1
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Ikuta T, Kanda H. Tumor formation at ileocecal junction associated with interleukin-1β upregulation in aryl hydrocarbon receptor-deficient mouse. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2024; 38:e23736. [PMID: 38769691 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.23736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a ligand-dependent transcription factor. We previously reported spontaneous ileocecal tumorigenesis in AhR-deficient mice after the age of 10 weeks, which originated in the confined area between ileum and cecum. This study aimed to investigate the underlying mechanism that causes tumor development at this particular location. To observe mucosal architecture in detail, tissues of ileocecal region were stained with methylene blue. Gene expression profile in the ileocecal tissue was compared with cecum. Immunohistochemical analysis was performed with ileocecal tissues using antibodies against ileum-specific Reg3β or cecum-specific Pitx2. In AhR+/+ mice and AhR+/- mice, that do not develop lesions, methylene blue staining revealed the gradually changing shape and arrangement of villi from ileum to cecum. It was also observed in AhR-deficient mice before developing lesions. Microarray-based analysis revealed abundant antimicrobial genes, such as Reg3, in the ileocecal tissue while FGFR2 and Pitx2 were specific to cecum. Immunohistochemical analysis of AhR-deficient mice indicated that lesions originated from the ileocecal junction, a boundary area between different epithelial types. Site-specific gene expression analysis revealed higher expression of IL-1β at the ileocecal junction compared with the ileum or cecum of 9-11-week-old AhR-deficient mice. These findings indicate that AhR plays a vital function in the ileocecal junction. Regulating AhR activity can potentially manage the stability of ileocecal tissue possessing cancer-prone characteristics. This investigation contributes to understanding homeostasis in different epithelial transitional tissues, frequently associated with pathological states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Togo Ikuta
- Department of Cancer Prevention, Research Institute for Clinical Oncology, Saitama Cancer Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kanda
- Department of Pathology, Saitama Cancer Center, Saitama, Japan
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2
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Mitoyan L, Gard C, Nin S, Loriod B, Guasch G. Defining Anorectal Transition Zone Heterogeneity Using Single-Cell RNA Sequencing. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2650:89-103. [PMID: 37310626 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3076-1_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Special regions called transition zones (TZs) are found at numerous places in the body. TZs represent the junction between two different types of epithelia and are located between the esophagus and the stomach, in the cervix, in the eye, and between the anal canal and the rectum. TZ is a heterogeneous population, and the detailed characterization of its populations requires an analysis at the single-cell level. In this chapter, we provide a protocol to do single-cell RNA sequencing primary analysis of anal canal, TZ, and rectum epithelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louciné Mitoyan
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CRCM, Epithelial Stem Cells and Cancer Team, Marseille, France
| | - Charlyne Gard
- Aix-Marseille University, INSERM, TAGC, TGML, Marseille, France
| | - Sébastien Nin
- Aix-Marseille University, INSERM, TAGC, TGML, Marseille, France
| | - Béatrice Loriod
- Aix-Marseille University, INSERM, TAGC, TGML, Marseille, France
| | - Géraldine Guasch
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CRCM, Epithelial Stem Cells and Cancer Team, Marseille, France.
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3
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Mitoyan L, Gard C, Nin S, Loriod B, Guasch G. In Vivo Model for Isolating Epithelial Cells of the Anorectal Transition Zone. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2650:43-52. [PMID: 37310622 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3076-1_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Different epithelia line the body and organs and form a continuous lining of cells. The junction of two different types of epithelia represents a special region called transition zone (TZ). TZ are small areas found in numerous places in the body such as between the esophagus and the stomach, in the cervix, in the eye, and between the anal canal and the rectum. These zones are associated with diverse pathologies such as cancers; however, the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in tumor progression are poorly investigated. We recently characterized the role of anorectal TZ cells during homeostasis and after injury using an in vivo (lineage tracing) approach. To follow TZ cells, we previously developed a mouse model of lineage tracing using cytokeratin 17 (Krt17) as a promoter and GFP as a reporter. Krt17 is expressed by TZ but also by anal glands located below the TZ in the stroma that can interfere with TZ cell population isolation and analysis afterward. In this chapter, we provide a new dissection method to remove specifically anal glands without affecting anorectal TZ cells. This protocol allows the specific dissection and isolation of anal canal, TZ, and rectum epithelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louciné Mitoyan
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, Institute Paoli-Calmettes, CRCM, Epithelial Stem Cells and Cancer Team, Marseille, France
| | - Charlyne Gard
- Aix-Marseille University, INSERM, TAGC, TGML, Marseille, France
| | - Sébastien Nin
- Aix-Marseille University, INSERM, TAGC, TGML, Marseille, France
| | - Béatrice Loriod
- Aix-Marseille University, INSERM, TAGC, TGML, Marseille, France
| | - Géraldine Guasch
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, Institute Paoli-Calmettes, CRCM, Epithelial Stem Cells and Cancer Team, Marseille, France.
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4
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Farrelly O, Suzuki-Horiuchi Y, Brewster M, Kuri P, Huang S, Rice G, Bae H, Xu J, Dentchev T, Lee V, Rompolas P. Two-photon live imaging of single corneal stem cells reveals compartmentalized organization of the limbal niche. Cell Stem Cell 2021; 28:1233-1247.e4. [PMID: 33984283 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2021.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The functional heterogeneity of resident stem cells that support adult organs is incompletely understood. Here, we directly visualize the corneal limbus in the eyes of live mice and identify discrete stem cell niche compartments. By recording the life cycle of individual stem cells and their progeny, we directly analyze their fates and show that their location within the tissue can predict their differentiation status. Stem cells in the inner limbus undergo mostly symmetric divisions and are required to sustain the population of transient progenitors that support corneal homeostasis. Using in situ photolabeling, we captured their progeny exiting the niche before moving centripetally in unison. The long-implicated slow-cycling stem cells are functionally distinct and display local clonal dynamics during homeostasis but can contribute to corneal regeneration after injury. This study demonstrates how the compartmentalized organization of functionally diverse stem cell populations supports the maintenance and regeneration of an adult organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Farrelly
- Department of Dermatology, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Yoko Suzuki-Horiuchi
- Department of Dermatology, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Megan Brewster
- Department of Dermatology, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Paola Kuri
- Department of Dermatology, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sixia Huang
- Department of Dermatology, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Gabriella Rice
- Department of Dermatology, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Hyunjin Bae
- Department of Dermatology, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jianming Xu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Tzvete Dentchev
- Department of Dermatology, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Vivian Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Panteleimon Rompolas
- Department of Dermatology, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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5
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Mitoyan L, Chevrier V, Hernandez-Vargas H, Ollivier A, Homayed Z, Pannequin J, Poizat F, De Biasi-Cador C, Charafe-Jauffret E, Ginestier C, Guasch G. A stem cell population at the anorectal junction maintains homeostasis and participates in tissue regeneration. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2761. [PMID: 33980830 PMCID: PMC8115161 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23034-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
At numerous locations of the body, transition zones are localized at the crossroad between two types of epithelium and are frequently associated with neoplasia involving both type of tissues. These transition zones contain cells expressing markers of adult stem cells that can be the target of early transformation. The mere fact that transition zone cells can merge different architecture with separate functions implies for a unique plasticity that these cells must display in steady state. However, their roles during tissue regeneration in normal and injured state remain unknown. Here, by using in vivo lineage tracing, single-cell transcriptomics, computational modeling and a three-dimensional organoid culture system of transition zone cells, we identify a population of Krt17+ basal cells with multipotent properties at the squamo-columnar anorectal junction that maintain a squamous epithelium during normal homeostasis and can participate in the repair of a glandular epithelium following tissue injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louciné Mitoyan
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CRCM, Epithelial Stem Cells and Cancer Team, Marseille, France
| | - Véronique Chevrier
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CRCM, Epithelial Stem Cells and Cancer Team, Marseille, France
| | - Hector Hernandez-Vargas
- Department of Immunity, Virus and Inflammation, Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), Inserm U 1052, CNRS UMR 5286, Université de Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon Cedex 08, France.,Department of Translational Research and Innovation, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon Cedex 08, France
| | - Alexane Ollivier
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CRCM, Epithelial Stem Cells and Cancer Team, Marseille, France
| | - Zeinab Homayed
- CNRS, UMR5203, Inserm U661, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Montpellier, France
| | - Julie Pannequin
- CNRS, UMR5203, Inserm U661, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Montpellier, France
| | - Flora Poizat
- Department of Biopathology, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France
| | | | - Emmanuelle Charafe-Jauffret
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CRCM, Epithelial Stem Cells and Cancer Team, Marseille, France.,Department of Biopathology, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France
| | - Christophe Ginestier
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CRCM, Epithelial Stem Cells and Cancer Team, Marseille, France
| | - Géraldine Guasch
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, INSERM, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, CRCM, Epithelial Stem Cells and Cancer Team, Marseille, France.
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6
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Ragle LE, Bruno RD, Boulanger CA, Smith GH. Long-label-retaining mammary epithelial cells are created early in ductal development and distributed throughout the branching ducts. Mech Dev 2019; 159:103565. [PMID: 31336167 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2019.103565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Long-label retention has been used by many to prove Cairns' immortal strand hypothesis and to identify potential stem cells. Here, we describe two strategies using 5-ethynl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) to identify and understand the distribution of long-label-retaining mammary epithelial cells during formation of the mouse mammary ductal system. First, EdU was given upon two consecutive days per week during weeks 4 through 10 and analyzed for label retention at 13 weeks of age. Alternatively, EdU was given for 14 consecutive days beginning at 28 days of age and ending at 42 days of age. Analyses were conducted at >91 days of age (13 weeks). Many more LREC were detected following the second labeling method and their distribution among the subsequently developed ducts. This finding indicated that the early-labeled cells that retained their label were distributed into portions of the gland that developed after the ending of EdU treatment (i.e. 42->91 days). These observations may have important meaning with respect to the previously demonstrated retention of regenerative capacity throughout the mouse mammary gland despite age or reproductive history. These results suggest LREC may represent long-lived progenitor cells that are responsible for mammary gland homeostasis. Additionally, these cells may act as multipotent stem cells capable of mammary gland regeneration upon random fragment transplantation into epithelium-denuded mammary fat pads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E Ragle
- Mammary Stem Cell Section, BRL, CCR, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States of America
| | - Robert D Bruno
- School of Medical Diagnostic and Translational Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA 23529, United States of America
| | - Corinne A Boulanger
- Mammary Stem Cell Section, BRL, CCR, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States of America
| | - Gilbert H Smith
- Mammary Stem Cell Section, BRL, CCR, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States of America.
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7
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Fu DJ, Miller AD, Southard TL, Flesken-Nikitin A, Ellenson LH, Nikitin AY. Stem Cell Pathology. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2017; 13:71-92. [PMID: 29059010 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-020117-043935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Rapid advances in stem cell biology and regenerative medicine have opened new opportunities for better understanding disease pathogenesis and the development of new diagnostic, prognostic, and treatment approaches. Many stem cell niches are well defined anatomically, thereby allowing their routine pathological evaluation during disease initiation and progression. Evaluation of the consequences of genetic manipulations in stem cells and investigation of the roles of stem cells in regenerative medicine and pathogenesis of various diseases such as cancer require significant expertise in pathology for accurate interpretation of novel findings. Therefore, there is an urgent need for developing stem cell pathology as a discipline to facilitate stem cell research and regenerative medicine. This review provides examples of anatomically defined niches suitable for evaluation by diagnostic pathologists, describes neoplastic lesions associated with them, and discusses further directions of stem cell pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dah-Jiun Fu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Cornell Stem Cell Program, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA;
| | - Andrew D Miller
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Cornell Stem Cell Program, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA;
| | - Teresa L Southard
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Cornell Stem Cell Program, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA;
| | - Andrea Flesken-Nikitin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Cornell Stem Cell Program, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA;
| | - Lora H Ellenson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Alexander Yu Nikitin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Cornell Stem Cell Program, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA;
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8
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Sartaj R, Zhang C, Wan P, Pasha Z, Guaiquil V, Liu A, Liu J, Luo Y, Fuchs E, Rosenblatt MI. Characterization of slow cycling corneal limbal epithelial cells identifies putative stem cell markers. Sci Rep 2017. [PMID: 28630424 PMCID: PMC5476663 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04006-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to identify reliable markers of corneal epithelial stem cells, we employed an inducible transgenic “pulse-chase” murine model (K5Tta × TRE-H2BGFP) to localize, purify, and characterize slow cycling cells in the cornea. The retention of GFP labeling in slowly dividing cells allowed for localization of these cells to the corneal limbus and their subsequent purification by FACS. Transcriptome analysis from slow cycling cells identified differentially expressed genes when comparing to GFP- faster-dividing cells. RNA-Seq data from corneal epithelium were compared to epidermal hair follicle stem cell RNA-Seq to identify genes representing common putative stem cell markers or determinants, which included Sox9, Fzd7, Actn1, Anxa3 and Krt17. Overlapping retention of GFP and immunohistochemical expression of Krt15, ΔNp63, Sox9, Actn1, Fzd7 and Krt17 were observed in our transgenic model. Our analysis presents an array of novel genes as putative corneal stem cell markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Sartaj
- University of Illinois, Chicago, USA
| | - C Zhang
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, USA
| | - P Wan
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, USA
| | - Z Pasha
- University of Illinois, Chicago, USA
| | | | - A Liu
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, USA
| | - J Liu
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, USA
| | - Y Luo
- University of Illinois, Chicago, USA
| | - E Fuchs
- The Rockefeller University, New York, USA
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9
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Wasserman P, Rubin DS, Turett G. Review: Anal Intraepithelial Neoplasia in HIV-Infected Men Who Have Sex with Men: Is Screening and Treatment Justified? AIDS Patient Care STDS 2017; 31:245-253. [PMID: 28530494 DOI: 10.1089/apc.2017.0063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Anal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the fourth most prevalent cancer in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected men who have sex with men (MSM). Human papillomavirus (HPV) has been detected in over 90% of anal carcinoma biopsy specimens from MSM, and is considered a necessary, but alone, insufficient factor for carcinogenesis. Anal intraepithelial neoplasia (AIN) may be precursive for SCC, and screening cytology with referral of persons with abnormality for high-resolution anoscopy-guided biopsy, and AIN treatment, has been recommended for prevention. In the absence of either randomized controlled trials or surveillance data demonstrating a reduction in anal SCC incidence, these recommendations were based on analogy with cervical cancer. HPV-mediated genetic changes associated with cervical cancer, and aneuploidy, have been documented in AIN. However, little data exist on the rate of AIN progression to SCC. The treatment of AIN is frequently prolonged and not curative, and if routinized in the care of HIV-infected MSM, would likely be recurring well into their sixth decade of life. Clinical trials demonstrating a reduction in invasive anal carcinoma incidence, as well as acceptable morbidity with repeated AIN destruction, are needed before asking our patients to commit to routine treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Wasserman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Queens, Flushing, New York
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | | | - Glenn Turett
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Queens, Flushing, New York
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10
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McCauley HA, Chevrier V, Birnbaum D, Guasch G. De-repression of the RAC activator ELMO1 in cancer stem cells drives progression of TGFβ-deficient squamous cell carcinoma from transition zones. eLife 2017; 6:e22914. [PMID: 28219480 PMCID: PMC5319840 DOI: 10.7554/elife.22914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Squamous cell carcinomas occurring at transition zones are highly malignant tumors with poor prognosis. The identity of the cell population and the signaling pathways involved in the progression of transition zone squamous cell carcinoma are poorly understood, hence representing limited options for targeted therapies. Here, we identify a highly tumorigenic cancer stem cell population in a mouse model of transitional epithelial carcinoma and uncover a novel mechanism by which loss of TGFβ receptor II (Tgfbr2) mediates invasion and metastasis through de-repression of ELMO1, a RAC-activating guanine exchange factor, specifically in cancer stem cells of transition zone tumors. We identify ELMO1 as a novel target of TGFβ signaling and show that restoration of Tgfbr2 results in a complete block of ELMO1 in vivo. Knocking down Elmo1 impairs metastasis of carcinoma cells to the lung, thereby providing insights into the mechanisms of progression of Tgfbr2-deficient invasive transition zone squamous cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather A McCauley
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, United States
| | - Véronique Chevrier
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), Inserm, U1068, F-13009, CNRS, UMR7258, F-13009, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, F-13009, Aix-Marseille University, UM 105, F-13284, Marseille, France
| | - Daniel Birnbaum
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), Inserm, U1068, F-13009, CNRS, UMR7258, F-13009, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, F-13009, Aix-Marseille University, UM 105, F-13284, Marseille, France
| | - Géraldine Guasch
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, United States
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), Inserm, U1068, F-13009, CNRS, UMR7258, F-13009, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, F-13009, Aix-Marseille University, UM 105, F-13284, Marseille, France
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11
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Miller CL, Muthupalani S, Shen Z, Drees F, Ge Z, Feng Y, Chen X, Gong G, Nagar KK, Wang TC, Gertler FB, Fox JG. Lamellipodin-Deficient Mice: A Model of Rectal Carcinoma. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152940. [PMID: 27045955 PMCID: PMC4821566 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
During a survey of clinical rectal prolapse (RP) cases in the mouse population at MIT animal research facilities, a high incidence of RP in the lamellipodin knock-out strain, C57BL/6-Raph1tm1Fbg (Lpd-/-) was documented. Upon further investigation, the Lpd-/- colony was found to be infected with multiple endemic enterohepatic Helicobacter species (EHS). Lpd-/- mice, a transgenic mouse strain produced at MIT, have not previously shown a distinct immune phenotype and are not highly susceptible to other opportunistic infections. Predominantly male Lpd-/- mice with RP exhibited lesions consistent with invasive rectal carcinoma concomitant to clinically evident RP. Multiple inflammatory cytokines, CD11b+Gr1+ myeloid-derived suppressor cell (MDSC) populations, and epithelial cells positive for a DNA damage biomarker, H2AX, were elevated in affected tissue, supporting their role in the neoplastic process. An evaluation of Lpd-/- mice with RP compared to EHS-infected, but clinically normal (CN) Lpd-/- animals indicated that all of these mice exhibit some degree of lower bowel inflammation; however, mice with prolapses had significantly higher degree of focal lesions at the colo-rectal junction. When Helicobacter spp. infections were eliminated in Lpd-/- mice by embryo transfer rederivation, the disease phenotype was abrogated, implicating EHS as a contributing factor in the development of rectal carcinoma. Here we describe lesions in Lpd-/- male mice consistent with a focal inflammation-induced neoplastic transformation and propose this strain as a mouse model of rectal carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra L. Miller
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Sureshkumar Muthupalani
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Zeli Shen
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Frauke Drees
- David H Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Zhongming Ge
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Yan Feng
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Xiaowei Chen
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Guanyu Gong
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Karan K. Nagar
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Timothy C. Wang
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Frank B. Gertler
- David H Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - James G. Fox
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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12
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Abstract
Although anal cancer remains a relatively uncommon tumour its frequency is rising, especially in high-risk groups. It is now well recognized that anal squamous cell carcinoma, the largely predominant tumour type, shares many similarities with cancer of the uterine cervix, with a major role for oncogenic human papilloma viruses in both tumours. Anal squamous precancerous lesions have now to be classified with the same criteria and terminology as their cervical counterparts, by using the Lower Anogenital Squamous Terminology (LAST) proposal. Only p16 protein is a useful marker in this setting at the present time. As most cases of anal cancer are treated by non-surgical procedures, pathology has a limited role in the staging of the disease, except for early lesions treated by local excision, and when the sentinel lymph node procedure is undertaken that is still under evaluation. A variety of other tumour types can occur more rarely, with difficult diagnostic issues, solved in most cases by immunohistochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Fléjou
- Service d'Anatomie et Cytologie Pathologiques, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Paris, France
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13
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McCauley HA, Liu CY, Attia AC, Wikenheiser-Brokamp KA, Zhang Y, Whitsett JA, Guasch G. TGFβ signaling inhibits goblet cell differentiation via SPDEF in conjunctival epithelium. Development 2014; 141:4628-39. [PMID: 25377551 DOI: 10.1242/dev.117804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The ocular surface epithelia, including the stratified but non-keratinized corneal, limbal and conjunctival epithelium, in concert with the epidermal keratinized eyelid epithelium, function together to maintain eye health and vision. Abnormalities in cellular proliferation or differentiation in any of these surface epithelia are central in the pathogenesis of many ocular surface disorders. Goblet cells are important secretory cell components of various epithelia, including the conjunctiva; however, mechanisms that regulate goblet cell differentiation in the conjunctiva are not well understood. Herein, we report that conditional deletion of transforming growth factor β receptor II (Tgfbr2) in keratin 14-positive stratified epithelia causes ocular surface epithelial hyperplasia and conjunctival goblet cell expansion that invaginates into the subconjunctival stroma in the mouse eye. We found that, in the absence of an external phenotype, the ocular surface epithelium develops properly, but young mice displayed conjunctival goblet cell expansion, demonstrating that TGFβ signaling is required for normal restriction of goblet cells within the conjunctiva. We observed increased expression of SAM-pointed domain containing ETS transcription factor (SPDEF) in stratified conjunctival epithelial cells in Tgfbr2 cKO mice, suggesting that TGFβ restricted goblet cell differentiation directly by repressing Spdef transcription. Gain of function of Spdef in keratin 14-positive epithelia resulted in the ectopic formation of goblet cells in the eyelid and peripheral cornea in adult mice. We found that Smad3 bound two distinct sites on the Spdef promoter and that treatment of keratin 14-positive cells with TGFβ inhibited SPDEF activation, thereby identifying a novel mechanistic role for TGFβ in regulating goblet cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather A McCauley
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnett Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Chia-Yang Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Edith J. Crawley Vision Research Center, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Aria C Attia
- Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnett Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Kathryn A Wikenheiser-Brokamp
- Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnett Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati, 3333 Burnett Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Yujin Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Edith J. Crawley Vision Research Center, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Whitsett
- Division of Pulmonary Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnett Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Géraldine Guasch
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnett Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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14
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The Great Divide: Understanding Cloacal Septation, Malformation, and Implications for Surgeons. Pediatr Surg Int 2014; 30:1089-95. [PMID: 25217828 PMCID: PMC4302733 DOI: 10.1007/s00383-014-3593-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The anorectal and urogenital systems arise from a common embryonic structure termed cloaca. Subsequent development leads to the division/septation of the cloaca into the urethra, urinary bladder, vagina, anal canal, and rectum. Defective cloacal development and the resulting anorectal and urogenital malformations are some of the most severe congenital anomalies encountered in children. In the most severe form in females, the rectum, vagina, and urethra fail to develop separately and drain via a single common channel known as a cloaca into the perineum. In this review, we summarize our current knowledge of embryonic cloaca development and malformation, and compare them to what has already been described in the literature. We describe the use of mouse models of cloaca malformation to understand which signaling pathways and cellular mechanisms are involved in the process of normal cloaca development. We also discuss the embryological correlation of the epithelial and stromal histology found in step sections of the common channel in 14 human cloaca malformations. Finally, we highlight the significance of these findings, compare them to prior studies, and discuss their implications for the pediatric surgeons. Understanding and identifying the molecular basis for cloaca malformation could provide foundation for tissue engineering efforts that in the future would reflect better surgical reconstruction and improved quality of life for patients.
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15
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Flesken-Nikitin A, Odai-Afotey AA, Nikitin AY. Role of the stem cell niche in the pathogenesis of epithelial ovarian cancers. Mol Cell Oncol 2014; 1:e963435. [PMID: 27308341 PMCID: PMC4905019 DOI: 10.4161/23723548.2014.963435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 08/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the fifth leading cause of cancer-related deaths among women in the United States. Recent extensive genomic analyses of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC), particularly the most common and deadly form of high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma, have provided important insights into the repertoire of molecular aberrations that are characteristic for this malignancy. However, interpretation of the discovered aberrations is complicated because the origin and mechanisms of progression of EOC remain uncertain. Here, we summarize current views on the cell of origin of EOC and discuss recent findings of a cancer-prone stem cell niche for ovarian surface epithelium, one of the major likely sources of EOC. We also outline future directions and challenges in studying the role of stem cell niches in EOC pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Flesken-Nikitin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Stem Cell Program; Cornell University ; Ithaca, NY USA
| | - Ashley A Odai-Afotey
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Stem Cell Program; Cornell University ; Ithaca, NY USA
| | - Alexander Yu Nikitin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Stem Cell Program; Cornell University ; Ithaca, NY USA
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16
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Patterson AL, Pru JK. Long-term label retaining cells localize to distinct regions within the female reproductive epithelium. Cell Cycle 2014; 12:2888-98. [PMID: 24018418 DOI: 10.4161/cc.25917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The uterus is an extremely plastic organ that undergoes cyclical remodeling including endometrial regeneration during the menstrual cycle. Endometrial remodeling and regeneration also occur during pregnancy and following parturition, particularly in hemochorial implanting species. The mechanisms of endometrial regeneration are not well understood. Endometrial stem/progenitor cells are proposed to contribute to endometrial regeneration in both humans and mice. BrdU label retention has been used to identify potential stem/progenitor cells in mouse endometrium. However, methods are not available to isolate BrdU label-retaining cells (LRC) for functional analyses. Therefore, we employed a transgenic mouse model to identify H2B-GFP LRCs throughout the female reproductive tract with particular interest on the endometrium. We hypothesized that the female reproductive tract contains a population of long-term LRCs that persist even following pregnancy and endometrial regeneration. Endometrial cells were labeled (pulsed) either transplacentally/translactationally or peripubertally. When mice were pulsed transplacentally/translactationally, the label was not retained in the uterus. However, LRCs were concentrated to the distal oviduct and endocervical transition zone (TZ) following natural (i.e., pregnancy/parturition induced) and mechanically induced endometrial regeneration. LRCs in the distal oviduct and endocervical TZ expressed stem cell markers and did not express ERα or PGR, implying the undifferentiated phenotype of these cells. Oviduct and endocervical TZ LRCs did not proliferate during endometrial re-epithelialization, suggesting that they do not contribute to the endometrium in a stem/progenitor cell capacity. In contrast, when mice were pulsed peripubertally long-term LRCs were identified in the endometrial glandular compartment in mice as far out as 9 months post-pulse. These findings suggest that epithelial tissue of the female reproductive tract contains 3 distinct populations of epithelial cells that exhibit stem/progenitor cell qualities. Distinct stem/progenitor-like cells localize to the oviduct, endometrium, and cervix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L Patterson
- Center for Reproductive Biology; Department of Animal Sciences; Washington State University; Pullman, WA USA
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17
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Runck LA, Method A, Bischoff A, Levitt M, Peña A, Collins MH, Gupta A, Shanmukhappa S, Wells JM, Guasch G. Defining the molecular pathologies in cloaca malformation: similarities between mouse and human. Dis Model Mech 2014; 7:483-93. [PMID: 24524909 PMCID: PMC3974458 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.014530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Anorectal malformations are congenital anomalies that form a spectrum of disorders, from the most benign type with excellent functional prognosis, to very complex, such as cloaca malformation in females in which the rectum, vagina and urethra fail to develop separately and instead drain via a single common channel into the perineum. The severity of this phenotype suggests that the defect occurs in the early stages of embryonic development of the organs derived from the cloaca. Owing to the inability to directly investigate human embryonic cloaca development, current research has relied on the use of mouse models of anorectal malformations. However, even studies of mouse embryos lack analysis of the earliest stages of cloaca patterning and morphogenesis. Here we compared human and mouse cloaca development and retrospectively identified that early mis-patterning of the embryonic cloaca might underlie the most severe forms of anorectal malformation in humans. In mouse, we identified that defective sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling results in early dorsal-ventral epithelial abnormalities prior to the reported defects in septation. This is manifested by the absence of Sox2 and aberrant expression of keratins in the embryonic cloaca of Shh knockout mice. Shh knockout embryos additionally develop a hypervascular stroma, which is defective in BMP signaling. These epithelial and stromal defects persist later, creating an indeterminate epithelium with molecular alterations in the common channel. We then used these animals to perform a broad comparison with patients with mild-to-severe forms of anorectal malformations including cloaca malformation. We found striking parallels with the Shh mouse model, including nearly identical defective molecular identity of the epithelium and surrounding stroma. Our work strongly suggests that early embryonic cloacal epithelial differentiation defects might be the underlying cause of severe forms of anorectal malformations in humans. Moreover, deranged Shh and BMP signaling is correlated with severe anorectal malformations in both mouse and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Runck
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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18
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McNairn AJ, Doucet Y, Demaude J, Brusadelli M, Gordon CB, Uribe-Rivera A, Lambert PF, Bouez C, Breton L, Guasch G. TGFβ signaling regulates lipogenesis in human sebaceous glands cells. BMC DERMATOLOGY 2013; 13:2. [PMID: 23343495 PMCID: PMC3610216 DOI: 10.1186/1471-5945-13-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Sebaceous glands are components of the skin essential for its normal lubrication by the production of sebum. This contributes to skin health and more importantly is crucial for the skin barrier function. A mechanistic understanding of sebaceous gland cells growth and differentiation has lagged behind that for keratinocytes, partly because of a lack of an in vitro model that can be used for experimental manipulation. Methods We have developed an in vitro culture model to isolate and grow primary human sebocytes without transformation that display functional characteristics of sebocytes. We used this novel method to probe the effect of Transforming Growth Factor β (TGFβ) signaling on sebocyte differentiation, by examining the expression of genes involved in lipogenesis upon treatment with TGFβ1. We also repressed TGFβ signaling through knockdown of the TGFβ Receptor II to address if the effect of TGFβ activation is mediated via canonical Smad signal transduction. Results We find that activation of the TGFβ signaling pathway is necessary and sufficient for maintaining sebocytes in an undifferentiated state. The presence of TGFβ ligand triggered decreased expression in genes required for the production of characteristics sebaceous lipids and for sebocyte differentiation such as FADS2 and PPARγ, thereby decreasing lipid accumulation through the TGFβ RII-Smad2 dependent pathway. Conclusion TGFβ signaling plays an essential role in sebaceous gland regulation by maintaining sebocytes in an undifferentiated state. This data was generated using a novel method for human sebocyte culture, which is likely to prove generally useful in investigations of sebaceous gland growth and differentiation. These findings open a new paradigm in human skin biology with important implications for skin therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian J McNairn
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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19
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Abstract
Orthotopic transplantation of tumor tissue into recipient mice has long been established to study the role of the microenvironment in tumorigenesis and metastasis. Many of these transplantation assays involve the surgical implantation of an undissociated piece of tumor tissue. However, dissociation of tumor tissue into a single cell suspension prior to orthotopic transplantation enables the injection of fewer cell numbers, the selection of tumor-initiating populations by specific purification using antibody staining and fluorescence-activated cell sorting, and the analysis of tumor-forming efficiency.In this chapter, we provide a method to perform serial transplantation of tumor cells into their niche of origin. Visualization of the location of transplanted tumor cells is essential to confirm the success of the transplant as well as the viability of transplanted cells. We also describe an optimized immunofluorescence protocol to visualize tumor cells shortly after transplantation. This serial transplantation protocol allows for an experimental tumorigenesis assay to more closely mimic spontaneous tumor formation and is applicable to many microenvironments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather A McCauley
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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20
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Terskikh VV, Vasiliev AV, Vorotelyak EA. Label retaining cells and cutaneous stem cells. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2012; 8:414-25. [PMID: 21744048 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-011-9299-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This is a comprehensive review on label retaining cells (LRC) in epidermal development and homeostasis. The precise in vivo identification and location of epidermal stem cells is a crucial issue in cutaneous biology. We discuss here the following problems: (1) Identification and location of LRC in the interfollicular epithelium and hair follicle; (2) The proliferative potential of LRC and their role in cutaneous homeostasis (3); LRC phenomenon and the Immortal Strand Hypothesis, which suggests an alternative mechanism for retention of genetic information; (4) Significance of LRC studies for development of stem cell concept. Now, it seems evident that LRC are a frequent feature of stem cell niches and revealing highly dormant LRC may be used for identification of stem cell niches in different tissues. LRC were used for screening specific markers of epidermal stem cells. Within a given tissue stem cells have different proliferative characteristics. There are more frequently cycling stem cells which function primarily in homeostasis, while LRC form a reserve of dormant, may be ultimate, stem cells, which are set aside for regeneration of injury or unforeseen need. The authors suggest that LRC dormancy described in Mammalia has much in common with developmental quiescence found in some other animals. For example in C. elegans reproductive system, vulval precursor cells have developmentally programmed cell-cycle arrest in the first larval stage, and then undergo an extended period of quiescence before resuming proliferation. Another example of developmental quiescence is the diapause, a widespread phenomenon exhibited by animals ranging from nematodes to mammals, often occurring at genetically predetermined life history stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasily V Terskikh
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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21
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Kishimoto H, Aki R, Urata Y, Bouvet M, Momiyama M, Tanaka N, Fujiwara T, Hoffman RM. Tumor-selective, adenoviral-mediated GFP genetic labeling of human cancer in the live mouse reports future recurrence after resection. Cell Cycle 2011; 10:2737-41. [PMID: 21785265 DOI: 10.4161/cc.10.16.16756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously developed a telomerase-specific replicating adenovirus expressing GFP (OBP-401), which can selectively label tumors in vivo with GFP. Intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of OBP-401 specifically labeled peritoneal tumors with GFP, enabling fluorescence visualization of the disseminated disease and real-time fluorescence surgical navigation. However, the technical problems with removing all cancer cells still remain, even with fluorescence-guided surgery. In this study, we report imaging of tumor recurrence after fluorescence-guided surgery of tumors labeled in vivo with the telomerase-dependent, GFP-containing adenovirus OBP-401.. Recurrent tumor nodules brightly expressed GFP, indicating that initial OBP-401-GFP labeling of peritoneal disease was genetically stable, such that proliferating residual cancer cells still express GFP. In situ tumor labeling with a genetic reporter has important advantages over antibody and other non-genetic labeling of tumors, since residual disease remains labeled during recurrence and can be further resected under fluorescence guidance.
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