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Benada J, Alsowaida D, Megeney LA, Sørensen CS. Self-inflicted DNA breaks in cell differentiation and cancer. Trends Cell Biol 2023; 33:850-859. [PMID: 36997393 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2023.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Self-inflicted DNA strand breaks are canonically linked with cell death pathways and the establishment of genetic diversity in immune and germline cells. Moreover, this form of DNA damage is an established source of genome instability in cancer development. However, recent studies indicate that nonlethal self-inflicted DNA strand breaks play an indispensable but underappreciated role in a variety of cell processes, including differentiation and cancer therapy responses. Mechanistically, these physiological DNA breaks originate from the activation of nucleases, which are best characterized for inducing DNA fragmentation in apoptotic cell death. In this review, we outline the emerging biology of one critical nuclease, caspase-activated DNase (CAD), and how directed activation or deployment of this enzyme can lead to divergent cell fate outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Benada
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, Copenhagen 2200 N, Denmark
| | - Dalal Alsowaida
- Sprott Centre for Stem Cell Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute and the Departments of Medicine and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, K1H 8L6, Canada; Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lynn A Megeney
- Sprott Centre for Stem Cell Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute and the Departments of Medicine and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, K1H 8L6, Canada.
| | - Claus S Sørensen
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, Copenhagen 2200 N, Denmark.
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2
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Sjakste N, Riekstiņa U. DNA damage and repair in differentiation of stem cells and cells of connective cell lineages: A trigger or a complication? Eur J Histochem 2021; 65. [PMID: 33942598 PMCID: PMC8116775 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2021.3236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The review summarizes literature data on the role of DNA breaks and DNA repair in the differentiation of pluripotent stem cells (PSC) and connective cell lineages. PSC, including embryonic stem cells (ESC) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC), are rapidly dividing cells with highly active DNA damage response (DDR) mechanisms to ensure the stability and integrity of the DNA. In PSCs, the most common DDR mechanism is error-free homologous recombination (HR) that is primarily active during the S phase of the cell cycle, whereas in quiescent, slow-dividing or non-dividing tissue progenitors and terminally differentiated cells, errorprone non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) mechanism of the double-strand break (DSB) repair is dominating. Thus, it seems that reprogramming and differentiation induce DNA strand breaks in stem cells which itself may trigger the differentiation process. Somatic cell reprogramming to iPSCs is preceded by a transient increase of the DSBs induced presumably by the caspase-dependent DNase or reactive oxygen species. In general, pluripotent stem cells possess stronger DNA repair systems compared to differentiated cells. Nonetheless, during a prolonged cell culture propagation, DNA breaks can accumulate due to the DNA polymerase stalling. Consequently, the DNA damage might trigger the differentiation of stem cells or replicative senescence of somatic cells. The differentiation process per se is often accompanied by a decrease in the DNA repair capacity. Thus, the differentiation might be triggered by DNA breaks, alternatively, the breaks can be a consequence of the decay in the DNA repair capacity of differentiated cells.
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3
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Mishra VS, Kumar N, Raza M, Sehrawat S. Amalgamation of PI3K and EZH2 blockade synergistically regulates invasion and angiogenesis: combination therapy for glioblastoma multiforme. Oncotarget 2020; 11:4754-4769. [PMID: 33473259 PMCID: PMC7771717 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme is known as the primary malignant and most devastating form of tumor in central nervous system of adult population. Amongst all CNS cancers, Glioblastoma multiforme GBM is a rare grade IV astrocytoma and it has the worst prognosis initiated by metastasis to supra-tentorial region of the brain. Current options for the treatment include surgery, radiation therapy and chemotherapy. Substantial information of its pathology and molecular signaling exposed new avenues for generating innovative therapies. In our study, we have undertaken a novel combination approach for GBM treatment. PI3K signaling participates in cancer progression and plays a significant role in metastasis. Here, we are targeting PI3K signaling pathways in glioblastoma along with EZH2, a known transcriptional regulator. We found that targeting transcriptional regulator EZH2 and PI3K affect cellular migration and morphological changes. These changes in signatory activities of cancerous cells led to inhibit its progression in vitro. With further analysis we confirmed the angiogenic inhibition and reduction in stem-ness potential of GBM. Later, cytokine proteome array analysis revealed several participants of metastasis and tumor induced angiogenesis using combination regime. This study provides a significant reduction in GBM progression investigated using Glioblastoma Multiforme U-87 cells with effective combination of pharmacological inhibitors PI-103 and EPZ-6438. This strategy will be further used to combat GBM more innovatively along with the existing therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishnu S Mishra
- Precision NeuroOncology & NeuroVascular Disease Modeling Group, Department of Life Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, NCR 201314, India.,These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Naveen Kumar
- Precision NeuroOncology & NeuroVascular Disease Modeling Group, Department of Life Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, NCR 201314, India.,These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Masoom Raza
- Precision NeuroOncology & NeuroVascular Disease Modeling Group, Department of Life Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, NCR 201314, India
| | - Seema Sehrawat
- Precision NeuroOncology & NeuroVascular Disease Modeling Group, Department of Life Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, NCR 201314, India
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4
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Larsen BD, Sørensen CS. The caspase-activated DNase: apoptosis and beyond. FEBS J 2016; 284:1160-1170. [PMID: 27865056 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Organismal development and function requires multiple and accurate signal transduction pathways to ensure that proper balance between cell proliferation, differentiation, inactivation, and death is achieved. Cell death via apoptotic caspase signal transduction is extensively characterized and integral to this balance. Importantly, the view of apoptotic signal transduction has expanded over the previous decades. Subapoptotic caspase signaling has surfaced as mechanism that can promote the adoption of a range of cellular fates. An emerging mechanism of subapoptotic caspase signaling is the activation of the caspase-activated DNase (CAD) through controlled cleavage of the inhibitor of CAD (ICAD). CAD-induced DNA breaks incite a DNA damage response, frequently invoking p53 signaling, that transduces a change in cell fate. Cell differentiation and senescence are fates demonstrated to arise from CAD-induced DNA breaks. Furthermore, an apparent consequence of CAD activity is also emerging, as a potential source of oncogenic mutations. This review will discuss the mechanisms underlying CAD-induced DNA breaks and highlight how CAD activity promotes diverse cell fates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian D Larsen
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Claus S Sørensen
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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5
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Krusche B, Ottone C, Clements MP, Johnstone ER, Goetsch K, Lieven H, Mota SG, Singh P, Khadayate S, Ashraf A, Davies T, Pollard SM, De Paola V, Roncaroli F, Martinez-Torrecuadrada J, Bertone P, Parrinello S. EphrinB2 drives perivascular invasion and proliferation of glioblastoma stem-like cells. eLife 2016; 5:e14845. [PMID: 27350048 PMCID: PMC4924994 DOI: 10.7554/elife.14845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastomas (GBM) are aggressive and therapy-resistant brain tumours, which contain a subpopulation of tumour-propagating glioblastoma stem-like cells (GSC) thought to drive progression and recurrence. Diffuse invasion of the brain parenchyma, including along preexisting blood vessels, is a leading cause of therapeutic resistance, but the mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we show that ephrin-B2 mediates GSC perivascular invasion. Intravital imaging, coupled with mechanistic studies in murine GBM models and patient-derived GSC, revealed that endothelial ephrin-B2 compartmentalises non-tumourigenic cells. In contrast, upregulation of the same ephrin-B2 ligand in GSC enabled perivascular migration through homotypic forward signalling. Surprisingly, ephrin-B2 reverse signalling also promoted tumourigenesis cell-autonomously, by mediating anchorage-independent cytokinesis via RhoA. In human GSC-derived orthotopic xenografts, EFNB2 knock-down blocked tumour initiation and treatment of established tumours with ephrin-B2-blocking antibodies suppressed progression. Thus, our results indicate that targeting ephrin-B2 may be an effective strategy for the simultaneous inhibition of invasion and proliferation in GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Krusche
- Cell Interactions and Cancer Group, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre (CSC), London, United Kingdom
- Institute of Clinical Sciences (ICS), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Cristina Ottone
- Cell Interactions and Cancer Group, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre (CSC), London, United Kingdom
- Institute of Clinical Sciences (ICS), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Melanie P Clements
- Cell Interactions and Cancer Group, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre (CSC), London, United Kingdom
- Institute of Clinical Sciences (ICS), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ewan R Johnstone
- Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Katrin Goetsch
- Cell Interactions and Cancer Group, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre (CSC), London, United Kingdom
- Institute of Clinical Sciences (ICS), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Huang Lieven
- Institute of Clinical Sciences (ICS), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Neuroplasticity and Diseases Group, MRC Clinical Sciences, London, United Kingdom
| | - Silvia G Mota
- Proteomics Unit, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncologicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Poonam Singh
- Department of Histopathology, Imperial College Healthcare Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sanjay Khadayate
- Institute of Clinical Sciences (ICS), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Azhaar Ashraf
- Cell Interactions and Cancer Group, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre (CSC), London, United Kingdom
- Institute of Clinical Sciences (ICS), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy Davies
- Cell Interactions and Cancer Group, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre (CSC), London, United Kingdom
- Institute of Clinical Sciences (ICS), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Steven M Pollard
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Vincenzo De Paola
- Institute of Clinical Sciences (ICS), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Neuroplasticity and Diseases Group, MRC Clinical Sciences, London, United Kingdom
| | - Federico Roncaroli
- Department of Histopathology, Imperial College Healthcare Trust, London, United Kingdom
- Wolfson Molecular Imaging Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | | | - Paul Bertone
- Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Simona Parrinello
- Cell Interactions and Cancer Group, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre (CSC), London, United Kingdom
- Institute of Clinical Sciences (ICS), Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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Saera-Vila A, Kish PE, Kahana A. Fgf regulates dedifferentiation during skeletal muscle regeneration in adult zebrafish. Cell Signal 2016; 28:1196-1204. [PMID: 27267062 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2016] [Revised: 05/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factors (Fgfs) regulate critical biological processes such as embryonic development, tissue homeostasis, wound healing, and tissue regeneration. In zebrafish, Fgf signaling plays an important role in the regeneration of the spinal cord, liver, heart, fin, and photoreceptors, although its exact mechanism of action is not fully understood. Utilizing an adult zebrafish extraocular muscle (EOM) regeneration model, we demonstrate that blocking Fgf receptor function using either a chemical inhibitor (SU5402) or a dominant-negative transgenic construct (dnFGFR1a:EGFP) impairs muscle regeneration. Adult zebrafish EOMs regenerate through a myocyte dedifferentiation process, which involves a muscle-to-mesenchyme transition and cell cycle reentry by differentiated myocytes. Blocking Fgf signaling reduced cell proliferation and active caspase 3 levels in the regenerating muscle with no detectable levels of apoptosis, supporting the hypothesis that Fgf signaling is involved in the early steps of dedifferentiation. Fgf signaling in regenerating myocytes involves the MAPK/ERK pathway: inhibition of MEK activity with U0126 mimicked the phenotype of the Fgf receptor inhibition on both muscle regeneration and cell proliferation, and activated ERK (p-ERK) was detected in injured muscles by immunofluorescence and western blot. Interestingly, following injury, ERK2 expression is specifically induced and activated by phosphorylation, suggesting a key role in muscle regeneration. We conclude that the critical early steps of myocyte dedifferentiation in EOM regeneration are dependent on Fgf signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Saera-Vila
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Phillip E Kish
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Alon Kahana
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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Unsain N, Barker PA. New Views on the Misconstrued: Executioner Caspases and Their Diverse Non-apoptotic Roles. Neuron 2016; 88:461-74. [PMID: 26539888 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2015.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Initially characterized for their roles in apoptosis, executioner caspases have emerged as important regulators of an array of cellular activities. This is especially true in the nervous system, where sublethal caspase activity has been implicated in axonal pathfinding and branching, axonal degeneration, dendrite pruning, regeneration, long-term depression, and metaplasticity. Here we examine the roles of sublethal executioner caspase activity in nervous system development and maintenance, consider the mechanisms that locally activate and restrain these potential killers, and discuss how their activity be subverted in neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Unsain
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Médica Córdoba-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Friuli 2434, Córdoba (5016), Argentina
| | - Philip A Barker
- Irving K. Barber School of Arts and Sciences, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada.
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8
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Al-Khalaf MH, Blake LE, Larsen BD, Bell RA, Brunette S, Parks RJ, Rudnicki MA, McKinnon PJ, Jeffrey Dilworth F, Megeney LA. Temporal activation of XRCC1-mediated DNA repair is essential for muscle differentiation. Cell Discov 2016; 2:15041. [PMID: 27462438 PMCID: PMC4860966 DOI: 10.1038/celldisc.2015.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Transient DNA strand break formation has been identified as an effective means to enhance gene expression in living cells. In the muscle lineage, cell differentiation is contingent upon the induction of caspase-mediated DNA strand breaks, which act to establish the terminal gene expression program. This coordinated DNA nicking is rapidly resolved, suggesting that myoblasts may deploy DNA repair machinery to stabilize the genome and entrench the differentiated phenotype. Here, we identify the base excision repair pathway component XRCC1 as an indispensable mediator of muscle differentiation. Caspase-triggered XRCC1 repair foci form rapidly within differentiating myonuclei, and then dissipate as the maturation program proceeds. Skeletal myoblast deletion of Xrcc1 does not have an impact on cell growth, yet leads to perinatal lethality, with sustained DNA damage and impaired myofiber development. Together, these results demonstrate that XRCC1 manages a temporally responsive DNA repair process to advance the muscle differentiation program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad H Al-Khalaf
- Sprott Centre for Stem Cell Research, Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Leanne E Blake
- Sprott Centre for Stem Cell Research, Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, The Ottawa Hospital , Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Brian D Larsen
- Sprott Centre for Stem Cell Research, Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Ryan A Bell
- Sprott Centre for Stem Cell Research, Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, The Ottawa Hospital , Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Steve Brunette
- Sprott Centre for Stem Cell Research, Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, The Ottawa Hospital , Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Robin J Parks
- Sprott Centre for Stem Cell Research, Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Michael A Rudnicki
- Sprott Centre for Stem Cell Research, Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Peter J McKinnon
- Department of Genetics, St Jude Children's Research Hospital , Memphis, TN, USA
| | - F Jeffrey Dilworth
- Sprott Centre for Stem Cell Research, Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Lynn A Megeney
- Sprott Centre for Stem Cell Research, Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Karo JM, Schatz DG, Sun JC. The RAG recombinase dictates functional heterogeneity and cellular fitness in natural killer cells. Cell 2015; 159:94-107. [PMID: 25259923 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Revised: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of recombination-activating genes (RAGs) in jawed vertebrates endowed adaptive immune cells with the ability to assemble a diverse set of antigen receptor genes. In contrast, innate lymphocytes, such as natural killer (NK) cells, are not believed to require RAGs. Here, we report that NK cells unable to express RAGs or RAG endonuclease activity during ontogeny exhibit a cell-intrinsic hyperresponsiveness but a diminished capacity to survive following virus-driven proliferation, a reduced expression of DNA damage response mediators, and defects in the repair of DNA breaks. Evidence for this novel function of RAG has also been observed in T cells and innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), revealing an unexpected role for RAG proteins beyond V(D)J recombination. We propose that DNA cleavage events mediated by RAG endow developing adaptive and innate lymphocytes with a cellular "fitness" that safeguards their persistence later in life during episodes of rapid proliferation or cellular stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny M Karo
- Immunology Program and Gerstner Sloan Kettering Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - David G Schatz
- Department of Immunobiology and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Joseph C Sun
- Immunology Program and Gerstner Sloan Kettering Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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10
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Connolly PF, Jäger R, Fearnhead HO. New roles for old enzymes: killer caspases as the engine of cell behavior changes. Front Physiol 2014; 5:149. [PMID: 24795644 PMCID: PMC3997007 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
It has become increasingly clear that caspases, far from being merely cell death effectors, have a much wider range of functions within the cell. These functions are as diverse as signal transduction and cytoskeletal remodeling, and caspases are now known to have an essential role in cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation. There is also evidence that apoptotic cells themselves can direct the behavior of nearby cells through the caspase-dependent secretion of paracrine signaling factors. In some processes, including the differentiation of skeletal muscle myoblasts, both caspase activation in differentiating cells as well as signaling from apoptotic cells has been reported. Here, we review the non-apoptotic outcomes of caspase activity in a range of different model systems and attempt to integrate this knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick F Connolly
- Pharmacology and Therapeutics, National University of Ireland Galway Galway, Ireland
| | - Richard Jäger
- Department of Natural Sciences, Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Sciences Rheinbach, Germany
| | - Howard O Fearnhead
- Pharmacology and Therapeutics, National University of Ireland Galway Galway, Ireland
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11
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Yin J, Wu N, Zeng F, Cheng C, Kang K, Yang H. Paeonol induces apoptosis in human ovarian cancer cells. Acta Histochem 2013; 115:835-9. [PMID: 23768958 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2013.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2013] [Revised: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Paeonol is a broad-spectrum antitumor agent, which is widely used in the treatment of various tumors in Asia. However, the effect of paeonol on ovarian cancer remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of paeonol on ovarian cancer cells and its possible mechanism. Results measured by MTT (methyl thiazoyltetrazolium) assay showed that cell viability was markedly reduced in a dosage-dependent manner, when treated with paeonol for 24 h. Flow cytometry and Hoechst staining results indicated that the rate of apoptosis in the paeonol pretreatment group was higher than the control group. After co-culture with paeonol, cleaved Caspase 3 protein levels increased while survivin protein levels decreased. In conclusion, our findings indicate that paeonol can induce apoptosis of ovarian cancer cells via activation of Caspase 3 and down-regulation of survivin, and therefore is potentially an effective chemotherapeutic agent for ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Yin
- Department of Gynecology, The Ninth People's Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing 400700, PR China
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12
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Boehm D, Mazurier C, Giarratana MC, Darghouth D, Faussat AM, Harmand L, Douay L. Caspase-3 is involved in the signalling in erythroid differentiation by targeting late progenitors. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62303. [PMID: 23658722 PMCID: PMC3642196 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/23/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A role for caspase activation in erythroid differentiation has been established, yet its precise mode of action remains elusive. A drawback of all previous investigations on caspase activation in ex vivo erythroid differentiation is the lack of an in vitro model producing full enucleation of erythroid cells. Using a culture system which renders nearly 100% enucleated red cells from human CD34(+) cells, we investigated the role of active caspase-3 in erythropoiesis. Profound effects of caspase-3 inhibition were found on erythroid cell growth and differentiation when inhibitors were added to CD34(+) cells at the start of the culture and showed dose-response to the concentration of inhibitor employed. Enucleation was only reduced as a function of the reduced maturity of the culture and the increased cell death of mature cells while the majority of cells retained their ability to extrude their nuclei. Cell cycle analysis after caspase-3 inhibition showed caspase-3 to play a critical role in cell proliferation and highlighted a novel function of this protease in erythroid differentiation, i.e. its contribution to cell cycle regulation at the mitotic phase. While the effect of caspase-3 inhibitor treatment on CD34(+) derived cells was not specific to the erythroid lineage, showing a similar reduction of cell expansion in myeloid cultures, the mechanism of action in both lineages appeared to be distinct with a strong induction of apoptosis causing the decreased yield of myeloid cells. Using a series of colony-forming assays we were able to pinpoint the stage at which cells were most sensitive to caspase-3 inhibition and found activated caspase-3 to play a signalling role in erythroid differentiation by targeting mature BFU-E and CFU-E but not early BFU-E.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Boehm
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6, UMR_S938 CDR Saint-Antoine, Prolifération et Différentiation des Cellules Souches, Paris, France
- INSERM, UMR_S938, Prolifération et Différentiation des Cellules Souches, Paris, France
| | - Christelle Mazurier
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6, UMR_S938 CDR Saint-Antoine, Prolifération et Différentiation des Cellules Souches, Paris, France
- INSERM, UMR_S938, Prolifération et Différentiation des Cellules Souches, Paris, France
- Etablissement Français du Sang Ile de France, Unité d'Ingénierie et de Thérapie Cellulaire, Créteil, France
| | - Marie-Catherine Giarratana
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6, UMR_S938 CDR Saint-Antoine, Prolifération et Différentiation des Cellules Souches, Paris, France
- INSERM, UMR_S938, Prolifération et Différentiation des Cellules Souches, Paris, France
| | - Dhouha Darghouth
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6, UMR_S938 CDR Saint-Antoine, Prolifération et Différentiation des Cellules Souches, Paris, France
- INSERM, UMR_S938, Prolifération et Différentiation des Cellules Souches, Paris, France
| | - Anne-Marie Faussat
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6, UMR_S938 CDR Saint-Antoine, Prolifération et Différentiation des Cellules Souches, Paris, France
- IFR 65-St Antoine, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6, Plateforme de Cytométrie, Paris, France
| | - Laurence Harmand
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6, UMR_S938 CDR Saint-Antoine, Prolifération et Différentiation des Cellules Souches, Paris, France
- INSERM, UMR_S938, Prolifération et Différentiation des Cellules Souches, Paris, France
- Etablissement Français du Sang Ile de France, Unité d'Ingénierie et de Thérapie Cellulaire, Créteil, France
| | - Luc Douay
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6, UMR_S938 CDR Saint-Antoine, Prolifération et Différentiation des Cellules Souches, Paris, France
- INSERM, UMR_S938, Prolifération et Différentiation des Cellules Souches, Paris, France
- Etablissement Français du Sang Ile de France, Unité d'Ingénierie et de Thérapie Cellulaire, Créteil, France
- IFR 65-St Antoine, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6, Plateforme de Cytométrie, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital St Antoine et Hôpital Trousseau, Service d'Hématologie Biologique, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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Iglesias-Guimarais V, Gil-Guiñon E, Sánchez-Osuna M, Casanelles E, García-Belinchón M, Comella JX, Yuste VJ. Chromatin collapse during caspase-dependent apoptotic cell death requires DNA fragmentation factor, 40-kDa subunit-/caspase-activated deoxyribonuclease-mediated 3'-OH single-strand DNA breaks. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:9200-15. [PMID: 23430749 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.411371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptotic nuclear morphology and oligonucleosomal double-strand DNA fragments (also known as DNA ladder) are considered the hallmarks of apoptotic cell death. From a classic point of view, these two processes occur concomitantly. Once activated, DNA fragmentation factor, 40-kDa subunit (DFF40)/caspase-activated DNase (CAD) endonuclease hydrolyzes the DNA into oligonucleosomal-size pieces, facilitating the chromatin package. However, the dogma that the apoptotic nuclear morphology depends on DNA fragmentation has been questioned. Here, we use different cellular models, including MEF CAD(-/-) cells, to unravel the mechanism by which DFF40/CAD influences chromatin condensation and nuclear collapse during apoptosis. Upon apoptotic insult, SK-N-AS cells display caspase-dependent apoptotic nuclear alterations in the absence of internucleosomal DNA degradation. The overexpression of a wild-type form of DFF40/CAD endonuclease, but not of different catalytic-null mutants, restores the cellular ability to degrade the chromatin into oligonucleosomal-length fragments. We show that apoptotic nuclear collapse requires a 3'-OH endonucleolytic activity even though the internucleosomal DNA degradation is impaired. Moreover, alkaline unwinding electrophoresis and In Situ End-Labeling (ISEL)/In Situ Nick Translation (ISNT) assays reveal that the apoptotic DNA damage observed in the DNA ladder-deficient SK-N-AS cells is characterized by the presence of single-strand nicks/breaks. Apoptotic single-strand breaks can be impaired by DFF40/CAD knockdown, abrogating nuclear collapse and disassembly. In conclusion, the highest order of chromatin compaction observed in the later steps of caspase-dependent apoptosis relies on DFF40/CAD-mediated DNA damage by generating 3'-OH ends in single-strand rather than double-strand DNA nicks/breaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Iglesias-Guimarais
- Cell Death, Senescence, and Survival Group, Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular and Institut de Neurociències, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
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Driving apoptosis-relevant proteins toward neural differentiation. Mol Neurobiol 2012; 46:316-31. [PMID: 22752662 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-012-8289-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Accepted: 06/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that apoptosis regulators and executioners may control cell fate, without involving cell death per se. Indeed, several conserved elements of apoptosis are integral components of terminal differentiation, which must be restrictively activated to assure differentiation efficiency, and carefully regulated to avoid cell loss. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying key checkpoints responsible for neural differentiation, as an alternative to cell death will surely make stem cells more suitable for neuro-replacement therapies. In this review, we summarize recent studies on the mechanisms underlying the non-apoptotic function of p53, caspases, and Bcl-2 family members during neural differentiation. In addition, we discuss how apoptosis-regulatory proteins control the decision between differentiation, self-renewal, and cell death in neural stem cells, and how activity is restrained to prevent cell loss.
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Basu S, Rajakaruna S, Menko AS. Insulin-like growth factor receptor-1 and nuclear factor κB are crucial survival signals that regulate caspase-3-mediated lens epithelial cell differentiation initiation. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:8384-97. [PMID: 22275359 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.341586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
It is now known that the function of the caspase family of proteases is not restricted to effectors of programmed cell death. For example, there is a significant non-apoptotic role for caspase-3 in cell differentiation. Our own studies in the developing lens show that caspase-3 is activated downstream of the canonical mitochondrial death pathway to act as a molecular switch in signaling lens cell differentiation. Importantly, for this function, caspase-3 is activated at levels far below those that induce apoptosis. We now have provided evidence that regulation of caspase-3 for its role in differentiation induction is dependent on the insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) survival-signaling pathway. IGF-1R executed this regulation of caspase-3 by controlling the expression of molecules in the Bcl-2 and inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP) families. This effect of IGF-1R was mediated through NFκB, demonstrated here to function as a crucial downstream effector of IGF-1R. Inhibition of expression or activation of NFκB blocked expression of survival proteins in the Bcl-2 and IAP families and removed controls on the activation state of caspase-3. The high level of caspase-3 activation that resulted from inhibiting this IGF-1R/NFκB signaling pathway redirected cell fate from differentiation toward apoptosis. These results provided the first evidence that the IGF-1R/NFκB cell survival signal is a crucial regulator of the level of caspase-3 activation for its non-apoptotic function in signaling cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhasree Basu
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA
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Apoptosis Induction in Primary Human Colorectal Cancer Cell Lines and Retarded Tumor Growth in SCID Mice by Sulforaphane. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2011; 2012:415231. [PMID: 21804859 PMCID: PMC3139908 DOI: 10.1155/2012/415231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2011] [Revised: 04/28/2011] [Accepted: 05/02/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated the anticancer effects of the dietary isothiocyanate sulforaphane (SFN) on colorectal cancer (CRC), using primary cancer cells lines isolated from five Taiwanese colorectal cancer patients as the model for colorectal cancer. SFN-treated cells accumulated in metaphase (SFN 6.25 μM) and subG1 (SFN 12.5 and 25 μM) as determined by flow cytometry. In addition, treated cells showed nuclear apoptotic morphology that coincided with an activation of caspase-3, and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm). Incubations at higher SFN doses (12.5 and 25 μM) resulted in cleavage of procaspase-3 and elevated caspase-2, -3, -8, and -9 activity, suggesting that the induction of apoptosis and the sulforaphane-induced mitosis delay at the lower dose are independently regulated. Daily SFN s.c. injections (400 micromol/kg/d for 3 weeks) in severe combined immunodeficient mice with primary human CRC (CP1 to CP5) s.c. tumors resulted in a decrease of mean tumor weight by 70% compared with vehicle-treated controls. Our findings suggest that, in addition to the known effects on cancer prevention, sulforaphane may have antitumor activity in established colorectal cancer.
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