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Pavlovic D, Niciforovic D, Papic D, Milojevic K, Markovic M. CDK4/6 inhibitors: basics, pros, and major cons in breast cancer treatment with specific regard to cardiotoxicity - a narrative review. Ther Adv Med Oncol 2023; 15:17588359231205848. [PMID: 37841752 PMCID: PMC10571689 DOI: 10.1177/17588359231205848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is characterized by the uncontrolled proliferation of breast cells, with a high incidence reported in 2020 to have affected over 2 million women. In recent years, the conventional methods of treating breast cancer have involved radiotherapy and chemotherapy. However, the emergence of CDK4/6 inhibitors has shown potential as a promising cancer therapy. Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK) inhibitors are a class of molecules that impede the formation of an active kinase complex, thereby hindering its activity and consequently halting the progression of the cell cycle. It was discovered that they have a significant impact on impeding the progression of the cancer. This is evident with the Food and Drug Administration's approval of drugs such as palbociclib, ribociclib, and abemaciclib for hormone receptor-positive metastatic breast cancer in combination with specific endocrine therapies. In spite of enormous success in breast cancer treatment, certain obstacles have emerged, such as therapy resistance, side effects, and most of all, cardiotoxicity. Some of these drawbacks have been successfully overcome by dosage reduction, different combinations of the drugs, and the assessment of each patient's condition and suitability prior to treatment. Yet other drawbacks still require tenacious research, especially certain cases of cardiotoxicities. This article delves into the biological mechanisms of CDK4/6 in the cell cycle and cancer, as well as the clinical advantages and most common adverse events (AEs) associated with CDK4/6 inhibitors. The primary objective of this review is to provide a comprehensive analysis of cardiotoxic AEs and elucidate the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms responsible for the cardiotoxicity of CDK4/6 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dragica Pavlovic
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 69 Svetozar Markovic Street, Kragujevac 34000, Serbia
| | - Danijela Niciforovic
- Center for Internal Oncology, University Clinical Center Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Dragana Papic
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Katarina Milojevic
- Center for Internal Oncology, University Clinical Center Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Marina Markovic
- Center for Internal Oncology, University Clinical Center Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
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Azizidoost S, Ghaedrahmati F, Anbiyaee O, Ahmad Ali R, Cheraghzadeh M, Farzaneh M. Emerging roles for lncRNA-NEAT1 in colorectal cancer. Cancer Cell Int 2022; 22:209. [PMID: 35676702 PMCID: PMC9178824 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-022-02627-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third cause of cancer death in the world that arises from the glandular and epithelial cells of the large intestine, during a series of genetic or epigenetic alternations. Recently, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) has opened a separate window of research in molecular and translational medicine. Emerging evidence has supported that lncRNAs can regulate cell cycle of CRC cells. LncRNA NEAT1 has been verified to participate in colon cancer development and progression. NEAT1 as a competing endogenous RNA could suppress the expression of miRNAs, and then regulate molecules downstream of these miRNAs. In this review, we summarized emerging roles of NEAT1 in CRC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirin Azizidoost
- Atherosclerosis Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Farhoodeh Ghaedrahmati
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Omid Anbiyaee
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Nemazi Hospital, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Riyadh Ahmad Ali
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Health Science, Lebanese French University, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Maryam Cheraghzadeh
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Maryam Farzaneh
- Fertility, Infertility and Perinatology Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
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Borel F, Barbier E, Krasutsky S, Janthawornpong K, Chaignon P, Poulter CD, Ferrer JL, Seemann M. Further Insight into Crystal Structures of Escherichia coli IspH/LytB in Complex with Two Potent Inhibitors of the MEP Pathway: A Starting Point for Rational Design of New Antimicrobials. Chembiochem 2017; 18:2137-2144. [PMID: 28862365 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201700363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
IspH, also called LytB, a protein involved in the biosynthesis of isoprenoids through the methylerythritol phosphate pathway, is an attractive target for the development of new antimicrobial drugs. Here, we report crystal structures of Escherichia coli IspH in complex with the two most potent inhibitors: (E)-4-mercapto-3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl diphosphate (TMBPP) and (E)-4-amino-3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl diphosphate (AMBPP) at 1.95 and 1.7 Å resolution, respectively. The structure of the E. coli IspH:TMBPP complex exhibited two conformers of the inhibitor. This unexpected feature was exploited to design and evolve new antimicrobial candidates in silico.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franck Borel
- Institut de Biologie Structurale IBS, Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, 38044, Grenoble, France
| | - Elodie Barbier
- Institut de Biologie Structurale IBS, Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, 38044, Grenoble, France
| | - Sergiy Krasutsky
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East RM 2020, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Karnjapan Janthawornpong
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut de Chimie UMR 7177, Chim Biol&Appl Therap, 4, rue Blaise Pascal, 67070, Strasbourg, France
| | - Philippe Chaignon
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut de Chimie UMR 7177, Chim Biol&Appl Therap, 4, rue Blaise Pascal, 67070, Strasbourg, France
| | - C Dale Poulter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East RM 2020, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Jean-Luc Ferrer
- Institut de Biologie Structurale IBS, Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, 38044, Grenoble, France
| | - Myriam Seemann
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut de Chimie UMR 7177, Chim Biol&Appl Therap, 4, rue Blaise Pascal, 67070, Strasbourg, France
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Radhi S. Molecular Changes During Breast Cancer and Mechanisms of Endocrine Therapy Resistance. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2016; 144:539-562. [PMID: 27865467 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2016.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Estrogen receptors (ERs) are expressed in 75% of breast cancers. ERs and their estrogen ligands play a key role in the development and progression of breast cancer. ERs have a genomic activity involving direct modulation of expression of genes vital to cell growth and survival by their classic nuclear receptors. The nongenomic activity is mediated by membrane receptor tyrosine kinases that activate signaling pathways resulting in activation of ER pathway modulators. Endocrine therapies inhibit the growth promoting activity of estrogen. ERs-positive breast cancers can exhibit de novo or acquired endocrine resistance. The mechanisms of endocrine therapy resistance are complex include deregulation of ER pathway, growth factor receptor signaling, cell cycle machinery, and tumor microenvironment. In this chapter, we will review the literature on the biology of ERs, the postulated mechanisms of endocrine therapy resistance, and their clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Radhi
- Texas Tech University Health Science Center, Lubbock, TX, United States.
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Vidula N, Rugo HS. Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4/6 Inhibitors for the Treatment of Breast Cancer: A Review of Preclinical and Clinical Data. Clin Breast Cancer 2015; 16:8-17. [PMID: 26303211 DOI: 10.1016/j.clbc.2015.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2015] [Revised: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
For millions of women, breast cancer remains a potentially life-endangering diagnosis. With advances in research, new therapies targeted to tumor biology are emerging to treat the most common form of this disease. Cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 4/6 inhibitors are a new class of therapeutic agents that have the potential to improve the outcomes of patients with hormone receptor-positive (HR(+)) breast cancer. Three CDK 4/6 inhibitors have been investigated for the treatment of HR(+) breast cancer, including palbociclib (PD 0332991), ribociclib (LEE011), and abemaciclib (LY2835219). Palbociclib recently received accelerated Food and Drug Administration approval for the treatment of HR(+) metastatic breast cancer in combination with letrozole, and recent data suggest improved outcome when combined with fulvestrant. In this article, the mechanism of action of CDK 4/6 inhibitors, preclinical studies on their efficacy, ongoing clinical trials in breast cancer, and toxicity profiles are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelima Vidula
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Hope S Rugo
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.
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Lou X, Zhang J, Liu S, Xu N, Liao DJ. The other side of the coin: the tumor-suppressive aspect of oncogenes and the oncogenic aspect of tumor-suppressive genes, such as those along the CCND-CDK4/6-RB axis. Cell Cycle 2014; 13:1677-93. [PMID: 24799665 DOI: 10.4161/cc.29082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Although cancer-regulatory genes are dichotomized to oncogenes and tumor-suppressor gene s, in reality they can be oncogenic in one situation but tumor-suppressive in another. This dual-function nature, which sometimes hampers our understanding of tumor biology, has several manifestations: (1) Most canonically defined genes have multiple mRNAs, regulatory RNAs, protein isoforms, and posttranslational modifications; (2) Genes may interact at different levels, such as by forming chimeric RNAs or by forming different protein complexes; (3) Increased levels of tumor-suppressive genes in normal cells drive proliferation of cancer progenitor cells in the same organ or tissue by imposing compensatory proliferation pressure, which presents the dual-function nature as a cell-cell interaction. All these manifestations of dual functions can find examples in the genes along the CCND-CDK4/6-RB axis. The dual-function nature also underlies the heterogeneity of cancer cells. Gene-targeting chemotherapies, including that targets CDK4, are effective to some cancer cells but in the meantime may promote growth or progression of some others in the same patient. Redefining "gene" by considering each mRNA, regulatory RNA, protein isoform, and posttranslational modification from the same genomic locus as a "gene" may help in better understanding tumor biology and better selecting targets for different sub-populations of cancer cells in individual patients for personalized therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Lou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information; Beijing Institute of Genomics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing, PR China
| | - Ju Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information; Beijing Institute of Genomics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing, PR China
| | - Siqi Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information; Beijing Institute of Genomics; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing, PR China
| | - Ningzhi Xu
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology; Cancer Institute; Chinese Academy of Medical Science; Beijing, PR China
| | - D Joshua Liao
- Hormel Institute; University of Minnesota; Austin, MN USA
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Abate AA, Pentimalli F, Esposito L, Giordano A. ATP-noncompetitive CDK inhibitors for cancer therapy: an overview. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2013; 22:895-906. [PMID: 23735075 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2013.798641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are the key drivers of cell cycle progression and are often deregulated in cancer, therefore, targeting CDKs has long been pursued as a therapeutic strategy to tackle cancer. Unfortunately, however, none of the first-generation CDK inhibitors has yielded the expected efficacy to be successfully translated to the clinic mostly because, by targeting the very conserved kinase ATP-binding site resulted to be poorly specific and quite toxic. AREAS COVERED Here, the authors review recent approaches aimed at developing more specific CDK inhibitors mostly through the aid of computational drug design studies and report various small molecules and peptides, which resulted in promising CDK ATP-noncompetitive inhibitors. EXPERT OPINION Despite few successes, these new approaches still need additional considerations to generate effective antitumoral agents. The authors discuss some of the hurdles to overcome for a successful clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnese Anna Abate
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biotechnology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Cuomo ME, Platt GM, Pearl LH, Mittnacht S. Cyclin-cyclin-dependent kinase regulatory response is linked to substrate recognition. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:9713-25. [PMID: 21233209 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.173872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclin/cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) complexes are critical regulators of cellular proliferation. A complex network of regulatory mechanisms has evolved to control their activity, including activating and inactivating phosphorylation of the catalytic CDK subunit and inhibition through specific regulatory proteins. Primate herpesviruses, including the oncogenic Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus, encode cyclin D homologues. Viral cyclins have diverged from their cellular progenitor in that they elicit holoenzyme activity independent of activating phosphorylation by the CDK-activating kinase and resistant to inhibition by CDK inhibitors. Using sequence comparison and site-directed mutagenesis, we performed molecular analysis of the cellular cyclin D and the Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus-cyclin to delineate the molecular mechanisms behind their different behavior. This provides evidence that a surface recognized for its involvement in the docking of CIP/KIP inhibitors is required and sufficient to modulate cyclin-CDK response to a range of regulatory cues, including INK4 sensitivity and CDK-activating kinase dependence. Importantly, amino acids in this region are critically linked to substrate selection, suggesting that a mutational drift in this surface simultaneously affects function and regulation. Together our work provides novel insight into the molecular mechanisms governing cyclin-CDK function and regulation and defines the biological forces that may have driven evolution of viral cyclins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Emanuela Cuomo
- Section of Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, SW3 6JB London, United Kingdom.
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Kim J, Kim YS, Ko J. CKβ8/CCL23 and its isoform CKβ8-1 induce up-regulation of cyclins via the Gi/Go protein/PLC/PKCδ/ERK leading to cell-cycle progression. Cytokine 2010; 50:42-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2009.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2009] [Revised: 11/11/2009] [Accepted: 12/17/2009] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Methyl jasmonate downregulates expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen and induces apoptosis in human neuroblastoma cell lines. Anticancer Drugs 2008; 19:573-81. [PMID: 18525316 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0b013e3282fc46b0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Recent evidence indicates that methyl jasmonate, a plant stress hormone, exhibits anticancer activity on human cancer cells. Whether methyl jasmonate could inhibit the growth of human neuroblastoma cells still, however, remains largely unknown. In this study, administration of methyl jasmonate to cultured neuroblastoma cell lines, SK-N-SH and BE(2)-C, resulted in a decrease of cell viability in a dose-dependent and time-dependent manner as demonstrated by MTT colorimetry and colony formation assay. The results from RT-PCR indicated that the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen, but not of cyclin D1, was downregulated by methyl jasmonate. Accordingly, the cell cycle of methyl jasmonate-treated neuroblastoma cells was arrested at the G0/G1 phase. Moreover, incubation of SK-N-SH and BE(2)-C cells with methyl jasmonate resulted in characteristic changes of apoptosis, as demonstrated by acridine orange-ethidium bromide (AO/EB) staining, Hoechst 33258 staining and flow cytometry. Moreover, methyl jasmonate decreased the expression of the X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein and survivin, critical members of the inhibitors of apoptosis protein family, in neuroblastoma cells. These findings indicate that methyl jasmonate suppresses the growth of cultured human neuroblastoma cells associated with downregulation of proliferating cell nuclear antigen, and induces apoptosis accompanied by downregulation of the X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein and survivin, which lays the groundwork for further investigation into the mechanisms of methyl jasmonate-mediated anticancer activities.
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