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Scott O, Visuvanathan S, Reddy E, Mahamed D, Gu B, Roifman CM, Cohn RD, Guidos CJ, Ivakine EA. The human Stat1 gain-of-function T385M mutation causes expansion of activated T-follicular helper/T-helper 1-like CD4 T cells and sex-biased autoimmunity in specific pathogen-free mice. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1183273. [PMID: 37275873 PMCID: PMC10235531 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1183273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Humans with gain-of-function (GOF) mutations in STAT1 (Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 1), a potent immune regulator, experience frequent infections. About one-third, especially those with DNA-binding domain (DBD) mutations such as T385M, also develop autoimmunity, sometimes accompanied by increases in T-helper 1 (Th1) and T-follicular helper (Tfh) CD4 effector T cells, resembling those that differentiate following infection-induced STAT1 signaling. However, environmental and molecular mechanisms contributing to autoimmunity in STAT1 GOF patients are not defined. Methods We generated Stat1T385M/+ mutant mice to model the immune impacts of STAT1 DBD GOF under specific-pathogen free (SPF) conditions. Results Stat1T385M/+ lymphocytes had more total Stat1 at baseline and also higher amounts of IFNg-induced pStat1. Young mutants exhibited expansion of Tfh-like cells, while older mutants developed autoimmunity accompanied by increased Tfh-like cells, B cell activation and germinal center (GC) formation. Mutant females exhibited these immune changes sooner and more robustly than males, identifying significant sex effects of Stat1T385M-induced immune dysregulation. Single cell RNA-Seq (scRNA-Seq) analysis revealed that Stat1T385M activated transcription of GC-associated programs in both B and T cells. However, it had the strongest transcriptional impact on T cells, promoting aberrant CD4 T cell activation and imparting both Tfh-like and Th1-like effector programs. Discussion Collectively, these data demonstrate that in the absence of overt infection, Stat1T385M disrupted naïve CD4 T cell homeostasis and promoted expansion and differentiation of abnormal Tfh/Th1-like helper and GC-like B cells, eventually leading to sex-biased autoimmunity, suggesting a model for STAT1 GOF-induced immune dysregulation and autoimmune sequelae in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ori Scott
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Paediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Program for Genetics & Genome Biology, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Shagana Visuvanathan
- Program for Genetics & Genome Biology, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Emily Reddy
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Deeqa Mahamed
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Bin Gu
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Chaim M. Roifman
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Paediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- The Canadian Centre for Primary Immunodeficiency and The Jeffrey Modell Research Laboratory for the diagnosis of Primary Immunodeficiency, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ronald D. Cohn
- Program for Genetics & Genome Biology, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Clinical & Metabolic Genetics, Department of Paediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Cynthia J. Guidos
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Fortin J, Chiang MF, Meydan C, Foox J, Ramachandran P, Leca J, Lemonnier F, Li WY, Gams MS, Sakamoto T, Chu M, Tobin C, Laugesen E, Robinson TM, You-Ten A, Butler DJ, Berger T, Minden MD, Levine RL, Guidos CJ, Melnick AM, Mason CE, Mak TW. Distinct and opposite effects of leukemogenic Idh and Tet2 mutations in hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2208176120. [PMID: 36652477 PMCID: PMC9942850 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2208176120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in IDH1, IDH2, and TET2 are recurrently observed in myeloid neoplasms. IDH1 and IDH2 encode isocitrate dehydrogenase isoforms, which normally catalyze the conversion of isocitrate to α-ketoglutarate (α-KG). Oncogenic IDH1/2 mutations confer neomorphic activity, leading to the production of D-2-hydroxyglutarate (D-2-HG), a potent inhibitor of α-KG-dependent enzymes which include the TET methylcytosine dioxygenases. Given their mutual exclusivity in myeloid neoplasms, IDH1, IDH2, and TET2 mutations may converge on a common oncogenic mechanism. Contrary to this expectation, we observed that they have distinct, and even opposite, effects on hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells in genetically engineered mice. Epigenetic and single-cell transcriptomic analyses revealed that Idh2R172K and Tet2 loss-of-function have divergent consequences on the expression and activity of key hematopoietic and leukemogenic regulators. Notably, chromatin accessibility and transcriptional deregulation in Idh2R172K cells were partially disconnected from DNA methylation alterations. These results highlight unanticipated divergent effects of IDH1/2 and TET2 mutations, providing support for the optimization of genotype-specific therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome Fortin
- aPrincess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ONM5G 2C1, Canada
- 2To whom correspondence may be addressed. , , or
| | - Ming-Feng Chiang
- aPrincess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ONM5G 2C1, Canada
| | - Cem Meydan
- bDepartment of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY10065
- cThe HRH Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Al-Saud Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY10065
- dWorldQuant Initiative for Quantitative Prediction, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY10065
| | - Jonathan Foox
- bDepartment of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY10065
- cThe HRH Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Al-Saud Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY10065
| | | | - Julie Leca
- aPrincess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ONM5G 2C1, Canada
| | - François Lemonnier
- aPrincess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ONM5G 2C1, Canada
- eInstitut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale, INSERMU955, Université Paris Est Créteil, Créteil94010, France
| | - Wanda Y. Li
- aPrincess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ONM5G 2C1, Canada
- fCentre for Oncology and Immunology, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Miki S. Gams
- gDepartment of Immunology, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ONM5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Takashi Sakamoto
- aPrincess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ONM5G 2C1, Canada
- hDepartment of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto606-8501, Japan
| | - Mandy Chu
- aPrincess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ONM5G 2C1, Canada
| | - Chantal Tobin
- aPrincess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ONM5G 2C1, Canada
| | - Eric Laugesen
- aPrincess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ONM5G 2C1, Canada
| | - Troy M. Robinson
- iHuman Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY10065
- jLouis V. Gerstner, Jr. Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY10065
| | - Annick You-Ten
- aPrincess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ONM5G 2C1, Canada
| | - Daniel J. Butler
- bDepartment of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY10065
| | - Thorsten Berger
- aPrincess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ONM5G 2C1, Canada
| | - Mark D. Minden
- aPrincess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ONM5G 2C1, Canada
| | - Ross L. Levine
- iHuman Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY10065
- kCenter for Epigenetics Research, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY10065
- lCenter for Hematologic Malignancies, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY10065
| | - Cynthia J. Guidos
- gDepartment of Immunology, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ONM5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Ari M. Melnick
- mDepartment of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY10021
| | - Christopher E. Mason
- bDepartment of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY10065
- cThe HRH Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Al-Saud Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY10065
- dWorldQuant Initiative for Quantitative Prediction, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY10065
| | - Tak W. Mak
- aPrincess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ONM5G 2C1, Canada
- fCentre for Oncology and Immunology, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong SAR, China
- nDepartment of Pathology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- 2To whom correspondence may be addressed. , , or
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3
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Vanner RJ, Dobson SM, Gan OI, McLeod J, Schoof EM, Grandal I, Wintersinger JA, Garcia-Prat L, Hosseini M, Xie SZ, Jin L, Mbong N, Voisin V, Chan-Seng-Yue M, Kennedy JA, Waanders E, Morris Q, Porse B, Chan SM, Guidos CJ, Danska JS, Minden MD, Mullighan CG, Dick JE. Multiomic Profiling of Central Nervous System Leukemia Identifies mRNA Translation as a Therapeutic Target. Blood Cancer Discov 2022; 3:16-31. [PMID: 35019858 PMCID: PMC9783958 DOI: 10.1158/2643-3230.bcd-20-0216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) dissemination of B-precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) has poor prognosis and remains a therapeutic challenge. Here we performed targeted DNA sequencing as well as transcriptional and proteomic profiling of paired leukemia-infiltrating cells in the bone marrow (BM) and CNS of xenografts. Genes governing mRNA translation were upregulated in CNS leukemia, and subclonal genetic profiling confirmed this in both BM-concordant and BM-discordant CNS mutational populations. CNS leukemia cells were exquisitely sensitive to the translation inhibitor omacetaxine mepesuccinate, which reduced xenograft leptomeningeal disease burden. Proteomics demonstrated greater abundance of secreted proteins in CNS-infiltrating cells, including complement component 3 (C3), and drug targeting of C3 influenced CNS disease in xenografts. CNS-infiltrating cells also exhibited selection for stemness traits and metabolic reprogramming. Overall, our study identifies targeting of mRNA translation as a potential therapeutic approach for B-ALL leptomeningeal disease. SIGNIFICANCE: Cancer metastases are often driven by distinct subclones with unique biological properties. Here we show that in B-ALL CNS disease, the leptomeningeal environment selects for cells with unique functional dependencies. Pharmacologic inhibition of mRNA translation signaling treats CNS disease and offers a new therapeutic approach for this condition.This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Vanner
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephanie M Dobson
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Olga I Gan
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jessica McLeod
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Ildiko Grandal
- Genetics and Genome Biology, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jeff A Wintersinger
- Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Laura Garcia-Prat
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mohsen Hosseini
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephanie Z Xie
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Liqing Jin
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nathan Mbong
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Veronique Voisin
- Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomedical Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - James A Kennedy
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Esmé Waanders
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Quaid Morris
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Genetics and Genome Biology, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Terrence Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomedical Research, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Vector Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Bo Porse
- The Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Danish Stem Cell Centre (DanStem), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Steven M Chan
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cynthia J Guidos
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jayne S Danska
- Genetics and Genome Biology, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark D Minden
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Charles G Mullighan
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - John E Dick
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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4
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Rajakumar SA, Grandal I, Minden MD, Hitzler JK, Guidos CJ, Danska JS. Targeted blockade of immune mechanisms inhibit B precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia cell invasion of the central nervous system. Cell Rep Med 2021; 2:100470. [PMID: 35028611 PMCID: PMC8714910 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2021.100470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) dissemination to the central nervous system (CNS) is a challenging clinical problem whose underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, we show that primary human ALL samples injected into the femora of immunodeficient mice migrate to the skull and vertebral bone marrow and provoke bone lesions that enable passage into the subarachnoid space. Treatment of leukemia xenografted mice with a biologic antagonist of receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL) blocks this entry route. In addition to erosion of cranial and vertebral bone, samples from individuals with B-ALL also penetrate the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier of recipient mice. Co-administration of C-X-C chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) and RANKL antagonists attenuate both identified routes of entry. Our findings suggest that targeted RANKL and CXCR4 pathway inhibitors could attenuate routes of leukemia blast CNS invasion and provide benefit for B-ALL-affected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujeetha A. Rajakumar
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Ildiko Grandal
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Mark D. Minden
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Johann K. Hitzler
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology and Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Cynthia J. Guidos
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Jayne S. Danska
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
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5
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Rajakumar SA, Papp E, Lee KK, Grandal I, Merico D, Liu CC, Allo B, Zhang L, Grynpas MD, Minden MD, Hitzler JK, Guidos CJ, Danska JS. B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells mediate RANK-RANKL-dependent bone destruction. Sci Transl Med 2021; 12:12/561/eaba5942. [PMID: 32938796 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aba5942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Although most children survive B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL), they frequently experience long-term, treatment-related health problems, including osteopenia and osteonecrosis. Because some children present with fractures at ALL diagnosis, we considered the possibility that leukemic B cells contribute directly to bone pathology. To identify potential mechanisms of B-ALL-driven bone destruction, we examined the p53 -/-; Rag2 -/-; Prkdcscid/scid triple mutant (TM) mice and p53 -/-; Prkdcscid/scid double mutant (DM) mouse models of spontaneous B-ALL. In contrast to DM animals, leukemic TM mice displayed brittle bones, and the TM leukemic cells overexpressed Rankl, encoding receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand. RANKL is a key regulator of osteoclast differentiation and bone loss. Transfer of TM leukemic cells into immunodeficient recipient mice caused trabecular bone loss. To determine whether human B-ALL can exert similar effects, we evaluated primary human B-ALL blasts isolated at diagnosis for RANKL expression and their impact on bone pathology after their transplantation into NOD.Prkdcscid/scidIl2rgtm1Wjl /SzJ (NSG) recipient mice. Primary B-ALL cells conferred bone destruction evident in increased multinucleated osteoclasts, trabecular bone loss, destruction of the metaphyseal growth plate, and reduction in adipocyte mass in these patient-derived xenografts (PDXs). Treating PDX mice with the RANKL antagonist recombinant osteoprotegerin-Fc (rOPG-Fc) protected the bone from B-ALL-induced destruction even under conditions of heavy tumor burden. Our data demonstrate a critical role of the RANK-RANKL axis in causing B-ALL-mediated bone pathology and provide preclinical support for RANKL-targeted therapy trials to reduce acute and long-term bone destruction in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujeetha A Rajakumar
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Eniko Papp
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada.,Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Kathy K Lee
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5T 3H7, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Ildiko Grandal
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Daniele Merico
- Center for Applied Genomics, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Careesa C Liu
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5T 3H7, Canada.,Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Bedilu Allo
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5T 3H7, Canada
| | - Lucia Zhang
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5T 3H7, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Marc D Grynpas
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M5T 3H7, Canada.,Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Mark D Minden
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada.,Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Johann K Hitzler
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Cynthia J Guidos
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada.,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Jayne S Danska
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada. .,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada.,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
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6
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Xu W, Snell LM, Guo M, Boukhaled G, Macleod BL, Li M, Tullius MV, Guidos CJ, Tsao MS, Divangahi M, Horwitz MA, Liu J, Brooks DG. Uncovering the underlying immune perturbations that determine long-term severity of chronic virus and Mycobacterium tuberculosis coinfection. The Journal of Immunology 2021. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.206.supp.62.08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Chronic viral infections increase severity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) coinfection, yet how they alter the pulmonary microenvironment to foster coinfection and worsen disease severity is unclear. We developed a coinfection model in mice with chronic lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus and Mtb coinfection that recapitulated the central clinical manifestations of coinfection, including increased Mtb burden, extra-pulmonary dissemination and heightened mortality. These long-term disease consequences were not due to chronic virus-induced immunosuppression or exhaustion, but instead were determined by early alterations in immune surveillance of Mtb coinfection. Mechanistically, increased chronic virus induced TNFα production initially arrested pulmonary Mtb growth, impeding dendritic cell mediated antigen transportation to the lung-draining lymph nodes (LNs) and allowing bacterial sanctuary. The inhibited antigen arrival to LNs delayed CD4 T cell priming, allowing Mtb to replicate to higher set-points before T cell mediated control could be initiated. Once primed, Mtb-specific CD4 T cell differentiation skewed away from the Th1 responses associated with Mtb control, and instead toward Th17 differentiation. The elevated IL17 increased pulmonary neutrophil influx that decreased the long-term survival of coinfected mice. Therapeutically correcting the timing of CD4 T cell priming re-established CD4 Th1 over Th17 dominance, diminished pulmonary neutrophilia, and enabled enhanced Mtb control in the presence of chronic viral coinfection. Thus, Mtb co-opts TNFα from the chronic inflammatory environment to subvert immune-surveillance, avert early immune function and foster long-term coinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxi Xu
- 1Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Laura M. Snell
- 1Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mengdi Guo
- 1Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- 2Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Giselle Boukhaled
- 1Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Bethany L. Macleod
- 1Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ming Li
- 1Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- 3Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michael V. Tullius
- 4Department of Medicine and Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, UCLA, Los Angeles CA
| | - Cynthia J. Guidos
- 5Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ming-Sound Tsao
- 1Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Maziar Divangahi
- 6Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Department of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, McGill International TB Centre, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Marcus A. Horwitz
- 4Department of Medicine and Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, UCLA, Los Angeles CA
| | - Jun Liu
- 3Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - David G. Brooks
- 1Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- 2Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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7
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Macleod BL, Elsaesser HJ, Snell LM, Dickson RJ, Guo M, Hezaveh K, Xu W, Kothari A, McGaha TL, Guidos CJ, Brooks DG. A network of immune and microbial modifications underlies viral persistence in the gastrointestinal tract. J Exp Med 2021; 217:152068. [PMID: 32880629 PMCID: PMC7953734 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20191473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Many pathogens subvert intestinal immunity to persist within the gastrointestinal tract (GIT); yet, the underlying mechanisms that enable sanctuary specifically in this reservoir are unclear. Using mass cytometry and network analysis, we demonstrate that chronic LCMV infection of the GIT leads to dysregulated microbial composition, a cascade of metabolic alterations, increased susceptibility to GI disease, and a system-wide recalibration of immune composition that defines viral persistence. Chronic infection led to outgrowth of activated Tbet–expressing T reg cell populations unique to the GIT and the rapid erosion of pathogen-specific CD8 tissue-resident memory T cells. Mechanistically, T reg cells and coinhibitory receptors maintained long-term viral sanctuary within the GIT, and their targeting reactivated T cells and eliminated this viral reservoir. Thus, our data provide a high-dimensional definition of the mechanisms of immune regulation that chronic viruses implement to exploit the unique microenvironment of the GIT and identify T reg cells as key modulators of viral persistence in the intestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany L Macleod
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Heidi J Elsaesser
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Laura M Snell
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Russell J Dickson
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mengdi Guo
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kebria Hezaveh
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wenxi Xu
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Akash Kothari
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tracy L McGaha
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cynthia J Guidos
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David G Brooks
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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8
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Galati MA, Hodel KP, Gams MS, Sudhaman S, Bridge T, Zahurancik WJ, Ungerleider NA, Park VS, Ercan AB, Joksimovic L, Siddiqui I, Siddaway R, Edwards M, de Borja R, Elshaer D, Chung J, Forster VJ, Nunes NM, Aronson M, Wang X, Ramdas J, Seeley A, Sarosiek T, Dunn GP, Byrd JN, Mordechai O, Durno C, Martin A, Shlien A, Bouffet E, Suo Z, Jackson JG, Hawkins CE, Guidos CJ, Pursell ZF, Tabori U. Cancers from Novel Pole-Mutant Mouse Models Provide Insights into Polymerase-Mediated Hypermutagenesis and Immune Checkpoint Blockade. Cancer Res 2020; 80:5606-5618. [PMID: 32938641 PMCID: PMC8218238 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-20-0624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
POLE mutations are a major cause of hypermutant cancers, yet questions remain regarding mechanisms of tumorigenesis, genotype-phenotype correlation, and therapeutic considerations. In this study, we establish mouse models harboring cancer-associated POLE mutations P286R and S459F, which cause rapid albeit distinct time to cancer initiation in vivo, independent of their exonuclease activity. Mouse and human correlates enabled novel stratification of POLE mutations into three groups based on clinical phenotype and mutagenicity. Cancers driven by these mutations displayed striking resemblance to the human ultrahypermutation and specific signatures. Furthermore, Pole-driven cancers exhibited a continuous and stochastic mutagenesis mechanism, resulting in intertumoral and intratumoral heterogeneity. Checkpoint blockade did not prevent Pole lymphomas, but rather likely promoted lymphomagenesis as observed in humans. These observations provide insights into the carcinogenesis of POLE-driven tumors and valuable information for genetic counseling, surveillance, and immunotherapy for patients. SIGNIFICANCE: Two mouse models of polymerase exonuclease deficiency shed light on mechanisms of mutation accumulation and considerations for immunotherapy.See related commentary by Wisdom and Kirsch p. 5459.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A Galati
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Karl P Hodel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
- Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Miki S Gams
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sumedha Sudhaman
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Taylor Bridge
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Program in Cell Biology, The Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Walter J Zahurancik
- The Ohio State Biochemistry Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Nathan A Ungerleider
- Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Vivian S Park
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
- Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Ayse B Ercan
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lazar Joksimovic
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Iram Siddiqui
- Department of Pediatric Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert Siddaway
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Program in Cell Biology, The Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Melissa Edwards
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Richard de Borja
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dana Elshaer
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jiil Chung
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Victoria J Forster
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nuno M Nunes
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Melyssa Aronson
- The Familial Gastrointestinal Cancer Registry at the Zane Cohen Centre for Digestive Disease, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xia Wang
- H Lee Moffitt Cancer Centre and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Jagadeesh Ramdas
- Department of Pediatrics, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, Pennsylvania
| | - Andrea Seeley
- Department of Pediatrics, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Gavin P Dunn
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Jonathan N Byrd
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Oz Mordechai
- Department of Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Carol Durno
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alberto Martin
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Adam Shlien
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eric Bouffet
- Division of Haematology/Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zucai Suo
- The Ohio State Biochemistry Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida
| | - James G Jackson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
- Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Cynthia E Hawkins
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Program in Cell Biology, The Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pediatric Laboratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cynthia J Guidos
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zachary F Pursell
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
- Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Uri Tabori
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Haematology/Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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9
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Dobson SM, García-Prat L, Vanner RJ, Wintersinger J, Waanders E, Gu Z, McLeod J, Gan OI, Grandal I, Payne-Turner D, Edmonson MN, Ma X, Fan Y, Voisin V, Chan-Seng-Yue M, Xie SZ, Hosseini M, Abelson S, Gupta P, Rusch M, Shao Y, Olsen SR, Neale G, Chan SM, Bader G, Easton J, Guidos CJ, Danska JS, Zhang J, Minden MD, Morris Q, Mullighan CG, Dick JE. Relapse-Fated Latent Diagnosis Subclones in Acute B Lineage Leukemia Are Drug Tolerant and Possess Distinct Metabolic Programs. Cancer Discov 2020; 10:568-587. [PMID: 32086311 PMCID: PMC7122013 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-19-1059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Disease recurrence causes significant mortality in B-progenitor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL). Genomic analysis of matched diagnosis and relapse samples shows relapse often arising from minor diagnosis subclones. However, why therapy eradicates some subclones while others survive and progress to relapse remains obscure. Elucidation of mechanisms underlying these differing fates requires functional analysis of isolated subclones. Here, large-scale limiting dilution xenografting of diagnosis and relapse samples, combined with targeted sequencing, identified and isolated minor diagnosis subclones that initiate an evolutionary trajectory toward relapse [termed diagnosis Relapse Initiating clones (dRI)]. Compared with other diagnosis subclones, dRIs were drug-tolerant with distinct engraftment and metabolic properties. Transcriptionally, dRIs displayed enrichment for chromatin remodeling, mitochondrial metabolism, proteostasis programs, and an increase in stemness pathways. The isolation and characterization of dRI subclones reveals new avenues for eradicating dRI cells by targeting their distinct metabolic and transcriptional pathways before further evolution renders them fully therapy-resistant. SIGNIFICANCE: Isolation and characterization of subclones from diagnosis samples of patients with B-ALL who relapsed showed that relapse-fated subclones had increased drug tolerance and distinct metabolic and survival transcriptional programs compared with other diagnosis subclones. This study provides strategies to identify and target clinically relevant subclones before further evolution toward relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Dobson
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Laura García-Prat
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert J Vanner
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Esmé Waanders
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Zhaohui Gu
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Jessica McLeod
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Olga I Gan
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ildiko Grandal
- Genetics and Genome Biology, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Debbie Payne-Turner
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Michael N Edmonson
- Department of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Xiaotu Ma
- Department of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Yiping Fan
- Department of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Veronique Voisin
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michelle Chan-Seng-Yue
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- PanCuRx Translational Research Initiative, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephanie Z Xie
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mohsen Hosseini
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sagi Abelson
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Pankaj Gupta
- Department of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Michael Rusch
- Department of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Ying Shao
- Pediatric Cancer Genome Project Laboratory, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Scott R Olsen
- Hartwell Center for Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Geoffrey Neale
- Hartwell Center for Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Steven M Chan
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gary Bader
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - John Easton
- Pediatric Cancer Genome Project Laboratory, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Cynthia J Guidos
- Developmental & Stem Cell Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jayne S Danska
- Genetics and Genome Biology, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Developmental & Stem Cell Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jinghui Zhang
- Department of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Mark D Minden
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Quaid Morris
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto. Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Vector Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - Charles G Mullighan
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee.
| | - John E Dick
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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10
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Gadalla R, Noamani B, MacLeod BL, Dickson RJ, Guo M, Xu W, Lukhele S, Elsaesser HJ, Razak ARA, Hirano N, McGaha TL, Wang B, Butler M, Guidos CJ, Ohashi PS, Siu LL, Brooks DG. Validation of CyTOF Against Flow Cytometry for Immunological Studies and Monitoring of Human Cancer Clinical Trials. Front Oncol 2019; 9:415. [PMID: 31165047 PMCID: PMC6534060 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Flow cytometry is a widely applied approach for exploratory immune profiling and biomarker discovery in cancer and other diseases. However, flow cytometry is limited by the number of parameters that can be simultaneously analyzed, severely restricting its utility. Recently, the advent of mass cytometry (CyTOF) has enabled high dimensional and unbiased examination of the immune system, allowing simultaneous interrogation of a large number of parameters. This is important for deep interrogation of immune responses and particularly when sample sizes are limited (such as in tumors). Our goal was to compare the accuracy and reproducibility of CyTOF against flow cytometry as a reliable analytic tool for human PBMC and tumor tissues for cancer clinical trials. We developed a 40+ parameter CyTOF panel and demonstrate that compared to flow cytometry, CyTOF yields analogous quantification of cell lineages in conjunction with markers of cell differentiation, function, activation, and exhaustion for use with fresh and viably frozen PBMC or tumor tissues. Further, we provide a protocol that enables reliable quantification by CyTOF down to low numbers of input human cells, an approach that is particularly important when cell numbers are limiting. Thus, we validate CyTOF as an accurate approach to perform high dimensional analysis in human tumor tissue and to utilize low cell numbers for subsequent immunologic studies and cancer clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramy Gadalla
- Tumor Immunology Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Babak Noamani
- Tumor Immunology Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Bethany L MacLeod
- Tumor Immunology Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Russell J Dickson
- Tumor Immunology Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mengdi Guo
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Wenxi Xu
- Tumor Immunology Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sabelo Lukhele
- Tumor Immunology Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Heidi J Elsaesser
- Tumor Immunology Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Albiruni R Abdul Razak
- Tumor Immunology Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Naoto Hirano
- Tumor Immunology Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tracy L McGaha
- Tumor Immunology Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ben Wang
- Tumor Immunology Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Marcus Butler
- Tumor Immunology Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Cynthia J Guidos
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Pam S Ohashi
- Tumor Immunology Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Lillian L Siu
- Tumor Immunology Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - David G Brooks
- Tumor Immunology Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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11
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Macleod BL, Dickson R, Hezaveh K, Elsaesser HJ, Guidos CJ, Brooks DG. High dimensional analysis of the GI tract as a long-term reservoir for chronic viral infection. The Journal of Immunology 2019. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.202.supp.197.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Chronic viruses such as HIV and hepatitis are a major health concern worldwide. As an organ constantly exposed to the external environment, the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) must constantly balance suppressive and inflammatory immunity, making it an ideal organ for virus persistence. Yet despite its importance, chronic virus infection of the GIT and its ramifications towards host immunity remains poorly understood. We recently discovered that the GIT is a long-term reservoir for chronic lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV); persisting well after virus is cleared from the blood and other peripheral tissues.
To identify host and microbial alterations that facilitate chronic GIT infection we performed high dimensional CyTOF analysis, 16s rRNA-seq and next generation sequencing. Primary infection induced acute CD4 T cell ablation and chronic infection promoted Treg outgrowth, which was associated with viral persistence. Interestingly, chronic infection led to acute GI pathology and dysbiosis, with long-term infection enhancing susceptibility to IBD. Transcriptional signatures indicated enhanced type I interferon induced inflammation and metabolic changes associated with immune exhaustion. Interestingly, upstream regulators of GIT immunity were shared in chronic LCMV, HIV and SIV, indicating the induction of conserved pathways across multiple viral infections. Finally, we demonstrate the efficacy of immunotherapeutic targets and cell depletions to control the long-lived chronic GIT reservoir. Ultimately our studies define molecular, cellular and microbial impacts of chronic virus infection to alter GI function and identify potential immunotherapeutic strategies to control virus in this long-lived reservoir.
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12
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Abstract
Mass cytometers are time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometer-coupled flow cytometers (known as CyTOFs) that quantify the abundance of metal-tagged antibodies (Abs) or other cellular probes within single cell suspensions or laser-ablated tissue sections. While many strategies exist for covalently crosslinking to proteins, the Fluidigm MaxPar® process is currently the most widely used and involves first loading a metal-chelating polymer with an elementally and isotopically enriched metal. Once the chelation sites have been filled, a maleimide moiety on the polymer is reacted with the free thiol groups on the partially reduced monoclonal immunoglobulin G (IgG) Ab to form an irreversible covalent bond. Here we describe modifications to the Fluidigm MaxPar® protocol that increase the quantity of Ab per reaction up to 150 μg, introduce an initial Ab quality control step, utilize metal labels not included in the Fluidigm catalog, and provide an option to perform two reactions in one centrifugal filter.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cynthia J Guidos
- The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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13
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An Y, Adams JR, Hollern DP, Zhao A, Chang SG, Gams MS, Chung PED, He X, Jangra R, Shah JS, Yang J, Beck LA, Raghuram N, Kozma KJ, Loch AJ, Wang W, Fan C, Done SJ, Zacksenhaus E, Guidos CJ, Perou CM, Egan SE. Cdh1 and Pik3ca Mutations Cooperate to Induce Immune-Related Invasive Lobular Carcinoma of the Breast. Cell Rep 2018; 25:702-714.e6. [PMID: 30332649 PMCID: PMC6276789 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.09.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
CDH1 and PIK3CA are the two most frequently mutated genes in invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC) of the breast. Transcription profiling has identified molecular subtypes for ILC, one of which, immune-related (IR), is associated with gene expression linked to lymphocyte and macrophage infiltration. Here, we report that deletion of Cdh1, together with activation of Pik3ca in mammary epithelium of genetically modified mice, leads to formation of IR-ILC-like tumors with immune cell infiltration, as well as gene expression linked to T-regulatory (Treg) cell signaling and activation of targetable immune checkpoint pathways. Interestingly, these tumors show enhanced Rac1- and Yap-dependent transcription and signaling, as well as sensitivity to PI3K, Rac1, and Yap inhibitors in culture. Finally, high-dimensional immunophenotyping in control mouse mammary gland and IR-ILC tumors by mass cytometry shows dramatic alterations in myeloid and lymphoid populations associated with immune suppression and exhaustion, highlighting the potential for therapeutic intervention via immune checkpoint regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeji An
- Program in Cell Biology, The Peter Gilgan Center for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G-0A4, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jessica R Adams
- Program in Cell Biology, The Peter Gilgan Center for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G-0A4, Canada
| | - Daniel P Hollern
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Departments of Genetics and Pathology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Anthony Zhao
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Peter Gilgan Center for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G-0A4, Canada; Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Stephen G Chang
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Peter Gilgan Center for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G-0A4, Canada; Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Miki S Gams
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Peter Gilgan Center for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G-0A4, Canada; Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Philip E D Chung
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, and Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Xiaping He
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Departments of Genetics and Pathology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Rhea Jangra
- Program in Cell Biology, The Peter Gilgan Center for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G-0A4, Canada
| | - Juhi S Shah
- Program in Cell Biology, The Peter Gilgan Center for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G-0A4, Canada
| | - Joanna Yang
- Program in Cell Biology, The Peter Gilgan Center for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G-0A4, Canada
| | - Lauren A Beck
- Program in Cell Biology, The Peter Gilgan Center for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G-0A4, Canada
| | - Nandini Raghuram
- Program in Cell Biology, The Peter Gilgan Center for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G-0A4, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Katelyn J Kozma
- Program in Cell Biology, The Peter Gilgan Center for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G-0A4, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Amanda J Loch
- Program in Cell Biology, The Peter Gilgan Center for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G-0A4, Canada
| | - Wei Wang
- Program in Cell Biology, The Peter Gilgan Center for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G-0A4, Canada
| | - Cheng Fan
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Departments of Genetics and Pathology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Susan J Done
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research at the Princess Margaret Cancer Centre and The Laboratory Medicine Program, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Eldad Zacksenhaus
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, and Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Cynthia J Guidos
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Peter Gilgan Center for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G-0A4, Canada; Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Charles M Perou
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Departments of Genetics and Pathology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Sean E Egan
- Program in Cell Biology, The Peter Gilgan Center for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G-0A4, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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14
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Snell LM, MacLeod BL, Law JC, Osokine I, Elsaesser HJ, Hezaveh K, Dickson RJ, Gavin MA, Guidos CJ, McGaha TL, Brooks DG. CD8 + T Cell Priming in Established Chronic Viral Infection Preferentially Directs Differentiation of Memory-like Cells for Sustained Immunity. Immunity 2018; 49:678-694.e5. [PMID: 30314757 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
CD8+ T cell exhaustion impedes control of chronic viral infection; yet how new T cell responses are mounted during chronic infection is unclear. Unlike T cells primed at the onset of infection that rapidly differentiate into effectors and exhaust, we demonstrate that virus-specific CD8+ T cells primed after establishment of chronic LCMV infection preferentially generate memory-like transcription factor TCF1+ cells that were transcriptionally and proteomically distinct, less exhausted, and more responsive to immunotherapy. Mechanistically, adaptations of antigen-presenting cells and diminished T cell signaling intensity promoted differentiation of the memory-like subset at the expense of rapid effector cell differentiation, which was now highly dependent on IL-21-mediated CD4+ T cell help for its functional generation. Chronic viral infection similarly redirected de novo differentiation of tumor-specific CD8+ T cells, ultimately preventing cancer control. Thus, targeting these T cell stimulatory pathways could enable strategies to control chronic infection, tumors, and enhance immunotherapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Snell
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M9 Canada
| | - Bethany L MacLeod
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M9 Canada
| | - Jaclyn C Law
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M9 Canada; Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8 Canada
| | - Ivan Osokine
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095 USA
| | - Heidi J Elsaesser
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M9 Canada
| | - Kebria Hezaveh
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M9 Canada
| | - Russell J Dickson
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M9 Canada
| | - Marc A Gavin
- Translational Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, 98101 USA
| | - Cynthia J Guidos
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8 Canada; Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4 Canada
| | - Tracy L McGaha
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M9 Canada; Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8 Canada
| | - David G Brooks
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, M5G 2M9 Canada; Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8 Canada.
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15
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Toker A, Nguyen LT, Stone SC, Yang SYC, Katz SR, Shaw PA, Clarke BA, Ghazarian D, Al-Habeeb A, Easson A, Leong WL, McCready DR, Reedijk M, Guidos CJ, Pugh TJ, Bernardini MQ, Ohashi PS. Regulatory T Cells in Ovarian Cancer Are Characterized by a Highly Activated Phenotype Distinct from that in Melanoma. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 24:5685-5696. [PMID: 30065096 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-0554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Regulatory T (Treg) cells expressing the transcription factor FOXP3 are essential for the maintenance of immunologic self-tolerance but play a detrimental role in most cancers due to their ability to suppress antitumor immunity. The phenotype of human circulating Treg cells has been extensively studied, but less is known about tumor-infiltrating Treg cells. We studied the phenotype and function of tumor-infiltrating Treg cells in ovarian cancer and melanoma to identify potential Treg cell-associated molecules that can be targeted by tumor immunotherapies.Experimental Design: The phenotype of intratumoral and circulating Treg cells was analyzed by multicolor flow cytometry, mass cytometry, RNA-seq, and functional assays.Results: Treg cells isolated from ovarian tumors displayed a distinct cell surface phenotype with increased expression of a number of receptors associated with TCR engagement, including PD-1, 4-1BB, and ICOS. Higher PD-1 and 4-1BB expression was associated with increased responsiveness to further TCR stimulation and increased suppressive capacity, respectively. Transcriptomic and mass cytometry analyses revealed the presence of Treg cell subpopulations and further supported a highly activated state specifically in ovarian tumors. In comparison, Treg cells infiltrating melanomas displayed lower FOXP3, PD-1, 4-1BB, and ICOS expression and were less potent suppressors of CD8 T-cell proliferation.Conclusions: The highly activated phenotype of ovarian tumor-infiltrating Treg cells may be a key component of an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Receptors that are expressed by tumor-infiltrating Treg cells could be exploited for the design of novel combination tumor immunotherapies. Clin Cancer Res; 24(22); 5685-96. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aras Toker
- The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Linh T Nguyen
- The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Simone C Stone
- The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - S Y Cindy Yang
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sarah Rachel Katz
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Patricia A Shaw
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Blaise A Clarke
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Danny Ghazarian
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ayman Al-Habeeb
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alexandra Easson
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wey L Leong
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David R McCready
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael Reedijk
- The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Surgical Oncology, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cynthia J Guidos
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Trevor J Pugh
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Princess Margaret Genomics Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marcus Q Bernardini
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Pamela S Ohashi
- The Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. .,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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16
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McKinnon T, Venier R, Yohe M, Sindiri S, Gryder BE, Shern JF, Kabaroff L, Dickson B, Schleicher K, Chouinard-Pelletier G, Menezes S, Gupta A, Zhang X, Guha R, Ferrer M, Thomas CJ, Wei Y, Davani D, Guidos CJ, Khan J, Gladdy RA. Functional screening of FGFR4-driven tumorigenesis identifies PI3K/mTOR inhibition as a therapeutic strategy in rhabdomyosarcoma. Oncogene 2018. [PMID: 29487419 DOI: 10.1038/s41388‐017‐0122‐y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is the most common pediatric soft tissue sarcoma and outcomes have stagnated, highlighting a need for novel therapies. Genomic analysis of RMS has revealed that alterations in the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK)/RAS/PI3K axis are common and that FGFR4 is frequently mutated or overexpressed. Although FGFR4 is a potentially druggable receptor tyrosine kinase, its functions in RMS are undefined. This study tested FGFR4-activating mutations and overexpression for the ability to generate RMS in mice. Murine tumor models were subsequently used to discover potential therapeutic targets and to test a dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor in a preclinical setting. Specifically, we provide the first mechanistic evidence of differential potency in the most common human RMS mutations, V550E or N535K, compared to FGFR4wt overexpression as murine myoblasts expressing FGFR4V550E undergo higher rates of cellular transformation, engraftment into mice, and rapidly form sarcomas that highly resemble human RMS. Murine tumor cells overexpressing FGFR4V550E were tested in an in vitro dose-response drug screen along with human RMS cell lines. Compounds were grouped by target class, and potency was determined using average percentage of area under the dose-response curve (AUC). RMS cells were highly sensitive to PI3K/mTOR inhibitors, in particular, GSK2126458 (omipalisib) was a potent inhibitor of FGFR4V550E tumor-derived cell and human RMS cell viability. FGFR4V550E-overexpressing myoblasts and tumor cells had low nanomolar GSK2126458 EC50 values. Mass cytometry using mouse and human RMS cell lines validated GSK2126458 specificity at single-cell resolution, decreasing the abundance of phosphorylated Akt as well as decreasing phosphorylation of the downstream mTOR effectors 4ebp1, Eif4e, and S6. Moreover, PI3K/mTOR inhibition also robustly decreased the growth of RMS tumors in vivo. Thus, by developing a preclinical platform for testing novel therapies, we identified PI3K/mTOR inhibition as a promising new therapy for this devastating pediatric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy McKinnon
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Rosemarie Venier
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Marielle Yohe
- Genetics Branch, Oncogenomics Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Sivasish Sindiri
- Genetics Branch, Oncogenomics Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Berkley E Gryder
- Genetics Branch, Oncogenomics Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Jack F Shern
- Genetics Branch, Oncogenomics Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Leah Kabaroff
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Brendan Dickson
- Department of Pathology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Krista Schleicher
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Serena Menezes
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Abha Gupta
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Xiaohu Zhang
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Rajarashi Guha
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Marc Ferrer
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Craig J Thomas
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Yuhong Wei
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Dariush Davani
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Cynthia J Guidos
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Javed Khan
- Genetics Branch, Oncogenomics Section, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Rebecca A Gladdy
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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17
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Moore AJ, In TS, Trotman-Grant A, Yoganathan K, Montpellier B, Guidos CJ, Zúñiga-Pflücker JC, Anderson MK. A key role for IL-7R in the generation of microenvironments required for thymic dendritic cells. Immunol Cell Biol 2017; 95:933-942. [PMID: 28890536 PMCID: PMC5698111 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2017.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-7 receptor (IL-7R) signaling is critical for multiple stages of T-cell development, but a role in the establishment of the mature thymic architecture needed for T-cell development and thymocyte selection has not been established. Crosstalk signals between developing thymocytes and thymic epithelial cell (TEC) precursors are critical for their differentiation into cortical TECs (cTECs) and medullary TECs (mTECs). In addition, mTEC-derived factors have been implicated in the recruitment of thymic dendritic cells (DCs) and intrathymic DC development. We therefore examined corticomedullary structure and DC populations in the thymus of Il7r−/− mice. Analysis of TEC phenotype and spatial organization revealed a striking shift in the mTEC to cTEC ratio, accompanied by disorganized corticomedullary structure. Several of the thymic subsets known to have DC potential were nearly absent, accompanied by reductions in DC cell numbers. We also examined chemokine expression in the Il7r−/− thymus, and found a significant decrease in mTEC-derived CCR7 ligand expression, and high levels of cTEC-derived chemokines, including CCL25 and CXCL12. Although splenic DCs were similarly affected, bone marrow (BM) precursors capable of giving rise to DCs were unperturbed. Finally, BM chimeras showed that there was no intrinsic need for IL-7R signaling in the development or recruitment of thymic DCs, but that the provision of wild-type progenitors enhanced reconstitution of thymic DCs from Il7r−/− progenitors. Our results are therefore supportive of a model in which Il7r-dependent cells are required to set up the microenvironments that allow accumulation of thymic DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J Moore
- Biological Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tracy Sh In
- Biological Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ashton Trotman-Grant
- Biological Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kogulan Yoganathan
- Biological Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bertrand Montpellier
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cynthia J Guidos
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Juan Carlos Zúñiga-Pflücker
- Biological Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michele K Anderson
- Biological Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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18
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Dobson SM, Vanner R, Waanders E, Gan OI, McLeod J, Grandal I, Payne-Turner D, Edmonson M, Gu Z, Ma X, Fan Y, Gupta P, Abelson S, Rusch M, Shao Y, Olsen S, Neale G, Easton J, Guidos CJ, Danska JS, Zhang J, Minden MD, Mullighan CG, Dick JE. Abstract LB-341: Evolving functional heterogeneity in B-acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Cancer Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2016-lb-341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Current cancer therapies are directed at molecular markers or dominant pathways present in the bulk of neoplastic cells. However, recent studies have identified many genetically distinct subclones co-existing within a single neoplasm. In over 50% of patients with relapsed acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), the genetic clones present at relapse are not the dominant clone present at diagnosis, but have evolved from a minor or ancestral clone (Mullighan et al., Science, 2008). Previous work has shown that this subclonal diversity in B-ALL exists at the level of the leukemia-initiating cells (L-IC) capable of generating patient derived xenografts (Notta et al., Nature, 2011). In order to investigate the functional consequences of genetic clonal evolution during disease progression, we performed in-depth genomic and functional analysis of 14 paired diagnosis/relapse samples from adult and pediatric B-ALL patients of varying cytogenetics. Patient samples were subjected to whole exome sequencing (WES), SNP analysis and RNA sequencing. Diagnosis-specific, relapse-specific, and shared variants at both clonal and subclonal frequencies were identified. Limiting dilution analysis by transplantation of CD19+ leukemic blasts into 870 immune-deficient mice (xenografts) identified no significant trend in enrichment in L-IC frequency between paired patient samples with a median frequency of 1 in 2691. Despite similar frequencies of L-IC, functional differences within identically sourced patient xenografts were observed, including increased leukemic dissemination of relapse cells to distal sites such as the central nervous system (CNS), differences in engraftment levels and differences in immunophenotypes. Targeted-sequencing and copy number analysis of the xenografts, in comparison to the patient sample from which they were derived, has uncovered clonal variation and the unequivocal identification of minor subclones ancestral to the relapse in xenografts transplanted with the diagnostic sample from 8 patients. Some of these subclones are rare and were not captured through standard WES analysis of the patient samples, highlighting the value of xenografting to functionally identify and viably isolate subclones for further study. Interrogation of the therapeutic responses of the ‘relapse-like’ diagnosis subclones in secondary xenografts displayed differential resistance to standard chemotherapeutic agents (vincristine and L-asparaginase) pre-existing in the patient diagnosis samples prior to treatment. Furthermore, investigation of different sites of leukemic infiltration in the xenografts provided evidence of distinct clonal selection in the CNS, a known site of disease relapse, in comparison to the bone marrow. Using this data we can begin to draw the evolutionary paths to relapse. We have shown evidence that minor subclones at diagnosis, ancestral to the relapsing clone, possess functional advantages over other diagnostic clones. Overall, this work provides a substantial advance in connecting genetic diversity to functional consequences, thereby furthering our understanding of the heterogeneity identified in B-ALL and its contributions to therapy failure and disease recurrence.
Citation Format: Stephanie M. Dobson, Robert Vanner, Esmé Waanders, Olga I. Gan, Jessica McLeod, Ildiko Grandal, Debbie Payne-Turner, Michael Edmonson, Zhaohui Gu, Xioatu Ma, Yiping Fan, Pankaj Gupta, Sagi Abelson, Michael Rusch, Ying Shao, Scott Olsen, Geoffrey Neale, John Easton, Cynthia J. Guidos, Jayne S. Danska, Jinghui Zhang, Mark D. Minden, Charles G. Mullighan, John E. Dick. Evolving functional heterogeneity in B-acute lymphoblastic leukemia. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-341.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Esmé Waanders
- 2Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Olga I. Gan
- 1University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | - Zhaohui Gu
- 3St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Xioatu Ma
- 3St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Yiping Fan
- 3St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Pankaj Gupta
- 3St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Sagi Abelson
- 1University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Ying Shao
- 3St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Scott Olsen
- 3St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | | | - John Easton
- 3St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | | | | | | | | | | | - John E. Dick
- 1University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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19
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Dobson SM, Vanner R, Waanders E, McLeod J, Gan OI, Gu Z, Payne-Turner D, Ma X, Fan Y, Gupta P, Rusch M, Easton J, Guidos CJ, Danska JS, Zhang J, Minden MD, Mullighan CG, Dick JE. Abstract A25: Evolving functional heterogeneity in B-acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Cancer Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.fbcr15-a25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Despite high survival rates for children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), only 40% of adult patients will achieve long-term disease-free survival, and relapses in both pediatric and adult ALL are often fatal. B-ALL leukemic blasts exhibit considerable subclonal genomic diversity. In 50% of patients, the clones present at relapse are not the dominant clone at diagnosis, but have evolved from a minor or ancestral clone. B-ALL subclonal diversity also exists in leukemia-initiating cells (L-IC) that are functionally capable of initiating xenografts. In order to investigate the clonal evolution during disease progression and link genetic diversity with functional characteristics, including differentiation, migratory properties, L-IC frequency and therapy resistance, we performed in depth genomic and functional analysis of 14 paired diagnosis/relapse samples from adult and pediatric B-ALL patients of varying cytogenetics. Time to relapse ranged from 6 to 97 months. Patient samples were subjected to whole exome/genome sequencing, SNP analysis and RNA sequencing. Diagnosis-specific, relapse-specific and shared variants at both clonal and subclonal frequencies were identified. Limiting dilution analysis by transplantation of CD19+ leukemic blasts into immune-deficient mice (xenografts) identified no significant trend in enrichment in L-IC frequency between paired patient samples with a median frequency of 1 in 2691. Despite similar frequencies of L-IC, functional differences within identically sourced patient xenografts were observed, including increased leukemic dissemination of relapse cells to the spleen and/or central nervous system, differences in engraftment levels and differences in immunophenotypes. Copy number analysis and ongoing variant sequencing of the xenografts, in comparison to the patient sample from which they were derived, has uncovered clonal variation and the outgrowth of ‘relapse-like’ subclones in xenografts transplanted with the diagnostic sample. Interrogation of the therapeutic response of these subclones in secondary xenografts displayed evidence of resistance to standard chemotherapeutic agents (vincristine and L-asparaginase). Therefore we have shown evidence that relapse subclones/ ancestral clones present at diagnosis possess functional advantages over other diagnostic clones. Overall, this work will provide further understanding of the heterogeneity identified in B-ALL and how it contributes to lymphoid leukemogenesis, therapy failure, and disease recurrence.
Citation Format: Stephanie M. Dobson, Robert Vanner, Esmé Waanders, Jessica McLeod, Olga I. Gan, Zhaohui Gu, Debbie Payne-Turner, Xiaotu Ma, Yiping Fan, Pankaj Gupta, Michael Rusch, John Easton, Cynthia J. Guidos, Jayne S. Danska, Jinghui Zhang, Mark D. Minden, Charles G. Mullighan, John E. Dick. Evolving functional heterogeneity in B-acute lymphoblastic leukemia. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Fourth AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Basic Cancer Research; 2015 Oct 23-26; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(3 Suppl):Abstract nr A25.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Esmé Waanders
- 2Radboud University Medical Centre and Radboud Center for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands,
| | - Jessica McLeod
- 3Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada,
| | - Olga I. Gan
- 3Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada,
| | - Zhaohui Gu
- 4St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN,
| | | | - Xiaotu Ma
- 4St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN,
| | - Yiping Fan
- 4St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN,
| | - Pankaj Gupta
- 4St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN,
| | - Michael Rusch
- 4St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN,
| | - John Easton
- 4St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN,
| | - Cynthia J. Guidos
- 5The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jayne S. Danska
- 5The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jinghui Zhang
- 4St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN,
| | - Mark D. Minden
- 3Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada,
| | | | - John E. Dick
- 3Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada,
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20
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Tourlakis ME, Zhang S, Ball HL, Gandhi R, Liu H, Zhong J, Yuan JS, Guidos CJ, Durie PR, Rommens JM. In Vivo Senescence in the Sbds-Deficient Murine Pancreas: Cell-Type Specific Consequences of Translation Insufficiency. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005288. [PMID: 26057580 PMCID: PMC4461263 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic models of ribosome dysfunction show selective organ failure, highlighting a gap in our understanding of cell-type specific responses to translation insufficiency. Translation defects underlie a growing list of inherited and acquired cancer-predisposition syndromes referred to as ribosomopathies. We sought to identify molecular mechanisms underlying organ failure in a recessive ribosomopathy, with particular emphasis on the pancreas, an organ with a high and reiterative requirement for protein synthesis. Biallelic loss of function mutations in SBDS are associated with the ribosomopathy Shwachman-Diamond syndrome, which is typified by pancreatic dysfunction, bone marrow failure, skeletal abnormalities and neurological phenotypes. Targeted disruption of Sbds in the murine pancreas resulted in p53 stabilization early in the postnatal period, specifically in acinar cells. Decreased Myc expression was observed and atrophy of the adult SDS pancreas could be explained by the senescence of acinar cells, characterized by induction of Tgfβ, p15Ink4b and components of the senescence-associated secretory program. This is the first report of senescence, a tumour suppression mechanism, in association with SDS or in response to a ribosomopathy. Genetic ablation of p53 largely resolved digestive enzyme synthesis and acinar compartment hypoplasia, but resulted in decreased cell size, a hallmark of decreased translation capacity. Moreover, p53 ablation resulted in expression of acinar dedifferentiation markers and extensive apoptosis. Our findings indicate a protective role for p53 and senescence in response to Sbds ablation in the pancreas. In contrast to the pancreas, the Tgfβ molecular signature was not detected in fetal bone marrow, liver or brain of mouse models with constitutive Sbds ablation. Nevertheless, as observed with the adult pancreas phenotype, disease phenotypes of embryonic tissues, including marked neuronal cell death due to apoptosis, were determined to be p53-dependent. Our findings therefore point to cell/tissue-specific responses to p53-activation that include distinction between apoptosis and senescence pathways, in the context of translation disruption. Growth of all living things relies on protein synthesis. Failure of components of the complex protein synthesis machinery underlies a growing list of inherited and acquired multi—organ syndromes referred to as ribosomopathies. While ribosomes, the critical working components of the protein synthesis machinery, are required in all cell types to translate the genetic code, only certain organs manifest clinical symptoms in ribosomopathies, indicating specific cell-type features of protein synthesis control. Further, many of these diseases result in cancer despite an inherent deficit in growth. Here we report a range of consequences of protein synthesis insufficiency with loss of a broadly expressed ribosome factor, leading to growth impairment and cell cycle arrest at different stages. Apparent induction of p53-dependent cell death and arrest pathways included apoptosis in the fetal brain and senescence in the mature exocrine pancreas. The senescence, considered a tumour suppression mechanism, was accompanied by the expression of biomarkers associated with early stages of malignant transformation. These findings inform how cancer may initiate when growth is compromised and provide new insights into cell-type specific consequences of protein synthesis insufficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina E. Tourlakis
- Program in Genetics & Genome Biology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Siyi Zhang
- Program in Genetics & Genome Biology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Heather L. Ball
- Program in Genetics & Genome Biology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Rikesh Gandhi
- Program in Genetics & Genome Biology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Hongrui Liu
- Program in Genetics & Genome Biology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jian Zhong
- Program in Genetics & Genome Biology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Julie S. Yuan
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Cynthia J. Guidos
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Peter R. Durie
- Program in Physiology & Experimental Medicine, Research Institute, Division of Gastroenterology & Nutrition, The Hospital for Sick Children, Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Johanna M. Rommens
- Program in Genetics & Genome Biology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- * E-mail:
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21
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Boudil A, Matei IR, Shih HY, Bogdanoski G, Yuan JS, Chang SG, Montpellier B, Kowalski PE, Voisin V, Bashir S, Bader GD, Krangel MS, Guidos CJ. IL-7 coordinates proliferation, differentiation and Tcra recombination during thymocyte β-selection. Nat Immunol 2015; 16:397-405. [PMID: 25729925 PMCID: PMC4368453 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Signaling via the pre-T cell antigen receptor (pre-TCR) and the receptor Notch1 induces transient self-renewal (β-selection) of TCRβ(+) CD4(-)CD8(-) double-negative stage 3 (DN3) and DN4 progenitor cells that differentiate into CD4(+)CD8(+) double-positive (DP) thymocytes, which then rearrange the locus encoding the TCR α-chain (Tcra). Interleukin 7 (IL-7) promotes the survival of TCRβ(-) DN thymocytes by inducing expression of the pro-survival molecule Bcl-2, but the functions of IL-7 during β-selection have remained unclear. Here we found that IL-7 signaled TCRβ(+) DN3 and DN4 thymocytes to upregulate genes encoding molecules involved in cell growth and repressed the gene encoding the transcriptional repressor Bcl-6. Accordingly, IL-7-deficient DN4 cells lacked trophic receptors and did not proliferate but rearranged Tcra prematurely and differentiated rapidly. Deletion of Bcl6 partially restored the self-renewal of DN4 cells in the absence of IL-7, but overexpression of BCL2 did not. Thus, IL-7 critically acts cooperatively with signaling via the pre-TCR and Notch1 to coordinate proliferation, differentiation and Tcra recombination during β-selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amine Boudil
- 1] Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Canada. [2] Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Irina R Matei
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - Han-Yu Shih
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Goce Bogdanoski
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - Julie S Yuan
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - Stephen G Chang
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | - Bertrand Montpellier
- 1] Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Canada. [2] Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Paul E Kowalski
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | | | | | - Gary D Bader
- 1] The Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada. [2] Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Michael S Krangel
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Cynthia J Guidos
- 1] Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Canada. [2] Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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22
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Perova T, Grandal I, Nutter LMJ, Papp E, Matei IR, Beyene J, Kowalski PE, Hitzler JK, Minden MD, Guidos CJ, Danska JS. Therapeutic potential of spleen tyrosine kinase inhibition for treating high-risk precursor B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Sci Transl Med 2014; 6:236ra62. [PMID: 24828076 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3008661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Intensified and central nervous system (CNS)-directed chemotherapy has improved outcomes for pediatric B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) but confers treatment-related morbidities. Moreover, many patients suffer relapses, underscoring the need to develop new molecular targeted B-ALL therapies. Using a mouse model, we show that leukemic B cells require pre-B cell receptor (pre-BCR)-independent spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) signaling in vivo for survival and proliferation. In diagnostic samples from human pediatric and adult B-ALL patients, SYK and downstream targets were phosphorylated regardless of pre-BCR expression or genetic subtype. Two small-molecule SYK inhibitors, fostamatinib and BAY61-3606, attenuated the growth of 69 B-ALL samples in vitro, including high-risk (HR) subtypes. Orally administered fostamatinib reduced heavy disease burden after xenotransplantation of HR B-ALL samples into immunodeficient mice and decreased leukemia dissemination into spleen, liver, kidneys, and the CNS of recipient mice. Thus, SYK activation sustains the growth of multiple HR B-ALL subtypes, suggesting that SYK inhibitors may improve outcomes for HR and relapsed B-ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Perova
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada. Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Ildiko Grandal
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Lauryl M J Nutter
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Eniko Papp
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada. Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Irina R Matei
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada. Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Joseph Beyene
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Paul E Kowalski
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Johann K Hitzler
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada. Division of Haematology/Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Mark D Minden
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada. Ontario Cancer Institute and Princess Margaret Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5T 2M9, Canada
| | - Cynthia J Guidos
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada. Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Jayne S Danska
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada. Program in Genetics & Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada.
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23
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Gedye CA, Hussain A, Paterson J, Smrke A, Saini H, Sirskyj D, Pereira K, Lobo N, Stewart J, Go C, Ho J, Medrano M, Hyatt E, Yuan J, Lauriault S, Meyer M, Kondratyev M, van den Beucken T, Jewett M, Dirks P, Guidos CJ, Danska J, Wang J, Wouters B, Neel B, Rottapel R, Ailles LE. Cell surface profiling using high-throughput flow cytometry: a platform for biomarker discovery and analysis of cellular heterogeneity. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105602. [PMID: 25170899 PMCID: PMC4149490 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell surface proteins have a wide range of biological functions, and are often used as lineage-specific markers. Antibodies that recognize cell surface antigens are widely used as research tools, diagnostic markers, and even therapeutic agents. The ability to obtain broad cell surface protein profiles would thus be of great value in a wide range of fields. There are however currently few available methods for high-throughput analysis of large numbers of cell surface proteins. We describe here a high-throughput flow cytometry (HT-FC) platform for rapid analysis of 363 cell surface antigens. Here we demonstrate that HT-FC provides reproducible results, and use the platform to identify cell surface antigens that are influenced by common cell preparation methods. We show that multiple populations within complex samples such as primary tumors can be simultaneously analyzed by co-staining of cells with lineage-specific antibodies, allowing unprecedented depth of analysis of heterogeneous cell populations. Furthermore, standard informatics methods can be used to visualize, cluster and downsample HT-FC data to reveal novel signatures and biomarkers. We show that the cell surface profile provides sufficient molecular information to classify samples from different cancers and tissue types into biologically relevant clusters using unsupervised hierarchical clustering. Finally, we describe the identification of a candidate lineage marker and its subsequent validation. In summary, HT-FC combines the advantages of a high-throughput screen with a detection method that is sensitive, quantitative, highly reproducible, and allows in-depth analysis of heterogeneous samples. The use of commercially available antibodies means that high quality reagents are immediately available for follow-up studies. HT-FC has a wide range of applications, including biomarker discovery, molecular classification of cancers, or identification of novel lineage specific or stem cell markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig A Gedye
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ali Hussain
- Dept. of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Joshua Paterson
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Alannah Smrke
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Harleen Saini
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Danylo Sirskyj
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Keira Pereira
- Dept. of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nazleen Lobo
- Dept. of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jocelyn Stewart
- Dept. of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Christopher Go
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jenny Ho
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mauricio Medrano
- Dept. of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Elzbieta Hyatt
- Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Julie Yuan
- Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Stevan Lauriault
- Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Maria Kondratyev
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Michael Jewett
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Peter Dirks
- Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Cynthia J Guidos
- Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jayne Danska
- Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jean Wang
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Bradly Wouters
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada; Dept. of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Benjamin Neel
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada; Dept. of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Robert Rottapel
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Laurie E Ailles
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada; Dept. of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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24
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Johnson RM, Papp E, Grandal I, Kowalski PE, Nutter L, Wong RCC, Joseph-George AM, Danska JS, Guidos CJ. MuLV-related endogenous retroviral elements and Flt3 participate in aberrant end-joining events that promote B-cell leukemogenesis. Genes Dev 2014; 28:1179-90. [PMID: 24888589 PMCID: PMC4052764 DOI: 10.1101/gad.240820.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
During V(D)J recombination of immunoglobulin genes, p53 and nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ) suppress aberrant rejoining of DNA double-strand breaks induced by recombinase-activating genes (Rags)-1/2. However, Rag deficiency does not prevent B-cell leukemogenesis in p53/NHEJ mutant mice. Johnson et al. identified a novel class of activating mutations in Flt3 in Rag/p53/NHEJ triple-mutant B-cell leukemias. These mutant Flt3 alleles were created by complex genomic rearrangements with Moloney leukemia virus (MuLV)-related endogenous retroviral (ERV) elements. Mutant Flt3 induced ligand-independent STAT5 phosphorylation and promoted development of clinically aggressive B-cell leukemia. During V(D)J recombination of immunoglobulin genes, p53 and nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ) suppress aberrant rejoining of DNA double-strand breaks induced by recombinase-activating genes (Rags)-1/2, thus maintaining genomic stability and limiting malignant transformation during B-cell development. However, Rag deficiency does not prevent B-cell leukemogenesis in p53/NHEJ mutant mice, revealing that p53 and NHEJ also suppress Rag-independent mechanisms of B-cell leukemogenesis. Using several cytogenomic approaches, we identified a novel class of activating mutations in Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 (Flt3), a receptor tyrosine kinase important for normal hematopoiesis in Rag/p53/NHEJ triple-mutant (TM) B-cell leukemias. These mutant Flt3 alleles were created by complex genomic rearrangements with Moloney leukemia virus (MuLV)-related endogenous retroviral (ERV) elements, generating ERV-Flt3 fusion genes encoding an N-terminally truncated mutant form of Flt3 (trFlt3) that was transcribed from ERV long terminal repeats. trFlt3 protein lacked most of the Flt3 extracellular domain and induced ligand-independent STAT5 phosphorylation and proliferation of hematopoietic progenitor cells. Furthermore, expression of trFlt3 in p53/NHEJ mutant hematopoietic progenitor cells promoted development of clinically aggressive B-cell leukemia. Thus, repetitive MuLV-related ERV sequences can participate in aberrant end-joining events that promote development of aggressive B-cell leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radia M Johnson
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada; Department of Immunology
| | - Eniko Papp
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Ildiko Grandal
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Paul E Kowalski
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Lauryl Nutter
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Raymond C C Wong
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Ann M Joseph-George
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada; Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Jayne S Danska
- Department of Immunology, Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Cynthia J Guidos
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada; Department of Immunology
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25
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Mukherjee S, Rasky AJ, Lundy PA, Kittan NA, Kunkel SL, Maillard IP, Kowalski PE, Kousis PC, Guidos CJ, Lukacs NW. STAT5-induced lunatic fringe during Th2 development alters delta-like 4-mediated Th2 cytokine production in respiratory syncytial virus-exacerbated airway allergic disease. J Immunol 2013; 192:996-1003. [PMID: 24367028 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Notch activation plays an important role in T cell development and mature T cell differentiation. In this study, we investigated the role of Notch activation in a mouse model of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)-exacerbated allergic airway disease. During RSV exacerbation, in vivo neutralization of a specific Notch ligand, Delta-like ligand (Dll)-4, significantly decreased airway hyperreactivity, mucus production, and Th2 cytokines. Lunatic Fringe (Lfng), a glycosyltransferase that enhances Notch activation by Dll4, was increased during RSV exacerbation. Lfng loss of function in Th2-skewed cells inhibited Dll4-Notch activation and subsequent IL-4 production. Further knockdown of Lfng in T cells in CD4Cre(+)Lfng(fl/fl) mice showed reduced Th2 response and disease pathology during RSV exacerbation. Finally, we identified STAT5-binding cis-acting regulatory element activation as a critical driver of Lfng transcriptional activation. These data demonstrate that STAT5-dependent amplification of Notch-modifying Lfng augments Th2 response via Dll4 and is critical for amplifying viral exacerbation during allergic airway disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumanta Mukherjee
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
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26
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Satpathy AT, Briseño CG, Lee JS, Ng D, Manieri NA, Kc W, Wu X, Thomas SR, Lee WL, Turkoz M, McDonald KG, Meredith MM, Song C, Guidos CJ, Newberry RD, Ouyang W, Murphy TL, Stappenbeck TS, Gommerman JL, Nussenzweig MC, Colonna M, Kopan R, Murphy KM. Notch2-dependent classical dendritic cells orchestrate intestinal immunity to attaching-and-effacing bacterial pathogens. Nat Immunol 2013; 14:937-48. [PMID: 23913046 PMCID: PMC3788683 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 317] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Defense against attaching-and-effacing bacteria requires the sequential generation of interleukin 23 (IL-23) and IL-22 to induce protective mucosal responses. Although CD4(+) and NKp46(+) innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are the critical source of IL-22 during infection, the precise source of IL-23 is unclear. We used genetic techniques to deplete mice of specific subsets of classical dendritic cells (cDCs) and analyzed immunity to the attaching-and-effacing pathogen Citrobacter rodentium. We found that the signaling receptor Notch2 controlled the terminal stage of cDC differentiation. Notch2-dependent intestinal CD11b(+) cDCs were an obligate source of IL-23 required for survival after infection with C. rodentium, but CD103(+) cDCs dependent on the transcription factor Batf3 were not. Our results demonstrate a nonredundant function for CD11b(+) cDCs in the response to pathogens in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ansuman T Satpathy
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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27
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Xu K, Usary J, Kousis PC, Prat A, Wang DY, Adams JR, Wang W, Loch AJ, Deng T, Zhao W, Cardiff RD, Yoon K, Gaiano N, Ling V, Beyene J, Zacksenhaus E, Gridley T, Leong WL, Guidos CJ, Perou CM, Egan SE. Lunatic fringe deficiency cooperates with the Met/Caveolin gene amplicon to induce basal-like breast cancer. Cancer Cell 2012; 21:626-641. [PMID: 22624713 PMCID: PMC3603366 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2012.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Revised: 10/31/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Basal-like breast cancers (BLBC) express a luminal progenitor gene signature. Notch receptor signaling promotes luminal cell fate specification in the mammary gland, while suppressing stem cell self-renewal. Here we show that deletion of Lfng, a sugar transferase that prevents Notch activation by Jagged ligands, enhances stem/progenitor cell proliferation. Mammary-specific deletion of Lfng induces basal-like and claudin-low tumors with accumulation of Notch intracellular domain fragments, increased expression of proliferation-associated Notch targets, amplification of the Met/Caveolin locus, and elevated Met and Igf-1R signaling. Human BL breast tumors, commonly associated with JAGGED expression, elevated MET signaling, and CAVEOLIN accumulation, express low levels of LFNG. Thus, reduced LFNG expression facilitates JAG/NOTCH luminal progenitor signaling and cooperates with MET/CAVEOLIN basal-type signaling to promote BLBC.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Breast Neoplasms/enzymology
- Breast Neoplasms/genetics
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Calcium-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Caveolins/genetics
- Caveolins/metabolism
- Cell Proliferation
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/metabolism
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/pathology
- Cells, Cultured
- Claudins/metabolism
- Databases, Genetic
- Female
- Gene Expression Profiling/methods
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Glycosyltransferases/deficiency
- Glycosyltransferases/genetics
- Glycosyltransferases/metabolism
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/metabolism
- Jagged-1 Protein
- Mammary Glands, Animal/enzymology
- Mammary Glands, Animal/growth & development
- Mammary Glands, Animal/pathology
- Mammary Glands, Animal/transplantation
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/enzymology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Middle Aged
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/enzymology
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/pathology
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/transplantation
- Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-met/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-met/metabolism
- Receptor, IGF Type 1/metabolism
- Receptors, Notch/metabolism
- Serrate-Jagged Proteins
- Signal Transduction
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Affiliation(s)
- Keli Xu
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Jerry Usary
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Departments of Genetics and Pathology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Philaretos C Kousis
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Aleix Prat
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Departments of Genetics and Pathology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Dong-Yu Wang
- The Campbell Family Cancer Research Institute and Surgical Oncology Princess Margaret Hospital, and the Department of General Surgery, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
| | - Jessica R Adams
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
| | - Wei Wang
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Amanda J Loch
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Tao Deng
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
| | - Wei Zhao
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Departments of Genetics and Pathology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | | | - Keejung Yoon
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Nicholas Gaiano
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Vicki Ling
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada; Child Health Evaluative Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Joseph Beyene
- Child Health Evaluative Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Eldad Zacksenhaus
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
| | - Tom Gridley
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, 81 Research Drive, Scarborough, ME 04074, USA
| | - Wey L Leong
- The Campbell Family Cancer Research Institute and Surgical Oncology Princess Margaret Hospital, and the Department of General Surgery, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
| | - Cynthia J Guidos
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada; Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
| | - Charles M Perou
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Departments of Genetics and Pathology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Sean E Egan
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, M5G 1L7, Canada; The Campbell Family Cancer Research Institute and Surgical Oncology Princess Margaret Hospital, and the Department of General Surgery, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada.
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Perova T, Grandal I, Nutter L, Papp E, Hitzler JK, Minden MD, Guidos CJ, Danska JS. Abstract 867: Therapeutic potential of small molecule SYK inhibitors for treatment of primary B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Cancer Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2012-867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) is the most common childhood cancer. Intensified and central nervous system (CNS)-directed chemotherapy has significantly improved outcomes for pediatric patients but are associated with late-effect morbidities. Moreover, ∼20% pediatric and a higher frequency of adult patients suffer relapses that are often fatal. Thus there is a need to develop therapies that target signaling abnormalities in B-ALL, which may reduce complications of CNS leukemia and decrease long-term morbidities. Rationale: Using a p53-/- SCID mouse model of B-ALL we observed pre-B cell receptor (pre-BCR)-independent activation of the spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) and found that it was crucial for the proliferation and survival of these leukemias. We then asked whether abnormal SYK activation occurs in human B-ALL and whether these cells are sensitive to small molecule SYK inhibitors. Methods: Viably frozen diagnostic B-ALL samples from children (n=54) and adults (n=42) tested for sensitivity to SYK inhibitors R406 (Astra-Zeneca) and BAY61-3606 in a short-term in vitro proliferation assay. Phospho-flow cytometry was also performed to quantify phosphorylation of SYK and other signaling proteins in B-ALL samples. The R406 pro-drug (Fostamatinib: Fosta) was used in a xenotransplant assay to determine therapeutic potential of SYK inhibition in vivo. Results: Phospho-flow cytometry profiling of primary B-ALL samples revealed prominent phosphorylation of SYK (Y348) and downstream signaling proteins that was decreased by SYK inhibitors. Furthermore, SYK inhibitors significantly attenuated proliferation of pre-BCR-negative and pre-BCR-positive B-ALL samples indicating that SYK was required for their survival and proliferation. In contrast, FLT3 or SRC inhibitors did not inhibit proliferation of pediatric and adult B-ALL samples. Importantly, siRNA-mediated SYK knockdown also reduced proliferation of B-ALL cell lines. Therefore, we tested the therapeutic potential of SYK inhibition using xenotransplantion. NOD.SCID.gamma C-/- (NSG) mice were injected intrafemorally with primary B-ALL samples (n=9) and fed chow containing either vehicle (AIN-76A diet) or Fosta (AIN-76A diet with 2g Fosta/kg). Leukemia burden was assessed 4-8 weeks post-transplantation. Mice given the Fosta diet had significantly reduced numbers of leukemic blasts in their injected femurs, other bones, spleens and CNS as compared to vehicle-treated mice. In addition, Fosta treatment reduced spleen, liver and kidney weight in ALL-transplanted mice. Conclusion: SYK signaling is vital to B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia survival; small molecule SYK inhibitors have therapeutic potential in poor-prognosis and relapsed B-ALL.
Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 867. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-867
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Perova
- 1Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ildiko Grandal
- 1Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lauryl Nutter
- 1Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eniko Papp
- 1Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Johann K. Hitzler
- 1Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Cynthia J. Guidos
- 1Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jayne S. Danska
- 1Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Cawthorn TR, Moreno JC, Dharsee M, Tran-Thanh D, Ackloo S, Zhu PH, Sardana G, Chen J, Kupchak P, Jacks LM, Miller NA, Youngson BJ, Iakovlev V, Guidos CJ, Vallis KA, Evans KR, McCready D, Leong WL, Done SJ. Proteomic analyses reveal high expression of decorin and endoplasmin (HSP90B1) are associated with breast cancer metastasis and decreased survival. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30992. [PMID: 22363530 PMCID: PMC3282708 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 12/28/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer is the most common malignancy among women worldwide in terms of incidence and mortality. About 10% of North American women will be diagnosed with breast cancer during their lifetime and 20% of those will die of the disease. Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease and biomarkers able to correctly classify patients into prognostic groups are needed to better tailor treatment options and improve outcomes. One powerful method used for biomarker discovery is sample screening with mass spectrometry, as it allows direct comparison of protein expression between normal and pathological states. The purpose of this study was to use a systematic and objective method to identify biomarkers with possible prognostic value in breast cancer patients, particularly in identifying cases most likely to have lymph node metastasis and to validate their prognostic ability using breast cancer tissue microarrays. METHODS AND FINDINGS Differential proteomic analyses were employed to identify candidate biomarkers in primary breast cancer patients. These analyses identified decorin (DCN) and endoplasmin (HSP90B1) which play important roles regulating the tumour microenvironment and in pathways related to tumorigenesis. This study indicates that high expression of Decorin is associated with lymph node metastasis (p<0.001), higher number of positive lymph nodes (p<0.0001) and worse overall survival (p = 0.01). High expression of HSP90B1 is associated with distant metastasis (p<0.0001) and decreased overall survival (p<0.0001) these patients also appear to benefit significantly from hormonal treatment. CONCLUSIONS Using quantitative proteomic profiling of primary breast cancers, two new promising prognostic and predictive markers were found to identify patients with worse survival. In addition HSP90B1 appears to identify a group of patients with distant metastasis with otherwise good prognostic features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R. Cawthorn
- Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Juan C. Moreno
- Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Laboratory Medicine Program, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Moyez Dharsee
- Ontario Cancer Biomarker Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Danh Tran-Thanh
- Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Laboratory Medicine Program, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Suzanne Ackloo
- Ontario Cancer Biomarker Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Pei Hong Zhu
- Ontario Cancer Biomarker Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Girish Sardana
- Ontario Cancer Biomarker Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jian Chen
- Ontario Cancer Biomarker Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Peter Kupchak
- Ontario Cancer Biomarker Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lindsay M. Jacks
- Department of Biostatistics, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Naomi A. Miller
- Laboratory Medicine Program, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bruce J. Youngson
- Laboratory Medicine Program, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vladimir Iakovlev
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cynthia J. Guidos
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, and Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Katherine A. Vallis
- MRC/CRUK Gray Institute for Radiation Oncology and Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - David McCready
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wey L. Leong
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Susan J. Done
- Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Laboratory Medicine Program, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Visan I, Yuan JS, Liu Y, Stanley P, Guidos CJ. Lunatic fringe enhances competition for delta-like Notch ligands but does not overcome defective pre-TCR signaling during thymocyte beta-selection in vivo. J Immunol 2010; 185:4609-17. [PMID: 20844195 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1002008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Notch1 activation by Delta-like (DL) Notch ligands is essential to induce T cell commitment and to suppress B cell development from thymus-seeding progenitors. Thymus-seeding progenitor competition for DL4 is critically regulated by Lunatic Fringe (Lfng), which glycosylates epidermal growth factor repeats in the Notch1 extracellular domain to enhance binding avidity for DL ligands. Notch1 activation is also essential for the process of β-selection, which drives TCRβ(+) CD4/CD8 double-negative 3 (DN3) precursors to proliferate and generate a large pool of CD4/CD8 double-positive thymocytes. We have used several genetic approaches to determine the importance of Lfng-Notch1 interactions in regulating competition of preselection and postselection DN3 thymocytes for DL ligands in vivo. Surprisingly, although Lfng overexpression enhanced DL4 binding by preselection DN3a thymocytes, it did not confer them with a competitive advantage in mixed chimeras. In contrast, Lfng overexpression enhanced competition of post-β-selection DN3b precursors for DL ligands. Lfng modification of O-fucose in the Notch1 ligand-binding domain contributed to but was not solely responsible for the developmental effects of Lfng overexpression. Although previous studies have suggested that pre-TCR-deficient DN3 thymocytes compete poorly for DL ligands, Lfng overexpression did not fully restore double-positive thymocyte pools from DN3b cells with pre-TCR signaling defects. Thus, pre-TCR and Notch signaling have largely nonoverlapping functions in β-selection. Collectively, our data reveal that Lfng enhances DN3b precursor competition for intrathymic DL ligands to maximize Notch-induced clonal expansion during the earliest stage of β-selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioana Visan
- Program in Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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31
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie S. Yuan
- Program in Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, and Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada;
| | - Philaretos C. Kousis
- Program in Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, and Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada;
| | - Sara Suliman
- Program in Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, and Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada;
| | - Ioana Visan
- Program in Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, and Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada;
| | - Cynthia J. Guidos
- Program in Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, and Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada;
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Abstract
Notch signaling is required for the development of all T cells and marginal zone (MZ) B cells. Specific roles in T- and B-cell differentiation have been identified for different Notch receptors, the canonical Delta-like (Dll) and Jagged (Jag) Notch ligands, and downstream effectors of Notch signaling. Notch receptors and ligands are post-translationally modified by the addition of glycans to extracellular domain epidermal growth factor-like (EGF) repeats. The O-fucose glycans of Notch cell-autonomously modulate Notch-ligand interactions and the strength of Notch signaling. These glycans are initiated by protein O-fucosyltransferase 1 (Pofut1), and elongated by the transfer of N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) to the fucose by beta1,3GlcNAc-transferases termed lunatic, manic, or radical fringe. This review discusses T- and B-cell development from progenitors deficient in O-fucose glycans. The combined data show that Lfng and Mfng regulate T-cell development by enhancing the interactions of Notch1 in T-cell progenitors with Dll4 on thymic epithelial cells. In the spleen, Lfng and Mfng cooperate to modify Notch2 in MZ B progenitors, enhancing their interaction with Dll1 on endothelial cells and regulating MZ B-cell production. Removal of O-fucose affects Notch signaling in myelopoiesis and lymphopoiesis, and the O-fucose glycan in the Notch1 ligand-binding domain is required for optimal T-cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Stanley
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA.
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33
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Tan JB, Xu K, Cretegny K, Visan I, Yuan JS, Egan SE, Guidos CJ. Lunatic and manic fringe cooperatively enhance marginal zone B cell precursor competition for delta-like 1 in splenic endothelial niches. Immunity 2009; 30:254-63. [PMID: 19217325 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2008.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2008] [Revised: 11/28/2008] [Accepted: 12/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Notch2 activation induced by Delta-like-1 (DL1) drives development of splenic marginal zone (MZ) B cells, an innate-like lineage that protects against sepsis. DL1 interacts with Notch2 weakly, but it is not known whether enhancement of DL1-induced Notch2 activation by Fringe glycosyltransferases is important for MZ B cell development. Furthermore, DL1-expressing cells that promote MZ B cell development have not been identified. We show that Lunatic Fringe (Lfng) and Manic Fringe (Mfng) cooperatively enhanced the DL1-Notch2 interaction to promote MZ B cell development. We also identified radio-resistant red pulp endothelial cells in the splenic MZ that express high amounts of DL1 and promoted MZ B generation. Finally, MZ B cell precursor competition for DL1 homeostatically regulated entry into the MZ B cell pool. Our study has revealed that the Fringe-Notch2 interaction has important functions in vivo and provides insights into mechanisms regulating MZ B cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne B Tan
- Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
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34
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Abstract
The V(D)J recombinase catalyzes DNA transposition and translocation both in vitro and in vivo. Because lymphoid malignancies contain chromosomal translocations involving antigen receptor and protooncogene loci, it is critical to understand the types of “mistakes” made by the recombinase. Using a newly devised assay, we characterized 48 unique TCRβ recombination signal sequence (RSS) end insertions in murine thymocyte and splenocyte genomic DNA samples. Nearly half of these events targeted “cryptic” RSS-like elements. In no instance did we detect target-site duplications, which is a hallmark of recombinase-mediated transposition in vitro. Rather, these insertions were most likely caused by either V(D)J recombination between a bona fide RSS and a cryptic RSS or the insertion of signal circles into chromosomal loci via a V(D)J recombination-like mechanism. Although wild-type, p53, p53 x scid, H2Ax, and ATM mutant thymocytes all showed similar levels of RSS end insertions, core-RAG2 mutant thymocytes showed a sevenfold greater frequency of such events. Thus, the noncore domain of RAG2 serves to limit the extent to which the integrity of the genome is threatened by mistargeting of V(D)J recombination.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Curry
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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35
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Abstract
AbstractMutations in ATM (ataxia-telangiectasia mutated) cause ataxia-telangiectasia (AT), a disease characterized by neurodegeneration, sterility, immunodeficiency, and T-cell leukemia. Defective ATM-mediated DNA damage responses underlie many aspects of the AT syndrome, but the basis for the immune deficiency has not been defined. ATM associates with DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), and some evidence suggests that ATM may regulate V(D)J recombination. However, it remains unclear how ATM loss compromises lymphocyte development in vivo. Here, we show that T-cell receptor β (TCRβ)–dependent proliferation and production of TCRβlow CD4+CD8+ (DP) thymocytes occurred normally in Atm−/− mice. In striking contrast, the postmitotic maturation of TCRβlow DP precursors into TCRβint DP cells and TCRβhi mature thymocytes was profoundly impaired. Furthermore, Atm−/− thymocytes expressed abnormally low amounts of TCRα mRNA and protein. These defects were not attributable to the induction of a BCL-2–sensitive apoptotic pathway. Rather, they were associated with frequent biallelic loss of distal Va gene segments in DP thymocytes, revealing that ATM maintains Tcra locus integrity as it undergoes V(D)J recombination. Collectively, our data demonstrate that ATM loss increases the frequency of aberrant Tcra deletion events, which compromise DP thymocyte maturation and likely promote the generation of oncogenic TCR translocations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina R Matei
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
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36
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Abstract
Notch1 signaling suppresses B cell development and promotes T lineage commitment in thymus-seeding hematopoietic progenitors. Notch1 is also activated in early T cell progenitors, but the functions of these later Notch signals have not been clearly defined. Recent studies reveal that Notch signaling is not essential for pre-T cell receptor (TCR) expression or gammadelta lineage choice. Rather, pre-TCR signaling enhances progenitor competitiveness for limiting Notch ligands, leading to preferential expansion of TCRbeta-bearing progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia J Guidos
- Program in Developmental Biology, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, and Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 1L7.
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37
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Abstract
The immune system is capable of recognizing and eliminating an enormous array of pathogens due to the extremely diverse antigen receptor repertoire of T and B lymphocytes. However, the development of lymphocytes bearing receptors with unique specificities requires the generation of programmed double strand breaks (DSBs) coupled with bursts of proliferation, rendering lymphocytes susceptible to mutations contributing to oncogenic transformation. Consequently, mechanisms responsible for monitoring global genomic integrity must be activated during lymphocyte development to limit the oncogenic potential of antigen receptor locus recombination. Mutations in ATM (ataxia-telangiectasia mutated), a kinase that coordinates DSB monitoring and the response to DNA damage, result in impaired T-cell development and predispose to T-cell leukemia. Here, we review recent evidence providing insight into the mechanisms by which ATM promotes normal lymphocyte development and protects from neoplastic transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina R Matei
- Program in Developmental Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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38
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Abstract
Intrathymic Notch1 signaling critically regulates T-lineage specification and commitment as well as T-cell progenitor survival and differentiation. Notch1 activation is continuously required during progression of early CD4/CD8-double-negative thymocytes to the CD4/CD8-double-positive stage. This developmental transition occurs as thymocytes migrate from the corticomedullary junction (CMJ) to the outer subcapsular zone (SCZ) of the thymus. Members of two families of structurally distinct Notch ligands, Delta-like 1 and Jagged-1, are expressed by cortical thymic epithelial cells, but it is not known which ligands are functionally required within the CMJ and SCZ microenvironmental niches. Our laboratory has investigated this question by genetically manipulating thymocyte expression of Lunatic Fringe (L-Fng), a glycosyltransferase that enhances sensitivity of Notch receptors to Delta-like ligands. This approach has revealed that low-threshold intrathymic Notch1 signals instruct multipotent thymus-seeding progenitors to suppress their B-cell potential and choose the T-cell fate. This strategy has also revealed that Delta-like Notch ligands are functionally limiting in both the CMJ and SCZ microenvironmental niches. Finally, we discuss our recent demonstration that L-Fng-mediated competition for Delta-like ligands is an important mechanism for regulating thymus size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioana Visan
- Program in Developmental Biology, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, and Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Visan I, Tan JB, Yuan JS, Harper JA, Koch U, Guidos CJ. Regulation of T lymphopoiesis by Notch1 and Lunatic fringe-mediated competition for intrathymic niches. Nat Immunol 2006; 7:634-43. [PMID: 16699526 DOI: 10.1038/ni1345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2006] [Accepted: 04/04/2006] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Notch1 activation regulates T lineage commitment and early T cell development. Fringe glycosyltransferases alter the sensitivity of Notch receptors to Delta-like versus Jagged Notch ligands, but their functions in T lymphopoiesis have not been defined. Here we show that developmental stage-specific expression of the glycosyltransferase lunatic fringe (Lfng) is required for coordination of the access of T cell progenitors to intrathymic niches that support Notch1-dependent phases of T cell development. Lfng-null progenitors generated few thymocytes in competitive assays, whereas Lfng overexpression converted thymocytes into 'supercompetitors' with enhanced binding of Delta-like ligands and blocked T lymphopoiesis from normal progenitors. We suggest that the ability of Lfng and Notch1 to control progenitor competition for limiting cortical niches is an important mechanism for the homeostatic regulation of thymus size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioana Visan
- Program in Developmental Biology, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, and Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1L7, Canada
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40
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Gladdy RA, Nutter LMJ, Kunath T, Danska JS, Guidos CJ. p53-Independent Apoptosis Disrupts Early Organogenesis in Embryos Lacking Both Ataxia-Telangiectasia Mutated and Prkdc. Mol Cancer Res 2006; 4:311-8. [PMID: 16687486 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-05-0258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) protein and the nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ) pathway play crucial roles in sensing and repairing DNA double-strand breaks in postnatal cells. However, each pathway is dispensable for early embryogenesis. Loss of both ATM and Prkdc/Ku is synthetically lethal, but neither the developmental processes perturbed nor the mechanisms of lethality have been determined by previous reports. Here, we show that ATM and Prkdc collaborate to maintain genomic stability during gastrulation and early organogenesis, a period of rapid proliferation and hypersensitivity to DNA damage. At E7.5 to E8.5, ATM(-/-)Prkdcscid/scid embryos displayed normal proliferation indices but exhibited excessive apoptosis and elevated expression of Ser15-phosphorylated p53. Thus, this crucial regulatory residue of p53 can be phosphorylated in the absence of ATM or Prkdc. However, loss of p53 did not abrogate or delay embryonic lethality, revealing that apoptosis is p53 independent in these in ATM(-/-)Prkdcscid/scid embryos. Because mice with combined disruptions of ATM and other NHEJ components (ligase IV, Artemis) are viable, our data suggest a novel NHEJ-independent function for Prkdc/Ku that is required to complete early embryogenesis in the absence of ATM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Gladdy
- Program in Developmental Biology, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto Medical Discovery Tower Building (East Tower), Room 14-312, 101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1L7
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41
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Tan JB, Visan I, Yuan JS, Guidos CJ. Requirement for Notch1 signals at sequential early stages of intrathymic T cell development. Nat Immunol 2005; 6:671-9. [PMID: 15951812 DOI: 10.1038/ni1217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2005] [Accepted: 05/23/2005] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Signaling through the transmembrane Notch1 receptor directs thymus-seeding progenitors (TSPs) to suppress their B cell potential and 'choose' the T cell fate. Present paradigms suggest that TSPs are contained in the multipotent early T lineage precursor (ETP) subset of thymocytes. However, we show here that the B cell potential of ETPs was not augmented in microenvironments that limited Notch1 activation. Furthermore, low-threshold Notch1 signals suppressed B cell production by TSPs before they reached the ETP stage. Notch1 signals of a higher threshold were needed to drive proliferation of ETPs and development into CD4(+)CD8(+) double-positive thymocytes. Thus, TSPs can be differentiated from all previously identified early T cell progenitors by their robust B cell potential and exquisite sensitivity to Notch1 signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne B Tan
- Program in Developmental Biology, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada
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42
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Abstract
Notch receptors and ligands were first identified in flies and worms, where they were shown to regulate cell proliferation, cell differentiation, and, in particular, binary cell fate decisions in a variety of developmental contexts. The first mammalian Notch homolog was discovered to be a partner in a chromosomal translocation in a subset of human T-cell leukemias. Subsequent studies in mice and humans have shown that Notch signaling plays essential roles at multiple stages of hematopoiesis, and also regulates the development or homeostasis of cells in many tissues and organs. Thus, it is not surprising that mutations which disrupt Notch signaling cause a wide range of cancers and developmental disorders. Perhaps because it is so widely used, Notch signaling is subject to many unusual forms of regulation. In this review, we will first outline key aspects of Notch signaling and its regulation by endocytosis, glycosylation, and ubiquitination. We will then overview recent literature elucidating how Notch regulates cell-lineage decisions in a variety of developmental contexts. Finally, we will describe the roles of dysregulated Notch signaling in causing several types of cancer and other pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Harper
- Program in Developmental Biology, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Rm 8104, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X8
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43
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Abstract
Recent studies have shown that disruption of Notch1 signaling in lymphocyte progenitors (LP) inhibits T cell development and promotes B cell development in the thymus. Conversely, inappropriate activation of Notch1 in LP inhibits B cell development and causes ectopic T cell development in the bone marrow. These observations imply that Notch1 activation must be spatially regulated to ensure that LP generate B cells in the bone marrow and T cells in the thymus. However, Notch ligands are expressed in both tissues. Studies in flies and worms have revealed that Notch activation is extremely sensitive to small changes in the amount of receptor or ligand expressed, and defined multiple mechanisms that limit Notch activation to discrete cells at specific times during development. Here, we describe how some of these mechanisms might regulate Notch activity in LP during the T/B lineage decision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ute Koch
- Program in Developmental Biology, Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada
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44
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Gladdy RA, Taylor MD, Williams CJ, Grandal I, Karaskova J, Squire JA, Rutka JT, Guidos CJ, Danska JS. The RAG-1/2 endonuclease causes genomic instability and controls CNS complications of lymphoblastic leukemia in p53/Prkdc-deficient mice. Cancer Cell 2003; 3:37-50. [PMID: 12559174 DOI: 10.1016/s1535-6108(02)00236-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Double-strand DNA breaks (DSB) induce chromosomal translocations and gene amplification in cell culture, but mechanisms by which DSB cause genomic instability in vivo are poorly understood. We show that RAG-1/2-induced DSB cause IgH/c-Myc translocations in leukemic pro-B cells from p53/Prkdc-deficient mice. Strikingly, these translocations were complex, clonally heterogeneous and amplified. We observed reiterated IgH/c-Myc fusions on dicentric chromosomes, suggesting that amplification occurred by repeated cycles of bridge, breakage and fusion. Leukemogenesis was not mitigated in RAG-2/p53/Prkdc-deficient mice, but leukemic pro-B cells lacked IgH/c-Myc translocations. Thus, global genomic instability conferred by p53/Prkdc disruption efficiently transforms pro-B cells lacking RAG-1/2-induced DSB. Unexpectedly, RAG-2/p53/Prkdc-deficient mice also developed leptomeningeal leukemia, providing a novel spontaneous model for this frequent complication of human lymphoblastic malignancies.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Blotting, Northern
- Blotting, Southern
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Central Nervous System Diseases/etiology
- Central Nervous System Diseases/pathology
- DNA-Binding Proteins/deficiency
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- Flow Cytometry
- Gene Amplification/genetics
- Genes, myc/genetics
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/physiology
- Homeodomain Proteins/genetics
- Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains/genetics
- Immunohistochemistry
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Leukemia, Lymphoid/complications
- Leukemia, Lymphoid/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphoid/physiopathology
- Meningeal Neoplasms/etiology
- Meningeal Neoplasms/genetics
- Mice
- Models, Animal
- Translocation, Genetic
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/deficiency
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Gladdy
- Program in Developmental Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children and Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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45
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Abstract
Cytokine and antigen receptor signals play well-characterized roles in promoting the survival and maturation of T and B lymphocyte progenitors through sequential developmental stages. Emerging studies suggest equally important roles for more ancient signaling pathways that evolved prior to the adaptive immune system in jawed vertebrates. In particular, there are at least two essential functions for the highly conserved Notch signaling pathway in lymphocyte development. First, Notch signals are essential for the development of T cell progenitors in the thymus and intestinal epithelium. Second, Notch signals are required to suppress B cell development in the thymus. This review will focus on focus on recent advances in our understanding of how Notch signaling regulates this developmental switch, as well as how Notch might regulate subsequent survival and cell fate decisions in developing T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia J Guidos
- Program in Developmental Biology, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Room 8104, 555 University Avenue, Ont., Toronto, Canada M5G 1X8.
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46
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French MB, Koch U, Shaye RE, McGill MA, Dho SE, Guidos CJ, McGlade CJ. Transgenic expression of numb inhibits notch signaling in immature thymocytes but does not alter T cell fate specification. J Immunol 2002; 168:3173-80. [PMID: 11907069 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.168.7.3173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The conserved adaptor protein Numb is an intrinsic cell fate determinant that functions by antagonizing Notch-mediated signal transduction. The Notch family of membrane receptors controls cell survival and cell fate determination in a variety of organ systems and species. Recent studies have identified a role for mammalian Notch-1 signals at multiple stages of T lymphocyte development. We have examined the role of mammalian Numb (mNumb) as a Notch regulator and cell fate determinant during T cell development. Transgenic overexpression of mNumb under the control of the Lck proximal promoter reduced expression of several Notch-1 target genes, indicating that mNumb antagonizes Notch-1 signaling in vivo. However, thymocyte development, cell cycle, and survival were unperturbed by mNumb overexpression, even though transgenic Numb was expressed at an early stage in thymocyte development (CD4(-)CD8(-)CD3(-) cells that were CD44(+)CD25(+) or CD44(-)CD25(+); double-negative 2/3). Moreover, bone marrow from mNumb transgenic mice showed no defects in thymopoiesis in competitive repopulation experiments. Our results suggest that mNumb functions as a Notch-1 antagonist in immature thymocytes, but that suppression of Notch-1 signaling at this stage does not alter gammadelta/alphabeta or CD4/CD8 T cell fate specification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle B French
- Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Center and Program in Developmental Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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47
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Koch U, Lacombe TA, Holland D, Bowman JL, Cohen BL, Egan SE, Guidos CJ. Subversion of the T/B lineage decision in the thymus by lunatic fringe-mediated inhibition of Notch-1. Immunity 2001; 15:225-36. [PMID: 11520458 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-7613(01)00189-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Notch-1 signaling is essential for lymphoid progenitors to undergo T cell commitment, but the mechanism has not been defined. Here we show that thymocytes ectopically expressing Lunatic Fringe, a modifier of Notch-1 signaling, induce lymphoid progenitors to develop into B cells in the thymus. This cell fate switch resulted from Lunatic Fringe-mediated inhibition of Notch-1 function, as revealed by experiments utilizing lymphoid progenitors in which Notch-1 activity was genetically manipulated. These data identify Lunatic Fringe as a potent regulator of Notch-1 during the T/B lineage decision and show that an important function of Notch-1 in T cell commitment is to suppress B cell development in the thymus.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Koch
- Program in Developmental Biology, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
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48
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Williams CJ, Grandal I, Vesprini DJ, Wojtyra U, Danska JS, Guidos CJ. Irradiation promotes V(D)J joining and RAG-dependent neoplastic transformation in SCID T-cell precursors. Mol Cell Biol 2001; 21:400-13. [PMID: 11134329 PMCID: PMC86582 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.21.2.400-413.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2000] [Accepted: 10/17/2000] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Defects in the nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ) pathway of double-stranded DNA break repair severely impair V(D)J joining and selectively predispose mice to the development of lymphoid neoplasia. This connection was first noted in mice with the severe combined immune deficient (SCID) mutation in the DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK). SCID mice spontaneously develop thymic lymphoma with low incidence and long latency. However, we and others showed that low-dose irradiation of SCID mice dramatically increases the frequency and decreases the latency of thymic lymphomagenesis, but irradiation does not promote the development of other tumors. We have used this model to explore the mechanistic basis by which defects in NHEJ confer selective and profound susceptibility to lymphoid oncogenesis. Here, we show that radiation quantitatively and qualitatively improves V(D)J joining in SCID cells, in the absence of T-cell receptor-mediated cellular selection. Furthermore, we show that the lymphocyte-specific endonuclease encoded by the recombinase-activating genes (RAG-1 and RAG-2) is required for radiation-induced thymic lymphomagenesis in SCID mice. Collectively, these data suggest that irradiation induces a DNA-PK-independent NHEJ pathway that facilitates V(D)J joining, but also promotes oncogenic misjoining of RAG-1/2-induced breaks in SCID T-cell precursors.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Cell Division/radiation effects
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/radiation effects
- Complementarity Determining Regions/genetics
- DNA Damage
- DNA Nucleotidyltransferases/metabolism
- DNA-Binding Proteins/deficiency
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Gene Deletion
- Gene Rearrangement, T-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Gene Rearrangement, T-Lymphocyte/radiation effects
- Homeodomain Proteins/genetics
- Homeodomain Proteins/metabolism
- Lymphoma/genetics
- Lymphoma/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, SCID
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/physiology
- Recombination, Genetic/genetics
- Recombination, Genetic/radiation effects
- Stem Cells/metabolism
- Stem Cells/pathology
- Stem Cells/radiation effects
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- T-Lymphocytes/radiation effects
- Thymus Neoplasms/genetics
- Thymus Neoplasms/pathology
- Transgenes/genetics
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- VDJ Recombinases
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Williams
- Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute and Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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49
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Lista F, Bertness V, Guidos CJ, Danska JS, Kirsch IR. The absolute number of trans-rearrangements between the TCRG and TCRB loci is predictive of lymphoma risk: a severe combined immune deficiency (SCID) murine model. Cancer Res 1997; 57:4408-13. [PMID: 9331104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Pilot studies in human populations have demonstrated a correlation between the level of antigen receptor trans-rearrangements and risk (at the population level) of lymphoid malignancy. Irradiation of newborn severe combined immune deficiency mice results in an increased risk of subsequent development of thymic lymphoma (100% of mice so irradiated are dead of thymic lymphoma by 20 weeks of age). We, therefore, assayed the occurrence of trans-rearrangements in this well-controlled mouse mutant system and found a 50-100-fold increase in the absolute number of TCRGV-TCRBJ trans-rearrangements compared to unirradiated littermates (and a comparable fold increase over age-matched BALB/c mice) at 2 weeks following irradiation. We also found a marked disproportion in generating trans-rearrangements versus intralocus rearrangements in the severe combined immune deficiency system compared to BALB/c, independent of irradiation. The trans-rearrangements noted were polyclonal in nature. These data, again, suggest that the absolute level of antigen receptor trans-rearrangements may serve as a biomarker of lymphoma risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Lista
- Genetics Department, Medicine Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20889, USA
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50
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Abstract
V(D)J recombination generates a diverse array of antigen-binding specificities, but breakage and re-joining of DNA segments have grave implications for the maintenance of genomic stability and oncogenic risk. Exposure of eukaryotic cells to genotoxic agents activates a DNA damage checkpoint that induces cell-cycle arrest and DNA repair, or apoptosis. We discuss several lines of evidence implicating DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK), and the gene mutated in ataxia telangiectasia (ATM), two mammalian homologues of yeast DNA damage-checkpoint genes, in regulating the response to intrinsic DNA damage that occurs during V(D)J recombination.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Danska
- Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada
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