1
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Lu KP, Zhou XZ. Pin1-catalyzed conformational regulation after phosphorylation: A distinct checkpoint in cell signaling and drug discovery. Sci Signal 2024; 17:eadi8743. [PMID: 38889227 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.adi8743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation is one of the most common mechanisms regulating cellular signaling pathways, and many kinases and phosphatases are proven drug targets. Upon phosphorylation, protein functions can be further regulated by the distinct isomerase Pin1 through cis-trans isomerization. Numerous protein targets and many important roles have now been elucidated for Pin1. However, no tools are available to detect or target cis and trans conformation events in cells. The development of Pin1 inhibitors and stereo- and phospho-specific antibodies has revealed that cis and trans conformations have distinct and often opposing cellular functions. Aberrant conformational changes due to the dysregulation of Pin1 can drive pathogenesis but can be effectively targeted in age-related diseases, including cancers and neurodegenerative disorders. Here, we review advances in understanding the roles of Pin1 signaling in health and disease and highlight conformational regulation as a distinct signal transduction checkpoint in disease development and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Ping Lu
- Departments of Biochemistry and Oncology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, ON N6G 2V4, Canada
- Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, ON N6G 2V4, Canada
| | - Xiao Zhen Zhou
- Departments of Biochemistry and Oncology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, ON N6G 2V4, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, ON N6G 2V4, Canada
- Lawson Health Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, ON N6G 2V4, Canada
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2
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Poli G, Di Stefano M, Estevez JA, Minutolo F, Granchi C, Giordano A, Parisi S, Mauceri M, Canzonieri V, Macchia M, Caligiuri I, Tuccinardi T, Rizzolio F. New PIN1 inhibitors identified through a pharmacophore-driven, hierarchical consensus docking strategy. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2021; 37:145-150. [PMID: 34894990 PMCID: PMC8667921 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2021.1979970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
PIN1 is considered as a therapeutic target for a wide variety of tumours. However, most of known inhibitors are devoid of cellular activity despite their good enzyme inhibitory profile. Hence, the lack of effective compounds for the clinic makes the identification of novel PIN1 inhibitors a hot topic in the medicinal chemistry field. In this work, we reported a virtual screening study for the identification of new promising PIN1 inhibitors. A receptor-based procedure was applied to screen different chemical databases of commercial compounds. Based on the whole workflow, two compounds were selected and biologically evaluated. Both ligands, compounds VS1 and VS2, showed a good enzyme inhibitory activity and VS2 also demonstrated a promising antitumoral activity in ovarian cancer cells. These results confirmed the reliability of our in silico protocol and provided a structurally novel ligand as a valuable starting point for the development of new PIN1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Poli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Antonio Giordano
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biotechnology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Salvatore Parisi
- Pathology Unit, CRO Aviano, National Cancer Institute, IRCCS, Aviano, Italy
| | - Matteo Mauceri
- Pathology Unit, CRO Aviano, National Cancer Institute, IRCCS, Aviano, Italy.,Department of Molecular Science and Nanosystems, Ca' Foscari University of Venezia, Venezia-Mestre, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Canzonieri
- Pathology Unit, CRO Aviano, National Cancer Institute, IRCCS, Aviano, Italy.,Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Marco Macchia
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Isabella Caligiuri
- Pathology Unit, CRO Aviano, National Cancer Institute, IRCCS, Aviano, Italy
| | - Tiziano Tuccinardi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biotechnology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Flavio Rizzolio
- Pathology Unit, CRO Aviano, National Cancer Institute, IRCCS, Aviano, Italy.,Department of Molecular Science and Nanosystems, Ca' Foscari University of Venezia, Venezia-Mestre, Italy
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3
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Li J, Mo C, Guo Y, Zhang B, Feng X, Si Q, Wu X, Zhao Z, Gong L, He D, Shao J. Roles of peptidyl-prolyl isomerase Pin1 in disease pathogenesis. Theranostics 2021; 11:3348-3358. [PMID: 33537091 PMCID: PMC7847688 DOI: 10.7150/thno.45889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pin1 belongs to the peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerases (PPIases) superfamily and catalyzes the cis-trans conversion of proline in target substrates to modulate diverse cellular functions including cell cycle progression, cell motility, and apoptosis. Dysregulation of Pin1 has wide-ranging influences on the fate of cells; therefore, it is closely related to the occurrence and development of various diseases. This review summarizes the current knowledge of Pin1 in disease pathogenesis.
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4
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Kim WJ, Kim BS, Kim HJ, Cho YD, Shin HL, Yoon HI, Lee YS, Baek JH, Woo KM, Ryoo HM. Intratesticular Peptidyl Prolyl Isomerase 1 Protein Delivery Using Cationic Lipid-Coated Fibroin Nanoparticle Complexes Rescues Male Infertility in Mice. ACS NANO 2020; 14:13217-13231. [PMID: 32969647 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c04936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Male infertility is a multifactorial condition. Unexplained male infertility is often caused by spermatogenesis dysfunction. Knockout of Pin1, an important regulator of cell proliferation and differentiation, produces male infertility phenotypes such as testicular immaturity and azoospermia with spermatogonia depletion and blood-testis barrier (BTB) dysfunction. Gene therapy has been clinically considered for the treatment of male infertility, but it is not preferred because of the risks of adverse effects in germ cells. Direct intracellular protein delivery using nanoparticles is considered an effective alternative to gene therapy; however, in vivo testicular protein delivery remains a pressing challenge. Here, we investigated the direct intracellular protein delivery strategy using a fibroin nanoparticle-encapsulated cationic lipid complex (Fibroplex) to restore intratesticular PIN1. Local intratesticular delivery of PIN1 via Fibroplex in Pin1 knockout testes produced fertile mice, achieving recovery from the infertile phenotypes. Mechanistically, PIN1-loaded Fibroplex was successfully delivered into testicular cells, including spermatogonial cells and Sertoli cells, and the sustained release of PIN1 restored the gene expression required for the proliferation of spermatogonial cells and BTB integrity in Pin1 knockout testes. Collectively, testicular PIN1 protein delivery using Fibroplex might be an effective strategy for treating male infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo Jin Kim
- Department of Molecular Genetics, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, BK21 Program, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong Soo Kim
- Department of Molecular Genetics, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, BK21 Program, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jung Kim
- Department of Molecular Genetics, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, BK21 Program, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Dan Cho
- Department of Molecular Genetics, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, BK21 Program, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Lim Shin
- Department of Molecular Genetics, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, BK21 Program, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee In Yoon
- Department of Molecular Genetics, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, BK21 Program, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Sil Lee
- Department of Molecular Genetics, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, BK21 Program, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Hwa Baek
- Department of Molecular Genetics, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, BK21 Program, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Mi Woo
- Department of Molecular Genetics, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, BK21 Program, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Mo Ryoo
- Department of Molecular Genetics, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, BK21 Program, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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5
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Yu JH, Im CY, Min SH. Function of PIN1 in Cancer Development and Its Inhibitors as Cancer Therapeutics. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:120. [PMID: 32258027 PMCID: PMC7089927 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptidyl-prolyl isomerase (PIN1) specifically binds and isomerizes the phosphorylated serine/threonine-proline (pSer/Thr-Pro) motif, which results in the alteration of protein structure, function, and stability. The altered structure and function of these phosphorylated proteins regulated by PIN1 are closely related to cancer development. PIN1 is highly expressed in human cancers and promotes cancer as well as cancer stem cells by breaking the balance of oncogenes and tumor suppressors. In this review, we discuss the roles of PIN1 in cancer and PIN1-targeted small-molecule compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hoon Yu
- New Drug Development Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation (DGMIF), Daegu, South Korea
| | - Chun Young Im
- New Drug Development Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation (DGMIF), Daegu, South Korea
| | - Sang-Hyun Min
- New Drug Development Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation (DGMIF), Daegu, South Korea
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6
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Wen S, Niu Y, Huang H. Posttranslational regulation of androgen dependent and independent androgen receptor activities in prostate cancer. Asian J Urol 2019; 7:203-218. [PMID: 33024699 PMCID: PMC7525085 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajur.2019.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most commonly diagnosed cancer among men in western countries. Androgen receptor (AR) signaling plays key roles in the development of PCa. Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) remains the standard therapy for advanced PCa. In addition to its ligand androgen, accumulating evidence indicates that posttranscriptional modification is another important mechanism to regulate AR activities during the progression of PCa, especially in castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). To date, a number of posttranscriptional modifications of AR have been identified, including phosphorylation (e.g. by CDK1), acetylation (e.g. by p300 and recognized by BRD4), methylation (e.g. by EZH2), ubiquitination (e.g. by SPOP), and SUMOylation (e.g. by PIAS1). These modifications are essential for the maintenance of protein stability, nuclear localization and transcriptional activity of AR. This review summarizes posttranslational modifications that influence androgen-dependent and -independent activities of AR, PCa progression and therapy resistance. We further emphasize that in addition to androgen, posttranslational modification is another important way to regulate AR activity, suggesting that targeting AR posttranslational modifications, such as proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs) of AR, represents a potential and promising alternate for effective treatment of CRPC. Potential areas to be investigated in the future in the field of AR posttranslational modifications are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simeng Wen
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Institute of Urology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, USA
| | - Yuanjie Niu
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Institute of Urology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Haojie Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, USA.,Department of Urology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, USA.,Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, USA
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7
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Russo Spena C, De Stefano L, Poli G, Granchi C, El Boustani M, Ecca F, Grassi G, Grassi M, Canzonieri V, Giordano A, Tuccinardi T, Caligiuri I, Rizzolio F. Virtual screening identifies a PIN1 inhibitor with possible antiovarian cancer effects. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:15708-15716. [PMID: 30697729 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase, NIMA-interacting 1 (PIN1) is a peptidyl-prolyl isomerase that binds phospho-Ser/Thr-Pro motifs in proteins and catalyzes the cis-trans isomerization of proline peptide bonds. PIN1 is overexpressed in several cancers including high-grade serous ovarian cancer. Since few therapies are effective against this cancer, PIN1 could be a therapeutic target but effective PIN1 inhibitors are lacking. To identify molecules with in vivo inhibitory effects on PIN1, we used consensus docking to model existing PIN1-ligand X-ray structures and to screen a chemical database for candidate inhibitors. Ten molecules were selected and tested in cellular assays, leading to the identification of VS10 that bound and inhibited PIN1. VS10 treatment reduced the viability of ovarian cancer cell lines by inducing proteasomal PIN1 degradation, without effects on PIN1 transcription, and also reduced the levels of downstream targets β-catenin, cyclin D1, and pSer473-Akt. VS10 is a selective PIN1 inhibitor that may offer new opportunities for treating PIN1-overexpressing tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Concetta Russo Spena
- Pathology Unit, IRCCS CRO Aviano-National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Italy.,Doctoral School in Chemistry, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Lucia De Stefano
- Pathology Unit, IRCCS CRO Aviano-National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Italy.,Doctoral School in Chemistry, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Giulio Poli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Maguie El Boustani
- Pathology Unit, IRCCS CRO Aviano-National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Italy.,Doctoral School in Molecular Biomedicine, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Ecca
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, IRCCS CRO Aviano-National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Italy
| | - Gabriele Grassi
- Department of Life Sciences, Cattinara University Hospital, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Mario Grassi
- Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Canzonieri
- Pathology Unit, IRCCS CRO Aviano-National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Italy.,Center for Biotechnology, Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Antonio Giordano
- Center for Biotechnology, Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Tiziano Tuccinardi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Center for Biotechnology, Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Isabella Caligiuri
- Pathology Unit, IRCCS CRO Aviano-National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Italy
| | - Flavio Rizzolio
- Pathology Unit, IRCCS CRO Aviano-National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Italy.,Center for Biotechnology, Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Venezia-Mestre, Italy
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8
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Tuccinardi T, Rizzolio F. Editorial: Peptidyl-Prolyl Isomerases in Human Pathologies. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:794. [PMID: 31354501 PMCID: PMC6637298 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Flavio Rizzolio
- Department of Translational Research, Pathology Unit, National Cancer Institute-CRO-IRCSS, Aviano, Italy.,Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca' Foscari University of Venezia, Venice, Italy
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9
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Zannini A, Rustighi A, Campaner E, Del Sal G. Oncogenic Hijacking of the PIN1 Signaling Network. Front Oncol 2019; 9:94. [PMID: 30873382 PMCID: PMC6401644 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular choices are determined by developmental and environmental stimuli through integrated signal transduction pathways. These critically depend on attainment of proper activation levels that in turn rely on post-translational modifications (PTMs) of single pathway members. Among these PTMs, post-phosphorylation prolyl-isomerization mediated by PIN1 represents a unique mechanism of spatial, temporal and quantitative control of signal transduction. Indeed PIN1 was shown to be crucial for determining activation levels of several pathways and biological outcomes downstream to a plethora of stimuli. Of note, studies performed in different model organisms and humans have shown that hormonal, nutrient, and oncogenic stimuli simultaneously affect both PIN1 activity and the pathways that depend on PIN1-mediated prolyl-isomerization, suggesting the existence of evolutionarily conserved molecular circuitries centered on this isomerase. This review focuses on molecular mechanisms and cellular processes like proliferation, metabolism, and stem cell fate, that are regulated by PIN1 in physiological conditions, discussing how these are subverted in and hijacked by cancer cells. Current status and open questions regarding the use of PIN1 as biomarker and target for cancer therapy as well as clinical development of PIN1 inhibitors are also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Zannini
- National Laboratory CIB, Trieste, Italy.,Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Alessandra Rustighi
- National Laboratory CIB, Trieste, Italy.,Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | | | - Giannino Del Sal
- National Laboratory CIB, Trieste, Italy.,Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy.,IFOM - Istituto FIRC Oncologia Molecolare, Milan, Italy
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10
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El Boustani M, De Stefano L, Caligiuri I, Mouawad N, Granchi C, Canzonieri V, Tuccinardi T, Giordano A, Rizzolio F. A Guide to PIN1 Function and Mutations Across Cancers. Front Pharmacol 2019; 9:1477. [PMID: 30723410 PMCID: PMC6349750 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PIN1 is a member of a family of peptidylprolyl isomerases that bind phosphoproteins and catalyze the rapid cis-trans isomerization of proline peptidyl bonds, resulting in an alteration of protein structure, function, and stability. PIN1 is overexpressed in human cancers, suggesting it promotes tumorigenesis, but depending on the cellular context, it also acts as a tumor suppressor. Here, we review the role of PIN1 in cancer and the regulation of PIN1 expression, and catalog the single nucleotide polymorphisms, and mutations in PIN1 gene associated with cancer. In addition, we provide a 3D model of the protein to localize the mutated residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maguie El Boustani
- Pathology Unit, IRCCS CRO Aviano-National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Italy.,Doctoral School in Molecular Biomedicine, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Lucia De Stefano
- Pathology Unit, IRCCS CRO Aviano-National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Italy.,Doctoral School in Chemistry, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Isabella Caligiuri
- Pathology Unit, IRCCS CRO Aviano-National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Italy
| | - Nayla Mouawad
- Pathology Unit, IRCCS CRO Aviano-National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Italy.,Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Antonio Giordano
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biotechnology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Flavio Rizzolio
- Pathology Unit, IRCCS CRO Aviano-National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Italy.,Department of Molecular Science and Nanosystems, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Venice, Italy
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11
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Nicoll JX, Fry AC, Mosier EM. Sex-based differences in resting MAPK, androgen, and glucocorticoid receptor phosphorylation in human skeletal muscle. Steroids 2019; 141:23-29. [PMID: 30414425 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2018.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine if there is differential expression and phosphorylation of the androgen receptor (AR), glucocorticoid receptor (GR), and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) in skeletal muscle at rest between males and females. METHODS Ten college-aged males (mean ± SD; age = 22 ± 2.4 yrs, ht = 175 ± 7 cm, body mass = 84.1 ± 11.8 kg) and ten females (mean ± SD; age = 20 ± 0.9 yrs; ht = 169 ± 7 cm; body mass = 67.1 ± 8.7 kg) reported to the laboratory following an overnight fast. Resting muscle biopsies were collected from the vastus lateralis and analyzed for total and phosphorylated GR (ser134, ser211, and ser226), total and phosphorylated AR (ser81, ser213, ser515, ser650), and total and phosphorylated MAPK (ERK, JNK, p38) via western blotting. A phosphorylation index (PI) was calculated to determine phosphorylated receptor expression after accounting for differences in total receptor content. RESULTS Males had more total AR compared to females (+42 ± 4%; p < 0.001). Females had higher phosphorylation of ARser81 (+87 ± 11%; p = 0.001) and ser515 (+55 ± 13%; p = 0.019). However, when the phosphorylated ratios were corrected for differences in total AR expression (i.e. our PI), the overall phosphorylation at these sites were similar between sexes (ser515, males = 100% vs females 92%; ser81, males = 100% vs females = 107%). pGRser134 was higher in males compared to females (+50 ± 15%; p = 0.016). Phospho-p38 was higher in females compared to males (+5050 ± 16%; p < 0.001). CONCLUSION At rest, ARs and GRs are differentially phosphorylated at some, but not all sites when comparing males and females. Differential regulation of phosphorylated AR, GR, and p38 between males and females may have implications for the degree of muscle adaptations observed following resistance or endurance training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin X Nicoll
- California State University Northridge, Department of Kinesiology, Northridge, CA, United States.
| | - Andrew C Fry
- University of Kansas, Department of Health, Sport and Exercise Sciences, Lawrence 66045, KS, United States.
| | - Eric M Mosier
- Northwest Missouri State University, School of Health Science and Wellness, Maryville 64468, MO, United States.
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12
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Russo JW, Liu X, Ye H, Calagua C, Chen S, Voznesensky O, Condulis J, Ma F, Taplin ME, Einstein DJ, Balk SP, Chen S. Phosphorylation of androgen receptor serine 81 is associated with its reactivation in castration-resistant prostate cancer. Cancer Lett 2018; 438:97-104. [PMID: 30217568 PMCID: PMC6186500 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Phosphorylation of serine 81 (pS81) in the N-terminal transactivation domain of the androgen receptor (AR) has been linked to its transcriptional activation in prostate cancer (PCa) cell lines, but in vivo studies have been limited. Moreover, the role of pS81 in the reactivation of AR when tumors relapse after androgen deprivation therapy (castration-resistant prostate cancer, CRPC) has not been determined. In this study we validate a pS81 antibody for immunohistochemistry (IHC) and show it yields strong nuclear staining in primary PCa clinical samples and in the VCaP PCa xenograft model. Moreover, this staining was decreased at 7 days post-castration in VCaP xenografts, coinciding with markedly decreased AR transcriptional activity. Staining with the pS81 antibody then was restored when the VCaP xenografts relapsed, which was associated with restoration of AR transcriptional activity. Significantly, analysis of CRPC clinical samples, including tumors that had progressed during treatment with abiraterone, showed strong nuclear staining with the pS81 antibody. Together these findings indicate that AR reactivation in CRPC is associated with S81 phosphorylation, and suggest that IHC for pS81 may be useful as a biomarker of AR activity in CRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua W Russo
- Hematology-Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Xiaming Liu
- Hematology-Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA; Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Huihui Ye
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Carla Calagua
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Sen Chen
- Hematology-Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Olga Voznesensky
- Hematology-Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - James Condulis
- Hematology-Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Fen Ma
- Hematology-Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Mary-Ellen Taplin
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - David J Einstein
- Hematology-Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Steven P Balk
- Hematology-Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
| | - Shaoyong Chen
- Hematology-Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
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13
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Russo Spena C, De Stefano L, Palazzolo S, Salis B, Granchi C, Minutolo F, Tuccinardi T, Fratamico R, Crotti S, D'Aronco S, Agostini M, Corona G, Caligiuri I, Canzonieri V, Rizzolio F. Liposomal delivery of a Pin1 inhibitor complexed with cyclodextrins as new therapy for high-grade serous ovarian cancer. J Control Release 2018; 281:1-10. [PMID: 29746956 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.04.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Pin1, a prolyl isomerase that sustains tumor progression, is overexpressed in different types of malignancies. Functional inactivation of Pin1 restrains tumor growth and leaves normal cells unaffected making it an ideal pharmaceutical target. Although many studies on Pin1 have focused on malignancies that are influenced by sex hormones, studies in ovarian cancer have lagged behind. Here, we show that Pin1 is an important therapeutic target in high-grade serous epithelial ovarian cancer. Knock down of Pin1 in ovarian cancer cell lines induces apoptosis and restrains tumor growth in a syngeneic mouse model. Since specific and non-covalent Pin1 inhibitors are still limited, the first liposomal formulation of a Pin1 inhibitor was designed. The drug was efficiently encapsulated in modified cyclodextrins and remotely loaded into pegylated liposomes. This liposomal formulation accumulates preferentially in the tumor and has a desirable pharmacokinetic profile. The liposomal inhibitor was able to alter Pin1 cancer driving-pathways trough the induction of proteasome-dependent degradation of Pin1 and was found to be effective in curbing ovarian tumor growth in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Concetta Russo Spena
- Department of Translational Research, Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Center for Molecular Biomedicine - CRO, National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Italy; Doctoral School in Chemistry, University of Trieste, Italy
| | - Lucia De Stefano
- Department of Translational Research, Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Center for Molecular Biomedicine - CRO, National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Italy; Doctoral School in Chemistry, University of Trieste, Italy
| | - Stefano Palazzolo
- Department of Translational Research, Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Center for Molecular Biomedicine - CRO, National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Italy
| | - Barbara Salis
- Doctoral School in Molecular Biomedicine, University of Trieste, Italy; Department of Molecular Biology and Translational Research, Pathology Unit, Center for Molecular Biomedicine - CRO, National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Roberto Fratamico
- Department of Medical Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sara Crotti
- Città della Speranza, Institute of Pediatric Research, Padova, Italy
| | - Sara D'Aronco
- Città della Speranza, Institute of Pediatric Research, Padova, Italy; Department of Surgical, Oncological and Gastroenterological Sciences, First Surgical Clinic Section, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Marco Agostini
- Città della Speranza, Institute of Pediatric Research, Padova, Italy; Department of Surgical, Oncological and Gastroenterological Sciences, First Surgical Clinic Section, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Corona
- Department of Molecular Biology and Translational Research, Immunopathology and Cancer Biomarkers Unit, Center for Molecular Biomedicine - CRO, National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Italy
| | - Isabella Caligiuri
- Department of Molecular Biology and Translational Research, Pathology Unit, Center for Molecular Biomedicine - CRO, National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Canzonieri
- Department of Molecular Biology and Translational Research, Pathology Unit, Center for Molecular Biomedicine - CRO, National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Italy
| | - Flavio Rizzolio
- Department of Translational Research, Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Center for Molecular Biomedicine - CRO, National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Italy; Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca' Foscari University, Venezia-Mestre, Italy.
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14
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Mirkheshti N, Park S, Jiang S, Cropper J, Werner SL, Song CS, Chatterjee B. Dual targeting of androgen receptor and mTORC1 by salinomycin in prostate cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 7:62240-62254. [PMID: 27557496 PMCID: PMC5308723 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR) and PI3K/AKT/mTORC1 are major survival signals that drive prostate cancer to a lethal disease. Reciprocal activation of these oncogenic pathways from negative cross talks contributes to low/limited success of pathway-selective inhibitors in curbing prostate cancer progression. We report that the antibiotic salinomycin, a cancer stem cell blocker, is a dual-acting AR and mTORC1 inhibitor, inhibiting PTEN-deficient castration-sensitive and castration-resistant prostate cancer in culture and xenograft tumors. AR expression, its transcriptional activity, and androgen biosynthesis regulating enzymes CYP17A1, HSD3β1 were reduced by sub-micro molar salinomycin. Estrogen receptor-α expression was unchanged. Loss of phosphorylated AR at serine-81, which is an index for nuclear AR activity, preceded total AR reduction. Rapamycin enhanced the AR protein level without altering phosphoAR-Ser81 and CYP17A1. Inactivation of mTORC1, evident from reduced phosphorylation of mTOR and downstream effectors, as well as AMPK activation led to robust autophagy induction. Apoptosis increased modestly, albeit significantly, by sub-micro molar salinomycin. Enhanced stimulatory TSC2 phosphorylation at Ser-1387 by AMPK, and reduced inhibitory TSC2 phosphorylation at Ser-939/Thr-1462 catalyzed by AKT augmented TSC2/TSC1 activity, which led to mTORC1 inhibition. AMPK-mediated raptor phosphorylation further reduced mTOR's kinase function and mTORC1 activity. Our novel finding on dual inhibition of AR and mTORC1 suggests that salinomycin is potentially active as monotherapy against advanced prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nooshin Mirkheshti
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78245, USA
| | - Sulgi Park
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78245, USA
| | - Shoulei Jiang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78245, USA
| | - Jodie Cropper
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78245, USA
| | - Sherry L Werner
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78245, USA
| | - Chung S Song
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78245, USA
| | - Bandana Chatterjee
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78245, USA.,South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA
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15
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The role of Pin1 in the development and treatment of cancer. Arch Pharm Res 2016; 39:1609-1620. [PMID: 27572155 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-016-0821-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation and post-phosphorylation events regulate many cellular signaling pathways. Peptidyl-prolyl isomerase (Pin1) is the only peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerase that interacts with numerous oncogenic or tumor suppressive phosphorylated proteins, causes conformational changes in target proteins, and eventually regulates the activities of such proteins. These alterations in activity play a pivotal role in tumorigenesis. Since Pin1 is overexpressed and/or activated in various types of cancers, and the dysregulation of proline-directed phosphorylation contributes to tumorigenesis, Pin1 represents an attractive target for cancer therapy. This review will describe the role of Pin1 in cancer and the current status of Pin1 inhibitor development.
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16
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Abstract
Targeted drugs have changed cancer treatment but are often ineffective in the long term against solid tumours, largely because of the activation of heterogeneous oncogenic pathways. A central common signalling mechanism in many of these pathways is proline-directed phosphorylation, which is regulated by many kinases and phosphatases. The structure and function of these phosphorylated proteins are further controlled by a single proline isomerase: PIN1. PIN1 is overactivated in cancers and it promotes cancer and cancer stem cells by disrupting the balance of oncogenes and tumour suppressors. This Review discusses the roles of PIN1 in cancer and the potential of PIN1 inhibitors to restore this balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zhen Zhou
- Division of Translational Therapeutics, Department of Medicine and Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
| | - Kun Ping Lu
- Division of Translational Therapeutics, Department of Medicine and Cancer Research Institute, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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17
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Kanaoka R, Kushiyama A, Seno Y, Nakatsu Y, Matsunaga Y, Fukushima T, Tsuchiya Y, Sakoda H, Fujishiro M, Yamamotoya T, Kamata H, Matsubara A, Asano T. Pin1 Inhibitor Juglone Exerts Anti-Oncogenic Effects on LNCaP and DU145 Cells despite the Patterns of Gene Regulation by Pin1 Differing between These Cell Lines. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127467. [PMID: 26039047 PMCID: PMC4454534 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Prostate cancer initially develops in an androgen-dependent manner but, during its progression, transitions to being androgen-independent in the advanced stage. Pin1, one of the peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerases, is reportedly overexpressed in prostate cancers and is considered to contribute to accelerated cell growth, which may be one of the major factors contributing to their androgen-independent growth. Thus, we investigated how Pin1 modulates the gene expressions in both androgen-dependent and androgen-independent prostate cancer cell lines using microarray analysis. In addition, the effects of Juglone, a commercially available Pin1 inhibitor were also examined. Methods Two prostate cancer cell-lines, LNCaP (androgen-dependent) and DU145 (androgen-independent), were treated with Pin1 siRNA and its effects on gene expressions were analyzed by microarray. Individual gene regulations induced by Pin1 siRNA or the Pin1 inhibitor Juglone were examined using RT-PCR. In addition, the effects of Juglone on the growth of LNCaP and DU145 transplanted into mice were investigated. Results Microarray analysis revealed that transcriptional factors regulated by Pin1 differed markedly between LNCaP and DU145 cells, the only exception being that Nrf was regulated in the same way by Pin1 siRNA in both cell lines. Despite this marked difference in gene regulations, Pin1 siRNA and Juglone exert a strong inhibitory effect on both the LNCaP and the DU145 cell line, suppressing in vitro cell proliferation as well as tumor enlargement when transplanted into mice. Conclusions Despite Pin1-regulated gene expressions differing between these two prostate cancer cell-lines, LNCaP (androgen-dependent) and DU145 (androgen-independent), Pin1 inhibition suppresses proliferation of both cell-lines. These findings suggest the potential effectiveness of Pin1 inhibitors as therapeutic agents for prostate cancers, regardless of their androgen sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuhei Kanaoka
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Division of Molecular Medical Science, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima City, Hiroshima Japan
| | - Akifumi Kushiyama
- Division of Diabetes and Metabolism, The Institute for Adult Diseases, Asahi Life Foundation, 1-6-1 Marunouchi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Seno
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Division of Molecular Medical Science, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima City, Hiroshima Japan
| | - Yusuke Nakatsu
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Division of Molecular Medical Science, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima City, Hiroshima Japan
| | - Yasuka Matsunaga
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Division of Molecular Medical Science, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima City, Hiroshima Japan
| | - Toshiaki Fukushima
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Division of Molecular Medical Science, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima City, Hiroshima Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Tsuchiya
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Division of Molecular Medical Science, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima City, Hiroshima Japan
| | - Hideyuki Sakoda
- Department of Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Midori Fujishiro
- Department of Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yamamotoya
- Department of Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideaki Kamata
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Division of Molecular Medical Science, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima City, Hiroshima Japan
| | - Akio Matsubara
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Tomoichiro Asano
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Division of Molecular Medical Science, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima City, Hiroshima Japan
- * E-mail:
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18
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Rajbhandari P, Ozers MS, Solodin NM, Warren CL, Alarid ET. Peptidylprolyl Isomerase Pin1 Directly Enhances the DNA Binding Functions of Estrogen Receptor α. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:13749-62. [PMID: 25866209 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.621698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcriptional activity of estrogen receptor α (ERα), the key driver of breast cancer proliferation, is enhanced by multiple cellular interactions, including phosphorylation-dependent interaction with Pin1, a proline isomerase, which mediates cis-trans isomerization of the N-terminal Ser(P)(118)-Pro(119) in the intrinsically disordered AF1 (activation function 1) domain of ERα. Because both ERα and Pin1 have multiple cellular partners, it is unclear how Pin1 assists in the regulation of ERα transactivation mechanisms and whether the functional effects of Pin1 on ERα signaling are direct or indirect. Here, we tested the specific action of Pin1 on an essential step in ERα transactivation, binding to specific DNA sites. DNA binding analysis demonstrates that stable overexpression of Pin1 increases endogenous ERα DNA binding activity when activated by estrogen but not by tamoxifen or EGF. Increased DNA binding affinity is a direct effect of Pin1 on ERα because it is observed in solution-based assays with purified components. Further, our data indicate that isomerization is required for Pin1-modulation of ERα-DNA interactions. In an unbiased in vitro DNA binding microarray with hundreds of thousands of permutations of ERα-binding elements, Pin1 selectively enhances the binding affinity of ERα to consensus DNA elements. These studies reveal that Pin1 isomerization of phosphorylated ERα can directly regulate the function of the adjacent DNA binding domain, and this interaction is further modulated by ligand binding in the ligand-binding domain, providing evidence for Pin1-dependent allosteric regulation of ERα function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Rajbhandari
- From the McArdle Laboratories for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology and University of Wisconsin Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53705 and
| | - Mary Szatkowski Ozers
- From the McArdle Laboratories for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology and University of Wisconsin Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53705 and
| | - Natalia M Solodin
- From the McArdle Laboratories for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology and University of Wisconsin Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53705 and
| | | | - Elaine T Alarid
- From the McArdle Laboratories for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology and University of Wisconsin Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53705 and
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19
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Krishnan N, Titus MA, Thapar R. The prolyl isomerase pin1 regulates mRNA levels of genes with short half-lives by targeting specific RNA binding proteins. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85427. [PMID: 24416409 PMCID: PMC3887067 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The peptidyl-prolyl isomerase Pin1 is over-expressed in several cancer tissues is a potential prognostic marker in prostate cancer, and Pin1 ablation can suppress tumorigenesis in breast and prostate cancers. Pin1 can co-operate with activated ErbB2 or Ras to enhance tumorigenesis. It does so by regulating the activity of proteins that are essential for gene expression and cell proliferation. Several targets of Pin1 such as c-Myc, the Androgen Receptor, Estrogen Receptor-alpha, Cyclin D1, Cyclin E, p53, RAF kinase and NCOA3 are deregulated in cancer. At the posttranscriptional level, emerging evidence indicates that Pin1 also regulates mRNA decay of histone mRNAs, GM-CSF, Pth, and TGFβ mRNAs by interacting with the histone mRNA specific protein SLBP, and the ARE-binding proteins AUF1 and KSRP, respectively. To understand how Pin1 may affect mRNA abundance on a genome-wide scale in mammalian cells, we used RNAi along with DNA microarrays to identify genes whose abundance is significantly altered in response to a Pin1 knockdown. Functional scoring of differentially expressed genes showed that Pin1 gene targets control cell adhesion, leukocyte migration, the phosphatidylinositol signaling system and DNA replication. Several mRNAs whose abundance was significantly altered by Pin1 knockdown contained AU-rich element (ARE) sequences in their 3' untranslated regions. We identified HuR and AUF1 as Pin1 interacting ARE-binding proteins in vivo. Pin1 was also found to stabilize all core histone mRNAs in this study, thereby validating our results from a previously published study. Statistical analysis suggests that Pin1 may target the decay of essential mRNAs that are inherently unstable and have short to medium half-lives. Thus, this study shows that an important biological role of Pin1 is to regulate mRNA abundance and stability by interacting with specific RNA-binding proteins that may play a role in cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nithya Krishnan
- Hauptman-Woodward Medical Research Institute, SUNY at Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Mark A. Titus
- Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Roopa Thapar
- Hauptman-Woodward Medical Research Institute, SUNY at Buffalo, New York, United States of America
- Department of Structural Biology, SUNY at Buffalo, New York, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States of America
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20
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Treviño LS, Weigel NL. Phosphorylation: a fundamental regulator of steroid receptor action. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2013; 24:515-24. [PMID: 23838532 PMCID: PMC3783573 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2013.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Revised: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Steroid hormone receptors (SHRs) are hormone-activated transcription factors involved in numerous cellular functions and in health and disease. Their activities depend on the cellular level of the receptor, the presence of coregulator proteins, and the cell signaling pathways that are active in the cell. SHRs and their coregulators are phosphorylated on multiple sites by a wide variety of kinases. Each site may contribute to multiple functions and the net effect of an individual phosphorylation depends on the activating kinase. Here we discuss functions of known SHR phosphorylation sites, kinase regulation, evidence of translational relevance, and crosstalk between SHRs and cell signaling pathways. Understanding how cell signaling pathways regulate SHRs might yield novel therapeutic targets for multiple human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey S Treviño
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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21
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La Montagna R, Caligiuri I, Giordano A, Rizzolio F. Pin1 and nuclear receptors: a new language? J Cell Physiol 2013; 228:1799-801. [PMID: 23280577 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Pin1 is a unique enzyme that can isomerize specific phospho-Ser/Thr-Pro peptide bonds, inducing a conformational change in the target protein. Such activity represents a novel and tightly controlled signaling mechanism regulating a spectrum of protein functions during the normal physiology of the cell and in pathological conditions. Our last study demonstrated that Pin1 interacts with the androgen receptor protein and that this interaction is important for its transcriptional activity. Here, we consider the activity that Pin1 plays on the N-terminal domain of different nuclear receptors and provide an interpretation of this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele La Montagna
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biotechnology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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22
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Poolman TM, Farrow SN, Matthews L, Loudon AS, Ray DW. Pin1 promotes GR transactivation by enhancing recruitment to target genes. Nucleic Acids Res 2013; 41:8515-25. [PMID: 23887939 PMCID: PMC3794586 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkt624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) is a ligand activated transcription factor, serving to regulate both energy metabolism and immune functions. Factors that influence cellular sensitivity to glucocorticoids (GC) are therefore of great interest. The N-terminal of the GR contains numerous potential proline-directed phosphorylation sites, some of which can regulate GR transactivation. Unrestricted proline isomerisation can be inhibited by adjacent serine phosphorylation and requires a prolyl isomerise, Pin1. Pin1 therefore determines the functional outcome of proline-directed kinases acting on the GR, as cis/trans isomers are distinct pools with different interacting proteins. We show that Pin1 mediates GR transactivation, but not GR trans-repression. Two N-terminal GR serines, S203 and S211, are targets for Pin1 potentiation of GR transactivation, establishing a direct link between Pin1 and the GR. We also demonstrate GC-activated co-recruitment of GR and Pin1 to the GILZ gene promoter. The Pin1 effect required both its WW and catalytic domains, and GR recruitment to its GRE was Pin1-dependent. Therefore, Pin1 is a selective regulator of GR transactivation, acting through N-terminal phospho-serine residues to regulate GR recruitment to its target sites in the genome. As Pin1 is dysregulated in disease states, this interaction may contribute to altered GC action in inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toryn M Poolman
- Centre in Endocrinology and Diabetes, Institute of Human Development, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK, Respiratory Therapy Area, GSK, Stevenage, SG1 2NY, UK, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK and Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester M13 9NT, UK
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23
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van der Steen T, Tindall DJ, Huang H. Posttranslational modification of the androgen receptor in prostate cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:14833-59. [PMID: 23863692 PMCID: PMC3742275 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140714833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Revised: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) is important in the development of the prostate by regulating transcription, cellular proliferation, and apoptosis. AR undergoes posttranslational modifications that alter its transcription activity, translocation to the nucleus and stability. The posttranslational modifications that regulate these events are of utmost importance to understand the functional role of AR and its activity. The majority of these modifications occur in the activation function-1 (AF1) region of the AR, which contains the transcriptional activation unit 1 (TAU1) and 5 (TAU5). Identification of the modifications that occur to these regions may increase our understanding of AR activation in prostate cancer and the role of AR in the progression from androgen-dependent to castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Most of the posttranslational modifications identified to date have been determined using the full-length AR in androgen dependent cells. Further investigations into the role of posttranslational modifications in androgen-independent activation of full-length AR and constitutively active splicing variants are warranted, findings from which may provide new therapeutic options for CRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis van der Steen
- Department of Urology Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; E-Mails: (T.V.S.); (D.J.T.)
| | - Donald J. Tindall
- Department of Urology Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; E-Mails: (T.V.S.); (D.J.T.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Haojie Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-507-284-0020; Fax: +1-507-293-3071
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24
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Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) has been identified for decades and mediates essential steroid functions. Like most of biological molecules, AR functional activities are modulated by post-translational modifications. This review is focused on the reported activities and significance of AR phosphorylation, with particular emphasis on proline-directed serine/threonine phosphorylation that occurs predominantly on the receptor. The marked enrichment of AR phosphorylation in the most diverse N-terminal domain suggests that targeting AR phosphorylation can be synergistic to antagonizing the C-terminal domain by clinical antiandrogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfei Gao
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School 330 Brookline, MA 02115, USA
| | - Shaoyong Chen
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School 330 Brookline, MA 02115, USA
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