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Zakiryanova GK, Wheeler S, Shurin MR. Oncogenes in immune cells as potential therapeutic targets. Immunotargets Ther 2018; 7:21-28. [PMID: 29692982 PMCID: PMC5903485 DOI: 10.2147/itt.s150586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of deregulated expression of oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes in tumor development has been intensively investigated for decades. However, expression of oncogenes and their potential role in immune cell defects during carcinogenesis and tumor progression have not been thoroughly assessed. The defects in proto-oncogenes have been well documented and evaluated mostly in tumor cells, despite the fact that proto-oncogenes are expressed in all cells, including cells of the immune system. In this review, key studies from immune-mediated diseases that may be associated with oncogene signaling pathways are refocused to provide groundwork for beginning to understand the effects of oncogenes in and on the cancer-related immune system dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulnur K Zakiryanova
- Department Biophysics and Biomedicine, Faculty Biology and Biotechnology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Sarah Wheeler
- Division of Clinical Immunopathology, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Michael R Shurin
- Division of Clinical Immunopathology, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Poole CJ, Zheng W, Lodh A, Yevtodiyenko A, Liefwalker D, Li H, Felsher DW, van Riggelen J. DNMT3B overexpression contributes to aberrant DNA methylation and MYC-driven tumor maintenance in T-ALL and Burkitt's lymphoma. Oncotarget 2017; 8:76898-76920. [PMID: 29100357 PMCID: PMC5652751 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant DNA methylation is a hallmark of cancer. However, our understanding of how tumor cell-specific DNA methylation patterns are established and maintained is limited. Here, we report that in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) and Burkitt's lymphoma the MYC oncogene causes overexpression of DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) 1 and 3B, which contributes to tumor maintenance. By utilizing a tetracycline-regulated MYC transgene in a mouse T-ALL (EμSRα-tTA;tet-o-MYC) and human Burkitt's lymphoma (P493-6) model, we demonstrated that DNMT1 and DNMT3B expression depend on high MYC levels, and that their transcription decreased upon MYC-inactivation. Chromatin immunoprecipitation indicated that MYC binds to the DNMT1 and DNMT3B promoters, implicating a direct transcriptional regulation. Hence, shRNA-mediated knock-down of endogenous MYC in human T-ALL and Burkitt's lymphoma cell lines downregulated DNMT3B expression. Knock-down and pharmacologic inhibition of DNMT3B in T-ALL reduced cell proliferation associated with genome-wide changes in DNA methylation, indicating a tumor promoter function during tumor maintenance. We provide novel evidence that MYC directly deregulates the expression of both de novo and maintenance DNMTs, showing that MYC controls DNA methylation in a genome-wide fashion. Our finding that a coordinated interplay between the components of the DNA methylating machinery contributes to MYC-driven tumor maintenance highlights the potential of specific DNMTs for targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candace J. Poole
- Augusta University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Wenli Zheng
- Augusta University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Atul Lodh
- Augusta University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Aleksey Yevtodiyenko
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Daniel Liefwalker
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Honglin Li
- Augusta University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Dean W. Felsher
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jan van Riggelen
- Augusta University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
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Poole CJ, van Riggelen J. MYC-Master Regulator of the Cancer Epigenome and Transcriptome. Genes (Basel) 2017; 8:genes8050142. [PMID: 28505071 PMCID: PMC5448016 DOI: 10.3390/genes8050142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of MYC is a hallmark of many human cancers. The MYC oncogene has long been thought to execute its neoplastic functions by acting as a classic transcription factor, deregulating the expression of a large number of specific target genes. However, MYC’s influence on many of these target genes is rather modest and there is little overlap between MYC regulated genes in different cell types, leaving many mechanistic questions unanswered. Recent advances in the field challenge the dogma further, revealing a role for MYC that extends beyond the traditional concept of a sequence-specific transcription factor. In this article, we review MYC’s function as a regulator of the cancer epigenome and transcriptome. We outline our current understanding of how MYC regulates chromatin structure in both a site-specific and genome-wide fashion, and highlight the implications for therapeutic strategies for cancers with high MYC expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candace J Poole
- Augusta University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1410 Laney-Walker Blvd., Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
| | - Jan van Riggelen
- Augusta University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 1410 Laney-Walker Blvd., Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
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Tourlakis ME, Zhang S, Ball HL, Gandhi R, Liu H, Zhong J, Yuan JS, Guidos CJ, Durie PR, Rommens JM. In Vivo Senescence in the Sbds-Deficient Murine Pancreas: Cell-Type Specific Consequences of Translation Insufficiency. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005288. [PMID: 26057580 PMCID: PMC4461263 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic models of ribosome dysfunction show selective organ failure, highlighting a gap in our understanding of cell-type specific responses to translation insufficiency. Translation defects underlie a growing list of inherited and acquired cancer-predisposition syndromes referred to as ribosomopathies. We sought to identify molecular mechanisms underlying organ failure in a recessive ribosomopathy, with particular emphasis on the pancreas, an organ with a high and reiterative requirement for protein synthesis. Biallelic loss of function mutations in SBDS are associated with the ribosomopathy Shwachman-Diamond syndrome, which is typified by pancreatic dysfunction, bone marrow failure, skeletal abnormalities and neurological phenotypes. Targeted disruption of Sbds in the murine pancreas resulted in p53 stabilization early in the postnatal period, specifically in acinar cells. Decreased Myc expression was observed and atrophy of the adult SDS pancreas could be explained by the senescence of acinar cells, characterized by induction of Tgfβ, p15Ink4b and components of the senescence-associated secretory program. This is the first report of senescence, a tumour suppression mechanism, in association with SDS or in response to a ribosomopathy. Genetic ablation of p53 largely resolved digestive enzyme synthesis and acinar compartment hypoplasia, but resulted in decreased cell size, a hallmark of decreased translation capacity. Moreover, p53 ablation resulted in expression of acinar dedifferentiation markers and extensive apoptosis. Our findings indicate a protective role for p53 and senescence in response to Sbds ablation in the pancreas. In contrast to the pancreas, the Tgfβ molecular signature was not detected in fetal bone marrow, liver or brain of mouse models with constitutive Sbds ablation. Nevertheless, as observed with the adult pancreas phenotype, disease phenotypes of embryonic tissues, including marked neuronal cell death due to apoptosis, were determined to be p53-dependent. Our findings therefore point to cell/tissue-specific responses to p53-activation that include distinction between apoptosis and senescence pathways, in the context of translation disruption. Growth of all living things relies on protein synthesis. Failure of components of the complex protein synthesis machinery underlies a growing list of inherited and acquired multi—organ syndromes referred to as ribosomopathies. While ribosomes, the critical working components of the protein synthesis machinery, are required in all cell types to translate the genetic code, only certain organs manifest clinical symptoms in ribosomopathies, indicating specific cell-type features of protein synthesis control. Further, many of these diseases result in cancer despite an inherent deficit in growth. Here we report a range of consequences of protein synthesis insufficiency with loss of a broadly expressed ribosome factor, leading to growth impairment and cell cycle arrest at different stages. Apparent induction of p53-dependent cell death and arrest pathways included apoptosis in the fetal brain and senescence in the mature exocrine pancreas. The senescence, considered a tumour suppression mechanism, was accompanied by the expression of biomarkers associated with early stages of malignant transformation. These findings inform how cancer may initiate when growth is compromised and provide new insights into cell-type specific consequences of protein synthesis insufficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina E. Tourlakis
- Program in Genetics & Genome Biology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Siyi Zhang
- Program in Genetics & Genome Biology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Heather L. Ball
- Program in Genetics & Genome Biology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Rikesh Gandhi
- Program in Genetics & Genome Biology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Hongrui Liu
- Program in Genetics & Genome Biology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jian Zhong
- Program in Genetics & Genome Biology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Julie S. Yuan
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Cynthia J. Guidos
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Peter R. Durie
- Program in Physiology & Experimental Medicine, Research Institute, Division of Gastroenterology & Nutrition, The Hospital for Sick Children, Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Johanna M. Rommens
- Program in Genetics & Genome Biology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Herter EK, Stauch M, Gallant M, Wolf E, Raabe T, Gallant P. snoRNAs are a novel class of biologically relevant Myc targets. BMC Biol 2015; 13:25. [PMID: 25888729 PMCID: PMC4430873 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-015-0132-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myc proteins are essential regulators of animal growth during normal development, and their deregulation is one of the main driving factors of human malignancies. They function as transcription factors that (in vertebrates) control many growth- and proliferation-associated genes, and in some contexts contribute to global gene regulation. RESULTS We combine chromatin immunoprecipitation-sequencing (ChIPseq) and RNAseq approaches in Drosophila tissue culture cells to identify a core set of less than 500 Myc target genes, whose salient function resides in the control of ribosome biogenesis. Among these genes we find the non-coding snoRNA genes as a large novel class of Myc targets. All assayed snoRNAs are affected by Myc, and many of them are subject to direct transcriptional activation by Myc, both in Drosophila and in vertebrates. The loss of snoRNAs impairs growth during normal development, whereas their overexpression increases tumor mass in a model for neuronal tumors. CONCLUSIONS This work shows that Myc acts as a master regulator of snoRNP biogenesis. In addition, in combination with recent observations of snoRNA involvement in human cancer, it raises the possibility that Myc's transforming effects are partially mediated by this class of non-coding transcripts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva K Herter
- Theodor Boveri Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany. .,Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Maria Stauch
- Theodor Boveri Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany. .,Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Maria Gallant
- Theodor Boveri Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany. .,Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Elmar Wolf
- Theodor Boveri Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany. .,Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Thomas Raabe
- Institute for Medical Radiation and Cell Research, Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Peter Gallant
- Theodor Boveri Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany. .,Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, Würzburg, Germany.
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Walenda G, Abnaof K, Joussen S, Meurer S, Smeets H, Rath B, Hoffmann K, Fröhlich H, Zenke M, Weiskirchen R, Wagner W. TGF-beta1 does not induce senescence of multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells and has similar effects in early and late passages. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77656. [PMID: 24147049 PMCID: PMC3798389 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1) stimulates a broad range of effects which are cell type dependent, and it has been suggested to induce cellular senescence. On the other hand, long-term culture of multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) has a major impact on their cellular physiology and therefore it is well conceivable that the molecular events triggered by TGF-β1 differ considerably in cells of early and late passages. In this study, we analyzed the effect of TGF-β1 on and during replicative senescence of MSCs. Stimulation with TGF-β1 enhanced proliferation, induced a network like growth pattern and impaired adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation. TGF-β1 did not induce premature senescence. However, due to increased proliferation rates the cells reached replicative senescence earlier than untreated controls. This was also evident, when we analyzed senescence-associated DNA-methylation changes. Gene expression profiles of MSCs differed considerably at relatively early (P 3-5) and later passages (P 10). Nonetheless, relative gene expression differences provoked by TGF-β1 at individual time points or in a time course dependent manner (stimulation for 0, 1, 4 and 12 h) were very similar in MSCs of early and late passage. These results support the notion that TGF-β1 has major impact on MSC function, but it does not induce senescence and has similar molecular effects during culture expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gudrun Walenda
- Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Stem Cell Biology and Cellular Engineering, RWTH Aachen University Medical School, Aachen, Germany
| | - Khalid Abnaof
- Algorithmic Bioinformatics, Bonn-Aachen International Center for Information Technology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Bioanalytical Resource Centre Aachen, Institute for Molecular Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Sylvia Joussen
- Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Stem Cell Biology and Cellular Engineering, RWTH Aachen University Medical School, Aachen, Germany
| | - Steffen Meurer
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, RWTH Aachen University Medical School, Aachen, Germany
| | - Hubert Smeets
- Genetics and Molecular Cell Biology, CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Björn Rath
- Department for Orthopedics, RWTH Aachen University Medical School, Aachen, Germany
| | - Kurt Hoffmann
- Bioanalytical Resource Centre Aachen, Institute for Molecular Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Holger Fröhlich
- Algorithmic Bioinformatics, Bonn-Aachen International Center for Information Technology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Martin Zenke
- Institute for Biomedical Technology, Department of Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University Medical School, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ralf Weiskirchen
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, RWTH Aachen University Medical School, Aachen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wagner
- Helmholtz-Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Stem Cell Biology and Cellular Engineering, RWTH Aachen University Medical School, Aachen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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