795380 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.5734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a severe disease associated with permanent neurological deficit. Recent studies in the treatment of SCI have demonstrated that the Ras/Raf/extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) signaling pathway serves an important role in the disease etiology, and that upregulation of this signaling pathway is associated with the development of SCI. In the present study, inhibition of Ras protein was employed in order to downregulate the Ras/Raf/ERK1/2 signaling pathway using compounds of natural origin from the Interbioscreen natural compound database. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study using a chemical-computational approach in order to identify novel small molecule inhibitors for Ras. A database of ~50,000 compounds was selected for virtual screening, setting a free energy binding bias of −7 kcal/mol to limit the number of compounds. The subset of compounds generated by virtual screening was further limited by subjecting these to the Lipinski's rule of five parameters. A total of five shortlisted compounds were subjected to molecular docking simulation. The compounds were docked into the GTP binding site of Ras, and the inhibition of this site was examined as a promising strategy for the downregulation of Ras/Raf/ERK1/2 signaling pathway. The compounds bound to the GTP binding site through hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions. The identified lead compound was then subjected to molecular dynamics simulation, and the results revealed that GLY60 in the GTP binding site of Ras protein was the optimal binding site during a 100 nsec run.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilei Yan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050051, P.R. China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050051, P.R. China
| | - Shuai Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050051, P.R. China
| | - Tianhao Wu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050051, P.R. China
| | - Zhixin Gong
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050051, P.R. China
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50
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Wang C, Wang Q, Lou Y, Xu J, Feng Z, Chen Y, Tang Q, Zheng G, Zhang Z, Wu Y, Tian N, Zhou Y, Xu H, Zhang X. Salidroside attenuates neuroinflammation and improves functional recovery after spinal cord injury through microglia polarization regulation. J Cell Mol Med 2017; 22:1148-1166. [PMID: 29148269 PMCID: PMC5783886 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a severe neurological disease; however, few drugs have been proved to treat SCI effectively. Neuroinflammation is the major pathogenesis of SCI secondary injury and considered to be the therapeutic target of SCI. Salidroside (Sal) has been reported to exert anti‐inflammatory effects in airway, adipose and myocardial tissue; however, the role of Sal in SCI therapeutics has not been clarified. In this study, we showed that Sal could improve the functional recovery of spinal cord in rats as revealed by increased BBB locomotor rating scale, angle of incline, and decreased cavity of spinal cord injury and apoptosis of neurons in vivo. Immunofluorescence double staining of microglia marker and M1/M2 marker demonstrated that Sal could suppress M1 microglia polarization and activate M2 microglia polarization in vivo. To verify how Sal exerts its effects on microglia polarization and neuron protection, we performed the mechanism study in vitro in microglia cell line BV‐2 and neuron cell line PC12. The results showed that Sal prevents apoptosis of PC12 cells in coculture with LPS‐induced M1 BV‐2 microglia, also the inflammatory secretion phenotype of M1 BV‐2 microglia was suppressed by Sal, and further studies demonstrated that autophagic flux regulation through AMPK/mTOR pathway was involved in Sal regulated microglia polarization after SCI. Overall, our study illustrated that Sal could promote spinal cord injury functional recovery in rats, and the mechanism may relate to its microglia polarization modulation through AMPK‐/mTOR‐mediated autophagic flux stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenggui Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, China
| | - Qingqing Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yiting Lou
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jianxiang Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhenhua Feng
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, China
| | - Qian Tang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, China
| | - Gang Zheng
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zengjie Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yaosen Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, China
| | - Naifeng Tian
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yifei Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, China
| | - Huazi Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiaolei Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.,Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, China.,Chinese Orthopaedic Regenerative Medicine Society, Hangzhou, China
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