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Kaushik N, Jaiswal A, Bhartiya P, Choi EH, Kaushik NK. TFCP2 as a therapeutic nexus: unveiling molecular signatures in cancer. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2024; 43:959-975. [PMID: 38451384 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-024-10175-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Tumor suppressor genes and proto-oncogenes comprise most of the complex genomic landscape associated with cancer, with a minimal number of genes exhibiting dual-context-dependent functions. The transcription factor cellular promoter 2 (TFCP2), a pivotal transcription factor encoded by the alpha globin transcription factor CP2 gene, is a constituent of the TFCP2/grainyhead family of transcription factors. While grainyhead members have been extensively studied for their crucial roles in developmental processes, embryogenesis, and multiple cancers, the TFCP2 subfamily has been relatively less explored. The molecular mechanisms underlying TFCP2's involvement in carcinogenesis are still unclear even though it is a desirable target for cancer treatment and a therapeutic marker. This comprehensive literature review summarizes the molecular functions of TFCP2, emphasizing its involvement in cancer pathophysiology, particularly in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition and metastasis. It highlights TFCP2's critical function as a regulatory target and explores its potential as a prognostic marker for survival and inflammation in carcinomas. Its ambiguous association with carcinomas underlines the urgent need for an in-depth understanding to facilitate the development of more efficacious targeted therapeutic modality and diagnostic tools. This study aims to elucidate the multifaceted effects of TFCP2 regulation, through a comprehensive integration of the existing knowledge in cancer therapeutics. Furthermore, the clinical relevance and the inherent challenges encountered in investigating its intricate role in cancer pathogenesis have been discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Kaushik
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Engineering, The University of Suwon, Hwaseong, 18323, Korea
| | - Apurva Jaiswal
- Plasma Bioscience Research Center/Department of Electrical and Biological Physics, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 01897, Korea
| | - Pradeep Bhartiya
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Engineering, The University of Suwon, Hwaseong, 18323, Korea
| | - Eun Ha Choi
- Plasma Bioscience Research Center/Department of Electrical and Biological Physics, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 01897, Korea.
| | - Nagendra Kumar Kaushik
- Plasma Bioscience Research Center/Department of Electrical and Biological Physics, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 01897, Korea.
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2
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Abeykoon JP, Wu X, Nowakowski KE, Dasari S, Paludo J, Weroha SJ, Hu C, Hou X, Sarkaria JN, Mladek AC, Phillips JL, Feldman AL, Ravindran A, King RL, Boysen J, Stenson MJ, Carr RM, Manske MK, Molina JR, Kapoor P, Parikh SA, Kumar S, Robinson SI, Yu J, Boughey JC, Wang L, Goetz MP, Couch FJ, Patnaik MM, Witzig TE. Salicylates enhance CRM1 inhibitor antitumor activity by induction of S-phase arrest and impairment of DNA-damage repair. Blood 2021; 137:513-523. [PMID: 33507295 PMCID: PMC7845010 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2020009013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Chromosome region maintenance protein 1 (CRM1) mediates protein export from the nucleus and is a new target for anticancer therapeutics. Broader application of KPT-330 (selinexor), a first-in-class CRM1 inhibitor recently approved for relapsed multiple myeloma and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, have been limited by substantial toxicity. We discovered that salicylates markedly enhance the antitumor activity of CRM1 inhibitors by extending the mechanisms of action beyond CRM1 inhibition. Using salicylates in combination enables targeting of a range of blood cancers with a much lower dose of selinexor, thereby potentially mitigating prohibitive clinical adverse effects. Choline salicylate (CS) with low-dose KPT-330 (K+CS) had potent, broad activity across high-risk hematological malignancies and solid-organ cancers ex vivo and in vivo. The K+CS combination was not toxic to nonmalignant cells as compared with malignant cells and was safe without inducing toxicity to normal organs in mice. Mechanistically, compared with KPT-330 alone, K+CS suppresses the expression of CRM1, Rad51, and thymidylate synthase proteins, leading to more efficient inhibition of CRM1-mediated nuclear export, impairment of DNA-damage repair, reduced pyrimidine synthesis, cell-cycle arrest in S-phase, and cell apoptosis. Moreover, the addition of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors further potentiates the K+CS antitumor effect. K+CS represents a new class of therapy for multiple types of blood cancers and will stimulate future investigations to exploit DNA-damage repair and nucleocytoplasmic transport for cancer therapy in general.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/adverse effects
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use
- Cell Cycle Checkpoints/drug effects
- Choline/administration & dosage
- Choline/adverse effects
- Choline/analogs & derivatives
- Choline/pharmacology
- DNA Repair/drug effects
- DNA Replication/drug effects
- DNA, Neoplasm/drug effects
- Drug Combinations
- Drug Synergism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Humans
- Hydrazines/administration & dosage
- Hydrazines/adverse effects
- Hydrazines/pharmacology
- Karyopherins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Lymphoma, Mantle-Cell/drug therapy
- Lymphoma, Mantle-Cell/pathology
- Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin/drug therapy
- Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin/genetics
- Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin/pathology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, SCID
- Neoplasm Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Neoplasm Proteins/biosynthesis
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Phthalazines/administration & dosage
- Phthalazines/pharmacology
- Piperazines/administration & dosage
- Piperazines/pharmacology
- Random Allocation
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/antagonists & inhibitors
- S Phase Cell Cycle Checkpoints/drug effects
- Salicylates/administration & dosage
- Salicylates/adverse effects
- Salicylates/pharmacology
- Triazoles/administration & dosage
- Triazoles/adverse effects
- Triazoles/pharmacology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
- Exportin 1 Protein
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiaosheng Wu
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine
| | | | | | - Jonas Paludo
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine
| | | | - Chunling Hu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Aishwarya Ravindran
- Division of Hematopathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, and
| | - Rebecca L King
- Division of Hematopathology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, and
| | - Justin Boysen
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Shaji Kumar
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Fergus J Couch
- Department of Health Sciences Research
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology
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3
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Chrisinger JSA, Wehrli B, Dickson BC, Fasih S, Hirbe AC, Shultz DB, Zadeh G, Gupta AA, Demicco EG. Epithelioid and spindle cell rhabdomyosarcoma with FUS-TFCP2 or EWSR1-TFCP2 fusion: report of two cases. VIRCHOWS ARCHIV : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2020. [PMID: 32556562 DOI: 10.1007/s00428‐020‐02870‐0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The WHO Classification of Tumors of Soft Tissue and Bone divides rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) into alveolar, embryonal, pleomorphic, and spindle cell/sclerosing types. Advances in molecular diagnostics have allowed for further refinement of RMS classification including the identification of new subtypes. Very rare RMS with epithelioid and spindle cell morphology, female predominance, marked osseous predilection, ALK expression, EWSR1/FUS-TFCP2 gene fusions, and highly aggressive clinical behavior have recently been recognized with only 23 cases reported in the English language literature. Herein, we report two additional cases with detailed clinicopathologic description and molecular confirmation. In brief, two young women presented each with a primary bone tumor-one with a frontal bone tumor and another with an osseous pelvic tumor. Both tumors showed epithelioid to spindle cell morphology, ALK expression, and EWSR1/FUS-TFCP2 gene fusions. Both patients died of disease less than 17 months from diagnosis despite administration of multiple lines of aggressive treatment. In addition, we review the literature and discuss differential diagnostic and potential treatment considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S A Chrisinger
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Bret Wehrli
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, London Health Sciences Centre, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Brendan C Dickson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Samir Fasih
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Angela C Hirbe
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - David B Shultz
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre & Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Gelareh Zadeh
- Division of Neurosurgery, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- MacFeeters-Hamilton Center for Neuro-Oncology, Princess Margaret Cancer Center, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Abha A Gupta
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Haematology/Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Elizabeth G Demicco
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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4
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Chrisinger JSA, Wehrli B, Dickson BC, Fasih S, Hirbe AC, Shultz DB, Zadeh G, Gupta AA, Demicco EG. Epithelioid and spindle cell rhabdomyosarcoma with FUS-TFCP2 or EWSR1-TFCP2 fusion: report of two cases. Virchows Arch 2020; 477:725-732. [PMID: 32556562 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-020-02870-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The WHO Classification of Tumors of Soft Tissue and Bone divides rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) into alveolar, embryonal, pleomorphic, and spindle cell/sclerosing types. Advances in molecular diagnostics have allowed for further refinement of RMS classification including the identification of new subtypes. Very rare RMS with epithelioid and spindle cell morphology, female predominance, marked osseous predilection, ALK expression, EWSR1/FUS-TFCP2 gene fusions, and highly aggressive clinical behavior have recently been recognized with only 23 cases reported in the English language literature. Herein, we report two additional cases with detailed clinicopathologic description and molecular confirmation. In brief, two young women presented each with a primary bone tumor-one with a frontal bone tumor and another with an osseous pelvic tumor. Both tumors showed epithelioid to spindle cell morphology, ALK expression, and EWSR1/FUS-TFCP2 gene fusions. Both patients died of disease less than 17 months from diagnosis despite administration of multiple lines of aggressive treatment. In addition, we review the literature and discuss differential diagnostic and potential treatment considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- John S A Chrisinger
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Bret Wehrli
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, London Health Sciences Centre, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Brendan C Dickson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Samir Fasih
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Angela C Hirbe
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - David B Shultz
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre & Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Gelareh Zadeh
- Division of Neurosurgery, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,MacFeeters-Hamilton Center for Neuro-Oncology, Princess Margaret Cancer Center, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Abha A Gupta
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Division of Haematology/Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Elizabeth G Demicco
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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5
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Willoughby JLS, George K, Roberto MP, Chin HG, Stoiber P, Shin H, Pedamallu CS, Schaus SE, Fitzgerald K, Shah J, Hansen U. Targeting the oncogene LSF with either the small molecule inhibitor FQI1 or siRNA causes mitotic delays with unaligned chromosomes, resulting in cell death or senescence. BMC Cancer 2020; 20:552. [PMID: 32539694 PMCID: PMC7296649 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-020-07039-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The oncogene LSF (encoded by TFCP2) has been proposed as a novel therapeutic target for multiple cancers. LSF overexpression in patient tumors correlates with poor prognosis in particular for both hepatocellular carcinoma and colorectal cancer. The limited treatment outcomes for these diseases and disappointing clinical results, in particular, for hepatocellular carcinoma in molecularly targeted therapies targeting cellular receptors and kinases, underscore the need for molecularly targeting novel mechanisms. LSF small molecule inhibitors, Factor Quinolinone Inhibitors (FQIs), have exhibited robust anti-tumor activity in multiple pre-clinical models, with no observable toxicity. METHODS To understand how the LSF inhibitors impact cancer cell proliferation, we characterized the cellular phenotypes that result from loss of LSF activity. Cell proliferation and cell cycle progression were analyzed, using HeLa cells as a model cancer cell line responsive to FQI1. Cell cycle progression was studied either by time lapse microscopy or by bulk synchronization of cell populations to ensure accuracy in interpretation of the outcomes. In order to test for biological specificity of targeting LSF by FQI1, results were compared after treatment with either FQI1 or siRNA targeting LSF. RESULTS Highly similar cellular phenotypes are observed upon treatments with FQI1 and siRNA targeting LSF. Along with similar effects on two cellular biomarkers, inhibition of LSF activity by either mechanism induced a strong delay or arrest prior to metaphase as cells progressed through mitosis, with condensed, but unaligned, chromosomes. This mitotic disruption in both cases resulted in improper cellular division leading to multiple outcomes: multi-nucleation, apoptosis, and cellular senescence. CONCLUSIONS These data strongly support that cellular phenotypes observed upon FQI1 treatment are due specifically to the loss of LSF activity. Specific inhibition of LSF by either small molecules or siRNA results in severe mitotic defects, leading to cell death or senescence - consequences that are desirable in combating cancer. Taken together, these findings confirm that LSF is a promising target for cancer treatment. Furthermore, this study provides further support for developing FQIs or other LSF inhibitory strategies as treatment for LSF-related cancers with high unmet medical needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L S Willoughby
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.,Department of Biology, Boston University, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Kelly George
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Mark P Roberto
- Department of Biology, Boston University, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Hang Gyeong Chin
- MCBB Graduate Program, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.,New England BioLabs, Ipswich, MA, 01938, USA
| | - Patrick Stoiber
- Department of Biology, Boston University, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.,MCBB Graduate Program, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Hyunjin Shin
- Data Science Institute, Takeda Pharmaceuticals International, Inc., Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Chandra Sekhar Pedamallu
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.,Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Scott E Schaus
- Center for Molecular Discovery, Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | | | - Jagesh Shah
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Ulla Hansen
- Department of Biology, Boston University, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA, 02215, USA. .,MCBB Graduate Program, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
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6
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Chin HG, Esteve PO, Ruse C, Lee J, Schaus SE, Pradhan S, Hansen U. The microtubule-associated histone methyltransferase SET8, facilitated by transcription factor LSF, methylates α-tubulin. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:4748-4759. [PMID: 32111740 PMCID: PMC7135998 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.010951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Microtubules are cytoskeletal structures critical for mitosis, cell motility, and protein and organelle transport and are a validated target for anticancer drugs. However, how tubulins are regulated and recruited to support these distinct cellular processes is incompletely understood. Posttranslational modifications of tubulins are proposed to regulate microtubule function and dynamics. Although many of these modifications have been investigated, only one prior study reports tubulin methylation and an enzyme responsible for this methylation. Here we used in vitro radiolabeling, MS, and immunoblotting approaches to monitor protein methylation and immunoprecipitation, immunofluorescence, and pulldown approaches to measure protein-protein interactions. We demonstrate that N-lysine methyltransferase 5A (KMT5A or SET8/PR-Set7), which methylates lysine 20 in histone H4, bound α-tubulin and methylated it at a specific lysine residue, Lys311 Furthermore, late SV40 factor (LSF)/CP2, a known transcription factor, bound both α-tubulin and SET8 and enhanced SET8-mediated α-tubulin methylation in vitro In addition, we found that the ability of LSF to facilitate this methylation is countered by factor quinolinone inhibitor 1 (FQI1), a specific small-molecule inhibitor of LSF. These findings suggest the general model that microtubule-associated proteins, including transcription factors, recruit or stimulate protein-modifying enzymes to target tubulins. Moreover, our results point to dual functions for SET8 and LSF not only in chromatin regulation but also in cytoskeletal modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Gyeong Chin
- New England Biolabs, Ipswich, Massachusetts 01938
- MCBB Graduate Program, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
| | | | | | - Jiyoung Lee
- Biological Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Ipsin-gil, Jeongeup-si, Jeollabuk-do 56212, South Korea
| | - Scott E Schaus
- Center for Molecular Discovery, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
| | | | - Ulla Hansen
- MCBB Graduate Program, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
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7
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Zhao Y, Kaushik N, Kang JH, Kaushik NK, Son SH, Uddin N, Kim MJ, Kim CG, Lee SJ. A Feedback Loop Comprising EGF/TGFα Sustains TFCP2-Mediated Breast Cancer Progression. Cancer Res 2020; 80:2217-2229. [PMID: 32193292 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-2908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Stemness and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) are two fundamental characteristics of metastasis that are controlled by diverse regulatory factors, including transcription factors. Compared with other subtypes of breast cancer, basal-type or triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) has high frequencies of tumor relapse. However, the role of alpha-globin transcription factor CP2 (TFCP2) has not been reported as an oncogenic driver in those breast cancers. Here, we show that TFCP2 is a potent factor essential for EMT, stemness, and metastasis in breast cancer. TFCP2 directly bound promoters of EGF and TGFα to regulate their expression and stimulate autocrine signaling via EGFR. These findings indicate that TFCP2 is a new antimetastatic target and reveal a novel regulatory mechanism in which a positive feedback loop comprising EGF/TGFα and AKT can control malignant breast cancer progression. SIGNIFICANCE: TFCP2 is a new antimetastatic target that controls TNBC progression via a positive feedback loop between EGF/TGFα and the AKT signaling axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhao
- Department of Life Science, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Neha Kaushik
- Department of Life Science, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jae-Hyeok Kang
- Department of Life Science, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Nagendra Kumar Kaushik
- Plasma Bioscience Research Center, Applied Plasma Medicine Center, Department of Electrical and Biological Physics, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seung Han Son
- Department of Life Science, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Nizam Uddin
- Center for Cell Analysis & Modeling, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Min-Jung Kim
- Laboratory of Radiation Exposure and Therapeutics, National Radiation Emergency Medical Center, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Chul Geun Kim
- Department of Life Science, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Su-Jae Lee
- Department of Life Science, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea.
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8
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Neglected Functions of TFCP2/TFCP2L1/UBP1 Transcription Factors May Offer Valuable Insights into Their Mechanisms of Action. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19102852. [PMID: 30241344 PMCID: PMC6213935 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19102852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the TFCP2 (transcription factor cellular promoter 2)/TFCP2L1 (TFCP2-like 1)/UBP1 (upstream binding protein 1) subfamily of transcription factors has been attracting increasing attention in the scientific community. These factors are very important in cancer, Alzheimer’s disease, and other human conditions, and they can be attractive targets for drug development. However, the interpretation of experimental results is complicated, as in principle, any of these factors could substitute for the lack of another. Thus, studying their hitherto little known functions should enhance our understanding of mechanisms of their functioning, and analogous mechanisms might govern their functioning in medically relevant contexts. For example, there are numerous parallels between placental development and cancer growth; therefore, investigating the roles of TFCP2, TFCP2L1, and UBP1 in the placenta may help us better understand their functioning in cancer, as is evidenced by the studies of various other proteins and pathways. Our review article aims to call the attention of the scientific community to these neglected functions, and encourage further research in this field. Here, we present a systematic review of current knowledge of the TFCP2/TFCP2L1/UBP1 subfamily in reproduction, embryonic development, renal function, blood-pressure regulation, brain function, and other processes, where their involvement has not been studied much until now.
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9
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Khedr MEMS, Abdelmotelb AM, Bedwell TA, Shtaya A, Alzoubi MN, Abu Hilal M, Khakoo SI. Vasoactive intestinal peptide induces proliferation of human hepatocytes. Cell Prolif 2018; 51:e12482. [PMID: 30028555 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Proliferation of hepatocytes in vitro can be stimulated by growth factors such as epidermal growth factor (EGF), but the role of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) remains unclear. We have investigated the effect of VIP on maintenance and proliferation of human hepatocytes. MATERIALS AND METHODS Human hepatocytes were isolated from liver specimens obtained from patients undergoing liver surgery. Treatment with VIP or EGF was started 24 h after plating and continued for 3 or 5 d. DNA replication was investigated by Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation and cell viability detected by MTT assay. Cell lysate was analysed by western blotting and RT-PCR. Urea and albumin secretion into the culture supernatants were measured. RESULTS VIP increased DNA replication in hepatocytes in a dose-dependant manner, with a peak response at day 3 of treatment. VIP treatment was associated with an increase in mRNA expression of antigen identified by monoclonal antibody Ki-67 (MKI-67) and Histone Cluster 3 (H3) genes. Western blotting analysis showed that VIP can induce a PKA/B-Raf dependant phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK). Although EGF can maintain hepatocyte functions up to day 5, no marked efffect was found with VIP. CONCLUSIONS VIP induces proliferation of human hepatocytes with little or no effect on hepatocyte differentiation. Further investigation of the role of VIP is required to determine if it may ultimately support therapeutic approaches of liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E M S Khedr
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.,Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - A M Abdelmotelb
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.,Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - T A Bedwell
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - A Shtaya
- St George's University of London, London, UK
| | - M N Alzoubi
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.,University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan.,Southampton University Hospitals NHS Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - M Abu Hilal
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.,Southampton University Hospitals NHS Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - S I Khakoo
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.,Southampton University Hospitals NHS Trust, Southampton, UK
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10
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Dashti NK, Wehrs RN, Thomas BC, Nair A, Davila J, Buckner JC, Martinez AP, Sukov WR, Halling KC, Howe BM, Folpe AL. Spindle cell rhabdomyosarcoma of bone with FUS-TFCP2 fusion: confirmation of a very recently described rhabdomyosarcoma subtype. Histopathology 2018; 73:514-520. [PMID: 29758589 DOI: 10.1111/his.13649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Rhabdomyosarcomas of bone are extremely rare, with fewer than 10 reported cases. A very rare subtype of spindle cell/sclerosing rhabdomyosarcoma harbouring a FUS-TFCP2 fusion and involving both soft tissue and bone locations has been reported very recently. We report only the fourth case of this unusual, clinically aggressive rhabdomyosarcoma. MATERIAL AND RESULTS A previously well 72-year-old male presented with a destructive lesion of the mandible. Morphological and immunohistochemical study of a needle biopsy and the subsequent resection showed a spindle cell rhabdomyosarcoma. RNA-seq, RT-PCR and FISH confirmed the presence of the FUS-TFCP2 fusion. CONCLUSIONS Spindle cell rhabdomyosarcomas carrying the FUS-TFCP2 fusion are very rare rhabdomyosarcoma variants with osseous predilection. The classification and differential diagnosis of this unusual molecular variant of spindle cell/sclerosing rhabdomyosarcoma are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nooshi K Dashti
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Rebecca N Wehrs
- Division of Laboratory Genetics and Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Brittany C Thomas
- Division of Laboratory Genetics and Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Asha Nair
- Division of Laboratory Genetics and Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jaime Davila
- Division of Laboratory Genetics and Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jan C Buckner
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Anthony P Martinez
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - William R Sukov
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Kevin C Halling
- Division of Laboratory Genetics and Genomics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Andrew L Folpe
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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11
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Liu S, Liu F, Huang W, Gu L, Meng L, Ju Y, Wu Y, Li J, Liu L, Sang M. MAGE-A11 is activated through TFCP2/ZEB1 binding sites de-methylation as well as histone modification and facilitates ESCC tumor growth. Oncotarget 2017; 9:3365-3378. [PMID: 29423052 PMCID: PMC5790469 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, we have reported that the product of Melanoma Antigens Genes (MAGE) family member MAGE-A11 is an independent poor prognostic marker for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). However, the reason how MAGE-A11 is activated in ESCC progression still remains unclear. In the current study, we demonstrated that DNA methylation and the subsequent histone posttranslational modifications play crucial roles in the regulation of MAGE-A11 in ESCC progression. We found that the methylation rate of TFCP2/ZEB1 binding site on MAGE-A11 promoter in ESCC tissues and cells is higher than the normal esophageal epithelial tissues and cells. Transcription factors TFCP2 and ZEB1 directly bind MAGE-A11 promoter and regulate the endogenous MAGE-A11 expression in a methylation-dependent manner in ESCC cells. Following MAGE-A11 promoter methylation, the methyl-CpG-binding protein MeCP2 was found to bind the methylated MAGE-A11 promoter to mediate histone deactylation by recruiting HDAC1 and HDAC2. Simultaneously, histone inactivation marks including H3K27me3 as well as H3K9me3 were increased, whereas histone activation mark H3K4me3 was decreased. HDAC inhibitor Trichostatin A (TSA) increased DNA methylase inhibitor Decitabine (DAC)-induced MAGE-A11 expression. siRNA-mediated knockdown of histone methltransferase EZH2 or DZNep (a EZH2 inhibitor) treatment increased DAC-induced MAGE-A11 expression. Our results indicate that MAGE-A11 is activated through DNA demethylation, histone acetylation and histone methylation in ESCC, and its activation promotes ESCC tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shina Liu
- Research Center, the Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050011, P. R. China
| | - Fei Liu
- Research Center, the Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050011, P. R. China
| | - Weina Huang
- Research Center, the Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050011, P. R. China
| | - Lina Gu
- Research Center, the Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050011, P. R. China
| | - Lingjiao Meng
- Research Center, the Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050011, P. R. China
| | - Yingchao Ju
- Research Center, the Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050011, P. R. China.,Animal Center, the Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050011, P. R. China
| | - Yunyan Wu
- Research Center, the Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050011, P. R. China
| | - Juan Li
- Research Center, the Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050011, P. R. China
| | - Lihua Liu
- Research Center, the Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050011, P. R. China
| | - Meixiang Sang
- Research Center, the Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050011, P. R. China.,Tumor Research Institute, the Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050011, P. R. China
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12
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TFCP2 Genetic Polymorphism Is Associated with Predisposition to and Transplant Prognosis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2017; 2017:6353248. [PMID: 28348581 PMCID: PMC5350294 DOI: 10.1155/2017/6353248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
TFCP2 is an oncogene and plays crucial roles in the incidence and progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, no reports are available on the impact of TFCP2 genetic polymorphism on the susceptibility to and the transplant prognosis of HCC. Here, we genotyped 7 SNPs of TFCP2 in a case-control study of 119 patients with HCC and 200 patients with chronic liver disease. Of the 7 SNPs in TFCP2, rs7959378 distributed differentially between patients with versus patients without HCC. The patients with the CA (OR = 0.58, 95% CI = 0.35–0.96), the CC (OR = 0.39, 95% CI = 0.20–0.76), and the CA/CC (OR = 0.52, 95% CI = 0.32–0.83) genotypes had significantly decreased risk for HCC compared with those carrying the rs7959378 AA genotype. After adjusting for confounding factors, rs7959378 still conferred significant risk for HCC. Furthermore, the patients who carried rs7959378 AC/CC had a higher overall survival and lower relapse-free survival than those with the rs7959378 AA genotype. Similar results were found in the multivariate analysis adjusted by AFP, tumor size and tumor number, and differentiation. These findings indicate that rs7959378 is associated with the risk of HCC in patient with chronic liver disease and prognosis of HCC patients after liver transplantation.
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13
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Antosiewicz A, Jarmuła A, Przybylska D, Mosieniak G, Szczepanowska J, Kowalkowska A, Rode W, Cieśla J. Human dihydrofolate reductase and thymidylate synthase form a complex in vitro and co-localize in normal and cancer cells. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2016; 35:1474-1490. [PMID: 27187663 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2016.1186560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Enzymes involved in thymidylate biosynthesis, thymidylate synthase (TS), and dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) are well-known targets in cancer chemotherapy. In this study, we demonstrated for the first time, that human TS and DHFR form a strong complex in vitro and co-localize in human normal and colon cancer cell cytoplasm and nucleus. Treatment of cancer cells with methotrexate or 5-fluorouracil did not affect the distribution of either enzyme within the cells. However, 5-FU, but not MTX, lowered the presence of DHFR-TS complex in the nucleus by 2.5-fold. The results may suggest the sequestering of TS by FdUMP in the cytoplasm and thereby affecting the translocation of DHFR-TS complex to the nucleus. Providing a strong likelihood of DHFR-TS complex formation in vivo, the latter complex is a potential new drug target in cancer therapy. In this paper, known 3D structures of human TS and human DHFR, and some protozoan bifunctional DHFR-TS structures as templates, are used to build an in silico model of human DHFR-TS complex structure, consisting of one TS dimer and two DHFR monomers. This complex structure may serve as an initial 3D drug target model for prospective inhibitors targeting interfaces between the DHFR and TS enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Antosiewicz
- a Faculty of Chemistry , Warsaw University of Technology , Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw , Poland
| | - Adam Jarmuła
- b Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology , Polish Academy of Sciences , Pasteura 3, 02-093 , Warsaw , Poland
| | - Dorota Przybylska
- b Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology , Polish Academy of Sciences , Pasteura 3, 02-093 , Warsaw , Poland
| | - Grażyna Mosieniak
- b Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology , Polish Academy of Sciences , Pasteura 3, 02-093 , Warsaw , Poland
| | - Joanna Szczepanowska
- b Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology , Polish Academy of Sciences , Pasteura 3, 02-093 , Warsaw , Poland
| | - Anna Kowalkowska
- a Faculty of Chemistry , Warsaw University of Technology , Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw , Poland
| | - Wojciech Rode
- b Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology , Polish Academy of Sciences , Pasteura 3, 02-093 , Warsaw , Poland
| | - Joanna Cieśla
- a Faculty of Chemistry , Warsaw University of Technology , Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw , Poland
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14
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Xu X, Liu Z, Zhou L, Xie H, Cheng J, Ling Q, Wang J, Guo H, Wei X, Zheng S. Characterization of genome-wide TFCP2 targets in hepatocellular carcinoma: implication of targets FN1 and TJP1 in metastasis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2015; 34:6. [PMID: 25609232 PMCID: PMC4311423 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-015-0121-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Background Transcription factor CP2 (TFCP2) is overexpressed in hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) and correlated with the progression of the disease. Here we report the use of an integrated systems biology approach to identify genome-wide scale map of TFCP2 targets as well as the molecular function and pathways regulated by TFCP2 in HCC. Methods We combined Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) on chip along with gene expression microarrays to study global transcriptional regulation of TFCP2 in HCC. The biological functions, molecular pathways, and networks associated with TFCP2 were identified using computational approaches. Validation of selected target gene expression and direct binding of TFCP2 to promoters were performed by ChIP -PCR and promoter reporter. Results TFCP2 fostered a highly aggressive and metastatic phenotype in different HCC cells. Transcriptome analysis showed that alteration of TFCP2 in HCC cells led to change of genes in biological functions involved in cancer, cellular growth and proliferation, angiogenesis, cell movement and attachment. Pathways related to cell movement and cancer progression were also enriched. A quest for TFCP2-regulated factors contributing to metastasis, by integration of transcriptome and ChIP on chip assay, identified fibronectin 1 (FN1) and tight junction protein 1 (TJP1) as targets of TFCP2, and as key mediators of HCC metastasis. Promoter reporter identified the TFCP2-responsive region, and located the motifs of TFCP2-binding sites in the FN1 promoter, which then was confirmed by ChIP-PCR. We further showed that FN1 inhibition blocks the TFCP2-induced increase in HCC cell aggression, and that overexpression of TFCP2 can rescue the effects of FN1 inhibition. Knock down of TJP1 could also rescue, at least in part, the aggressive effect of TFCP2 knockdown in HCC cells. Conclusions The identification of global targets, molecular pathways and networks associated with TFCP2, together with the discovery of the effect of TFCP2 on FN1 and TJP1 that are involved in metastasis, adds to our understanding of the mechanisms that determine a highly aggressive and metastatic phenotype in hepatocarcinogenesis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13046-015-0121-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Xu
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 QingChun Road, HangZhou, China.
| | - Zhikun Liu
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 QingChun Road, HangZhou, China.
| | - Lin Zhou
- Key Lab of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, HangZhou, China.
| | - Haiyang Xie
- Key Lab of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, HangZhou, China.
| | - Jun Cheng
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 QingChun Road, HangZhou, China.
| | - Qi Ling
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 QingChun Road, HangZhou, China.
| | - Jianguo Wang
- Key Lab of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, HangZhou, China.
| | - Haijun Guo
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 QingChun Road, HangZhou, China.
| | - Xuyong Wei
- Key Lab of Combined Multi-Organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, HangZhou, China.
| | - Shusen Zheng
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 79 QingChun Road, HangZhou, China.
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15
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Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a highly virulent malignancy with diverse etiology. Identification of a common mediator of aggressive progression of HCC would be extremely beneficial not only for diagnostic/prognostic purposes but also for developing targeted therapies. AEG-1/MTDH/LYRIC gene is amplified in human HCC patients, and overexpression of AEG-1/MTDH/LYRIC has been identified in a high percentage of both hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus positive HCC cases, suggesting its key role in regulating hepatocarcinogenesis. Important insights into the molecular mechanisms mediating oncogenic properties of AEG-1/MTDH/LYRIC, especially regulating chemoresistance, angiogenesis, and metastasis, have been obtained from studies using HCC model. Additionally, analysis of HCC model has facilitated the identification of AEG-1/MTDH/LYRIC downstream genes and interacting proteins, thereby unraveling novel players regulating HCC development and progression leading to the development of novel interventional strategies. Characterization of a hepatocyte-specific AEG-1/MTDH/LYRIC transgenic mouse (Alb/AEG-1) has revealed novel aspects of AEG-1/MTDH/LYRIC function in in vivo contexts. Combination of AEG-1/MTDH/LYRIC inhibition and chemotherapy has documented significant efficacy in abrogating human HCC xenografts in nude mice indicating the need for developing effective AEG-1/MTDH/LYRIC inhibition strategies to obtain objective response and survival benefits in terminal HCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devanand Sarkar
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA.
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16
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Broniarczyk JK, Warowicka A, Kwaśniewska A, Wohuń-Cholewa M, Kwaśniewski W, Goździcka-Józefiak A. Expression of TSG101 protein and LSF transcription factor in HPV-positive cervical cancer cells. Oncol Lett 2014; 7:1409-1413. [PMID: 24765146 PMCID: PMC3997686 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2014.1967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous study demonstrated a decreased expression of tumor susceptibility gene 101 (TSG101) in cervical cancer cells. To identify the mechanism responsible for TSG101 downregulation during cervical cancer development, we analyzed the TSG101 promoter using cis-element cluster finder software. One of the transcription factors whose binding site was detected in the TSG101 promoter was late SV40 factor (LSF). The aim of this study was to analyze the TSG101 protein and LSF expression levels during cervical cancer development. Immunohistochemical analysis confirmed a previously observed decreased expression of TSG101, whereas quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and immunohistochemistry analysis revealed high expression of LSF in cervical, precancer and cancer cells compared with human papillomavirus (HPV)-negative non-cancer samples. High expression of LSF in cervical cancer HPV-positive cells suggests that this protein may be important in the regulation of TSG101 expression, as well as in cervical carcinogenesis. The role of LSF as a mediator in cervical cancer development must be confirmed in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alicja Warowicka
- NanoBioMedical Centre, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań 61-614, Poland
| | - Anna Kwaśniewska
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin 20-081, Poland
| | - Maria Wohuń-Cholewa
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Medical Science, Poznan 60-806, Poland
| | - Wojciech Kwaśniewski
- First Department of Oncological Gynecology and Gynecology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin 20-081, Poland
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17
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MA XIAOQIAN, XU ZHIJIE, YANG LIFANG, XIAO LANBO, TANG MIN, LU JINGCHEN, XU SAN, TANG YIPING, WEN XINXIAN, DENG XINGMING, SUN LUNQUAN, CAO YA. EBV-LMP1-targeted DNAzyme induces DNA damage and causes cell cycle arrest in LMP1-positive nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells. Int J Oncol 2013; 43:1541-8. [PMID: 24042231 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2013.2098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
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18
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Ligabue A, Marverti G, Liebl U, Myllykallio H. Transcriptional activation and cell cycle block are the keys for 5-fluorouracil induced up-regulation of human thymidylate synthase expression. PLoS One 2012; 7:e47318. [PMID: 23056627 PMCID: PMC3467224 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background 5-fluorouracil, a commonly used chemotherapeutic agent, up-regulates expression of human thymidylate synthase (hTS). Several different regulatory mechanisms have been proposed to mediate this up-regulation in distinct cell lines, but their specific contributions in a single cell line have not been investigated to date. We have established the relative contributions of these previously proposed regulatory mechanisms in the ovarian cancer cell line 2008 and the corresponding cisplatin-resistant and 5-FU cross-resistant-subline C13*. Methodology/Principal Findings Using RNA polymerase II inhibitor DRB treated cell cultures, we showed that 70–80% of up-regulation of hTS results from transcriptional activation of TYMS mRNA. Moreover, we report that 5-FU compromises the cell cycle by blocking the 2008 and C13* cell lines in the S phase. As previous work has established that TYMS mRNA is synthesized in the S and G1 phase and hTS is localized in the nuclei during S and G2-M phase, the observed cell cycle changes are also expected to affect the intracellular regulation of hTS. Our data also suggest that the inhibition of the catalytic activity of hTS and the up-regulation of the hTS protein level are not causally linked, as the inactivated ternary complex, formed by hTS, deoxyuridine monophosphate and methylenetetrahydrofolate, was detected already 3 hours after 5-FU exposure, whereas substantial increase in global TS levels was detected only after 24 hours. Conclusions/Significance Altogether, our data indicate that constitutive TYMS mRNA transcription, cell cycle-induced hTS regulation and hTS enzyme stability are the three key mechanisms responsible for 5-fluorouracil induced up-regulation of human thymidylate synthase expression in the two ovarian cancer cell lines studied. As these three independent regulatory phenomena occur in a precise order, our work provides a feasible rationale for earlier observed synergistic combinations of 5-FU with other drugs and may suggest novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Ligabue
- INSERM U696, Palaiseau, France
- Laboratoire d'Optique et Biosciences, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Palaiseau, France
| | - Gaetano Marverti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Sezione di Chimica Biologica, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Ursula Liebl
- INSERM U696, Palaiseau, France
- Laboratoire d'Optique et Biosciences, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Palaiseau, France
| | - Hannu Myllykallio
- INSERM U696, Palaiseau, France
- Laboratoire d'Optique et Biosciences, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Palaiseau, France
- * E-mail:
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19
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Corlu A, Loyer P. Regulation of the g1/s transition in hepatocytes: involvement of the cyclin-dependent kinase cdk1 in the DNA replication. Int J Hepatol 2012; 2012:689324. [PMID: 23091735 PMCID: PMC3471441 DOI: 10.1155/2012/689324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A singular feature of adult differentiated hepatocytes is their capacity to proliferate allowing liver regeneration. This review emphasizes the literature published over the last 20 years that established the most important pathways regulating the hepatocyte cell cycle. Our article also aimed at illustrating that many discoveries in this field benefited from the combined use of in vivo models of liver regeneration and in vitro models of primary cultures of human and rodent hepatocytes. Using these models, our laboratory has contributed to decipher the different steps of the progression into the G1 phase and the commitment to S phase of proliferating hepatocytes. We identified the mitogen dependent restriction point located at the two-thirds of the G1 phase and the concomitant expression and activation of both Cdk1 and Cdk2 at the G1/S transition. Furthermore, we demonstrated that these two Cdks contribute to the DNA replication. Finally, we provided strong evidences that Cdk1 expression and activation is correlated to extracellular matrix degradation upon stimulation by the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNFα leading to the identification of a new signaling pathway regulating Cdk1 expression at the G1/S transition. It also further confirms the well-orchestrated regulation of liver regeneration via multiple extracellular signals and pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Corlu
- Inserm UMR S 991, Foie Métabolismes et Cancer, Université de Rennes 1, Hôpital Pontchaillou, 35033 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Pascal Loyer
- Inserm UMR S 991, Foie Métabolismes et Cancer, Université de Rennes 1, Hôpital Pontchaillou, 35033 Rennes Cedex, France
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20
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Santhekadur PK, Rajasekaran D, Siddiq A, Gredler R, Chen D, Schaus SE, Hansen U, Fisher PB, Sarkar D. The transcription factor LSF: a novel oncogene for hepatocellular carcinoma. Am J Cancer Res 2012; 2:269-285. [PMID: 22679558 PMCID: PMC3365805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor LSF (Late SV40 Factor), also known as TFCP2, belongs to the LSF/CP2 family related to Grainyhead family of proteins and is involved in many biological events, including regulation of cellular and viral promoters, cell cycle, DNA synthesis, cell survival and Alzheimer's disease. Our recent studies establish an oncogenic role of LSF in Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). LSF overexpression is detected in human HCC cell lines and in more than 90% cases of human HCC patients, compared to normal hepatocytes and liver, and its expression level showed significant correlation with the stages and grades of the disease. Forced overexpression of LSF in less aggressive HCC cells resulted in highly aggressive, angiogenic and multi-organ metastatic tumors in nude mice. Conversely, inhibition of LSF significantly abrogated growth and metastasis of highly aggressive HCC cells in nude mice. Microarray studies revealed that as a transcription factor LSF modulated specific genes regulating invasion, angiogenesis, chemoresistance and senescence. LSF transcriptionally regulates thymidylate synthase (TS) gene, thus contributing to cell cycle regulation and chemoresistance. Our studies identify a network of proteins, including osteopontin (OPN), Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), c-Met and complement factor H (CFH), that are directly regulated by LSF and play important role in LSF-induced hepatocarcinogenesis. A high throughput screening identified small molecule inhibitors of LSF DNA binding and the prototype of these molecules, Factor Quinolinone inhibitor 1 (FQI1), profoundly inhibited cell viability and induced apoptosis in human HCC cells without exerting harmful effects to normal immortal human hepatocytes and primary mouse hepatocytes. In nude mice xenograft studies, FQI1 markedly inhibited growth of human HCC xenografts as well as angiogenesis without exerting any toxicity. These studies establish a key role of LSF in hepatocarcinogenesis and usher in a novel therapeutic avenue for HCC, an invariably fatal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasanna K Santhekadur
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics,Virginia Commonwealth University, School of MedicineRichmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Devaraja Rajasekaran
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics,Virginia Commonwealth University, School of MedicineRichmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Ayesha Siddiq
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics,Virginia Commonwealth University, School of MedicineRichmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Rachel Gredler
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics,Virginia Commonwealth University, School of MedicineRichmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Dong Chen
- Department of Pathology,Virginia Commonwealth University, School of MedicineRichmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Scott E Schaus
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Chemical Methodology and Library Development at Boston University (CMLDBU)Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Ulla Hansen
- Department of Biology, Boston UniversityBoston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Paul B Fisher
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics,Virginia Commonwealth University, School of MedicineRichmond, VA 23298, USA
- VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of MedicineRichmond, VA 23298, USA
- VCU Massey Cancer Center,Virginia Commonwealth University, School of MedicineRichmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Devanand Sarkar
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics,Virginia Commonwealth University, School of MedicineRichmond, VA 23298, USA
- Department of Pathology,Virginia Commonwealth University, School of MedicineRichmond, VA 23298, USA
- VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of MedicineRichmond, VA 23298, USA
- VCU Massey Cancer Center,Virginia Commonwealth University, School of MedicineRichmond, VA 23298, USA
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21
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Antiproliferative small-molecule inhibitors of transcription factor LSF reveal oncogene addiction to LSF in hepatocellular carcinoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:4503-8. [PMID: 22396589 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1121601109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fifth most common cancer worldwide. Despite the prevalence of HCC, there is no effective, systemic treatment. The transcription factor LSF is a promising protein target for chemotherapy; it is highly expressed in HCC patient samples and cell lines, and promotes oncogenesis in rodent xenograft models of HCC. Here, we identify small molecules that effectively inhibit LSF cellular activity. The lead compound, factor quinolinone inhibitor 1 (FQI1), inhibits LSF DNA-binding activity both in vitro, as determined by electrophoretic mobility shift assays, and in cells, as determined by ChIP. Consistent with such inhibition, FQI1 eliminates transcriptional stimulation of LSF-dependent reporter constructs. FQI1 also exhibits antiproliferative activity in multiple cell lines. In LSF-overexpressing cells, including HCC cells, cell death is rapidly induced; however, primary or immortalized hepatocytes are unaffected by treatment with FQI1. The highly concordant structure-activity relationship of a panel of 23 quinolinones strongly suggests that the growth inhibitory activity is due to a single biological target or family. Coupled with the striking agreement between the concentrations required for antiproliferative activity (GI(50)s) and for inhibition of LSF transactivation (IC(50)s), we conclude that LSF is the specific biological target of FQIs. Based on these in vitro results, we tested the efficacy of FQI1 in inhibiting HCC tumor growth in a mouse xenograft model. As a single agent, tumor growth was dramatically inhibited with no observable general tissue cytotoxicity. These findings support the further development of LSF inhibitors for cancer chemotherapy.
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22
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Wong JV, Dong P, Nevins JR, Mathey-Prevot B, You L. Network calisthenics: control of E2F dynamics in cell cycle entry. Cell Cycle 2011; 10:3086-94. [PMID: 21900750 DOI: 10.4161/cc.10.18.17350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Stimulation of quiescent mammalian cells with mitogens induces an abrupt increase in E2F1-3 expression just prior to the onset of DNA synthesis, followed by a rapid decline as replication ceases. This temporal adaptation in E2F facilitates a transient pattern of gene expression that reflects the ordered nature of DNA replication. The challenge to understand how E2F dynamics coordinate molecular events required for high-fidelity DNA replication has great biological implications. Indeed, precocious, prolonged, elevated or reduced accumulation of E2F can generate replication stress that culminates in either arrest or death. Accordingly, temporal characteristics of E2F are regulated by several network modules that include feedforward and autoregulatory loops. In this review, we discuss how these network modules contribute to "shaping" E2F dynamics in the context of mammalian cell cycle entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey V Wong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Institute for Genome Sciences and Policy, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
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23
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Fan R, Chen P, Zhao D, Tong JL, Li J, Liu F. Cooperation of deregulated Notch signaling and Ras pathway in human hepatocarcinogenesis. J Mol Histol 2011; 42:473-81. [PMID: 21892768 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-011-9353-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Accepted: 08/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant Notch signaling and Ras pathway had been highlighted a potential role for in human cancers. Yet, relatively little was known about the roles of wild type Notch signaling and Ras in human hepatocarcinogenesis. The aim of this study was to investigate the roles of Ras-Notch signaling cooperation in hepatic cells transformation and proliferation. Hepatocellular carcinoma specimens from 25 patients were analyzed for Notch-1, Ras and Late Simian Virus 40 Factor (LSF) expression using immunohistochemistry. Results showed that Notch-1(76%, 19/25, P < 0.0001), Ras (40%, 10/25, P < 0.01) and LSF (84%, 21/25, P < 0.0001) were significantly up-regulated in hepatocellular carcinoma compared with non-cancer samples. The correlations between the expression and the biological effects of Notch1 and Ras were analyzed by genetic and pharmacological methods. Constitutively active Notch1 alone failed to transform immortalized L02 cells in vivo, it synergized with the Ras pathway to promote hepatic cells transformation. However, their cooperation increased the levels of LSF mRNA and protein, which stimulates L02 cells proliferation. These results exhibited highly aggressive progression, suggesting that Notch-Ras cooperation maybe lead to poor prognosis. Thus, combining the inhibition of the two pathways provided an attractive avenue for therapeutic intervention to overcome this advanced disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renhua Fan
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
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24
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Fan RH, Li J, Wu N, Chen PS. Late SV40 factor: A key mediator of Notch signaling in human hepatocarcinogenesis. World J Gastroenterol 2011; 17:3420-30. [PMID: 21876634 PMCID: PMC3160568 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v17.i29.3420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2010] [Revised: 02/26/2011] [Accepted: 03/05/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the relationship between late SV40 factor (LSF) and Notch signaling in the development and progress of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
METHODS: Liver cancer tissue specimens from 25 patients were analyzed for Notch-1 and LSF expression by immunohistochemistry. The correlation between expression and the biological effects of Notch-1 and LSF were analyzed using genetic and pharmacological strategies in HCC cell lines and human normal cell lines, including hepatic stellate cells (HSC) and human embryonic kidney epithelial cells (HEK).
RESULTS: Immunohistochemistry showed that both Notch-1 and LSF were significantly upregulated in HCC samples (76%, 19/25, P < 0.0001 and 84%, 21/25, P < 0.0001, respectively) compared with non-cancer samples. Activation of Notch-1 by exogenous transfection of Notch1 intracellular domain increased LSF expression in HSC and HEK cells to levels similar to those seen in HepG2 cells. Furthermore, blocking Notch-1 activation with a γ-secretase inhibitor, DAPT, downregulated LSF expression in HepG2 cells. Additionally, a biological behavior assay showed that forced overexpression of LSF promoted HepG2 cell proliferation and invasion.
CONCLUSION: LSF is a key mediator of the Notch signaling pathway, suggesting that it might be a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of HCC.
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25
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Abstract
Fibronectins are cell-secreted glycoproteins that modulate cell attachment, spreading, migration, morphology, differentiation and oncogenic transformation. Fibronectin expression is activated during EMT (epithelial-mesenchymal transition) and is a hallmark of mesenchymal cells. It is shown in the present study that a transcription factor previously unrelated with EMT, TFCP2c/LSF/LBP-1c, was translocated to the nucleus and bound to the fibronectin promoter upon EMT induction by Snail1. Consequently, the interference of TFCP2c/LSF/LBP-1c's activity prevented fibronectin expression. Moreover, TFCP2c/LSF/LBP-1c was detected in nuclei of embryonic dermal mesenchymal cells adjacent to the hair bud, a cell population that expresses endogenous nuclear Snail1 and fibronectin. Therefore we indicate a new molecular role for TFCP2c/LSF/LBP-1c in fibronectin expression.
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26
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Saxena UH, Owens L, Graham JR, Cooper GM, Hansen U. Prolyl isomerase Pin1 regulates transcription factor LSF (TFCP2) by facilitating dephosphorylation at two serine-proline motifs. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:31139-47. [PMID: 20682773 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.078808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription factor LSF is essential for cell cycle progression, being required for activating expression of the thymidylate synthase (Tyms) gene at the G1/S transition. We previously established that phosphorylation of LSF in early G1 at Ser-291 and Ser-309 inhibits its transcriptional activity and that dephosphorylation later in G1 is required for its reactivation. Here we reveal the role of prolyl cis-trans isomerase Pin1 in activating LSF, by facilitating dephosphorylation at both Ser-291 and Ser-309. We demonstrate that Pin1 binds LSF both in vitro and in vivo. Using coimmunoprecipitation assays, we identify three SP/TP motifs in LSF (at residues Ser-291, Ser-309, and Thr-329) that are required and sufficient for association with Pin1. Co-expression of Pin1 enhances LSF transactivation potential in reporter assays. The Pin1-dependent enhancement of LSF activity requires residue Thr-329 in LSF, requires both the WW and PPiase domains of Pin1, and correlates with hypophosphorylation of LSF at Ser-291 and Ser-309. These findings support a model in which the binding of Pin1 at the Thr-329-Pro-330 motif in LSF permits isomerization by Pin1 of the peptide bonds at the nearby phosphorylated SP motifs (Ser-291 and Ser-309) to the trans configuration, thereby facilitating their dephosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Utsav H Saxena
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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27
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Yoo BK, Emdad L, Gredler R, Fuller C, Dumur CI, Jones KH, Jackson-Cook C, Su ZZ, Chen D, Saxena UH, Hansen U, Fisher PB, Sarkar D. Transcription factor Late SV40 Factor (LSF) functions as an oncogene in hepatocellular carcinoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:8357-62. [PMID: 20404171 PMCID: PMC2889542 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1000374107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a highly aggressive cancer with no currently available effective treatment. Understanding of the molecular mechanism of HCC development and progression is imperative for developing novel, effective, and targeted therapies for this lethal disease. In this article, we document that the cellular transcription factor Late SV40 Factor (LSF) plays an important role in HCC pathogenesis. LSF protein was significantly overexpressed in human HCC cells compared to normal hepatocytes. In 109 HCC patients, LSF protein was overexpressed in >90% cases, compared to normal liver, and LSF expression level showed significant correlation with the stages and grades of the disease. Forced overexpression of LSF in less aggressive HCC cells resulted in highly aggressive, angiogenic, and multiorgan metastatic tumors in nude mice. Conversely, inhibition of LSF significantly abrogated growth and metastasis of highly aggressive HCC cells in nude mice. Microarray studies revealed that as a transcription factor, LSF modulated specific genes regulating invasion, angiogenesis, chemoresistance, and senescence. The expression of osteopontin (OPN), a gene regulating every step in tumor progression and metastasis, was robustly up-regulated by LSF. It was documented that LSF transcriptionally up-regulates OPN, and loss-of-function studies demonstrated that OPN plays an important role in mediating the oncogenic functions of LSF. Together, these data establish a regulatory role of LSF in cancer, particularly HCC pathogenesis, and validate LSF as a viable target for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luni Emdad
- Department of Neurosurgery, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY 10029; and
| | | | | | | | | | - Colleen Jackson-Cook
- Departments of Human and Molecular Genetics and
- Pathology
- Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298
| | | | | | | | - Ulla Hansen
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Paul B. Fisher
- Departments of Human and Molecular Genetics and
- Virginia Commonwealth University Institute of Molecular Medicine, and
- Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298
| | - Devanand Sarkar
- Departments of Human and Molecular Genetics and
- Pathology
- Virginia Commonwealth University Institute of Molecular Medicine, and
- Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298
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