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Plascencia-Villa G, Perry G. Roles of Oxidative Stress in Synaptic Dysfunction and Neuronal Cell Death in Alzheimer's Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1628. [PMID: 37627623 PMCID: PMC10451948 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12081628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a brain disorder that progressively undermines memory and thinking skills by affecting the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex. The main histopathological hallmarks of AD are the presence of abnormal protein aggregates (Aβ and tau), synaptic dysfunction, aberrant proteostasis, cytoskeletal abnormalities, altered energy homeostasis, DNA and RNA defects, inflammation, and neuronal cell death. However, oxidative stress or oxidative damage is also evident and commonly overlooked or considered a consequence of the advancement of dementia symptoms. The control or onset of oxidative stress is linked to the activity of the amyloid-β peptide, which may serve as both antioxidant and pro-oxidant molecules. Furthermore, oxidative stress is correlated with oxidative damage to proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids in vulnerable cell populations, which ultimately lead to neuronal death through different molecular mechanisms. By recognizing oxidative stress as an integral feature of AD, alternative therapeutic or preventive interventions are developed and tested as potential or complementary therapies for this devastating neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Germán Plascencia-Villa
- Department of Neuroscience, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, The University of Texas at San Antonio (UTSA), San Antonio, TX 78249, USA;
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2
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Evolutionary and genomic perspectives of brain aging and neurodegenerative diseases. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2023; 275:165-215. [PMID: 36841568 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2022.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
This chapter utilizes genomic concepts and evolutionary perspectives to further understand the possible links between typical brain aging and neurodegenerative diseases, focusing on the two most prevalent of these: Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Aging is the major risk factor for these neurodegenerative diseases. Researching the evolutionary and molecular underpinnings of aging helps to reveal elements of the typical aging process that leave individuals more vulnerable to neurodegenerative pathologies. Very little is known about the prevalence and susceptibility of neurodegenerative diseases in nonhuman species, as only a few individuals have been observed with these neuropathologies. However, several studies have investigated the evolution of lifespan, which is closely connected with brain size in mammals, and insights can be drawn from these to enrich our understanding of neurodegeneration. This chapter explores the relationship between the typical aging process and the events in neurodegeneration. First, we examined how age-related processes can increase susceptibility to neurodegenerative diseases. Second, we assessed to what extent neurodegeneration is an accelerated form of aging. We found that while at the phenotypic level both neurodegenerative diseases and the typical aging process share some characteristics, at the molecular level they show some distinctions in their profiles, such as variation in genes and gene expression. Furthermore, neurodegeneration of the brain is associated with an earlier onset of cellular, molecular, and structural age-related changes. In conclusion, a more integrative view of the aging process, both from a molecular and an evolutionary perspective, may increase our understanding of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Xie Q, Zhang Y, Zhang J, Cui D, Zhou Q, Guo M. Promotion effect of the blend containing 2'-FL, OPN and DHA on oligodendrocyte progenitor cells myelination in vitro. Front Nutr 2022; 9:1054431. [DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1054431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
During early neurodevelopment of infant, myelination plays an essential role in brain connectivity and emergence of behavioral and cognitive function. Early life nutrition is an important factor to shape myelination and consequently cognitive appearance. To analyze the effects of additive nutrients, including 2'-fucosyllactose (2'-FL), osteopontin (OPN), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), on neurocognitive function and brain structure, the current study evaluated the effects of different composition of breast milk nutrients on oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) myelination with a neural primary cell model in vitro. The study showed that the three nutrients promoted the proliferation, maturation and differentiation of OPCs into mature oligodendrocytes (OLs) in each phage of the cell growth, and the effect of the nutrients blend is obviously stronger than that of the nutrient treatment alone, showing a synergistic effect in promotion of OPCs. The results of this experiment clarified the effects of 2′-FL OPN and DHA to promote myelination development of neural cells, and laid an experimental basis for further optimization of infant formula.
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Hatstat AK, Pupi MD, Reinhart MC, McCafferty DG. Small Molecule Improvement of Trafficking Defects in Models of Neurodegeneration. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:3972-3984. [PMID: 34652126 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Disrupted cellular trafficking and transport processes are hallmarks of many neurodegenerative disorders (NDs). Recently, efforts have been made toward developing and implementing experimental platforms to identify small molecules that may help restore normative trafficking functions. There have been a number of successes in targeting endomembrane trafficking with the identification of compounds that restore cell viability through rescue of protein transport and trafficking. Here, we describe some of the experimental platforms implemented for small molecule screening efforts for rescue of trafficking defects in neurodegeneration. A survey of phenotypically active small molecules identified to date is provided, including a summary of medicinal chemistry efforts and insights into putative targets and mechanisms of action. In particular, emphasis is put on ligands that demonstrate activity in more than one model of neurodegeneration as retention of phenotypic activity across ND models suggests conservation of biological targets across NDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Katherine Hatstat
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Michael D. Pupi
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Michaela C. Reinhart
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Dewey G. McCafferty
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
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5
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Romila CA, Townsend S, Malecki M, Kamrad S, Rodríguez-López M, Hillson O, Cotobal C, Ralser M, Bähler J. Barcode sequencing and a high-throughput assay for chronological lifespan uncover ageing-associated genes in fission yeast. MICROBIAL CELL (GRAZ, AUSTRIA) 2021; 8:146-160. [PMID: 34250083 PMCID: PMC8246024 DOI: 10.15698/mic2021.07.754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Ageing-related processes are largely conserved, with simple organisms remaining the main platform to discover and dissect new ageing-associated genes. Yeasts provide potent model systems to study cellular ageing owing their amenability to systematic functional assays under controlled conditions. Even with yeast cells, however, ageing assays can be laborious and resource-intensive. Here we present improved experimental and computational methods to study chronological lifespan in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. We decoded the barcodes for 3206 mutants of the latest gene-deletion library, enabling the parallel profiling of ~700 additional mutants compared to previous screens. We then applied a refined method of barcode sequencing (Bar-seq), addressing technical and statistical issues raised by persisting DNA in dead cells and sampling bottlenecks in aged cultures, to screen for mutants showing altered lifespan during stationary phase. This screen identified 341 long-lived mutants and 1246 short-lived mutants which point to many previously unknown ageing-associated genes, including 46 conserved but entirely uncharacterized genes. The ageing-associated genes showed coherent enrichments in processes also associated with human ageing, particularly with respect to ageing in non-proliferative brain cells. We also developed an automated colony-forming unit assay to facilitate medium- to high-throughput chronological-lifespan studies by saving time and resources compared to the traditional assay. Results from the Bar-seq screen showed good agreement with this new assay. This study provides an effective methodological platform and identifies many new ageing-associated genes as a framework for analysing cellular ageing in yeast and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catalina A. Romila
- Institute of Healthy Ageing and Department of Genetics, Evolution & Environment, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
- These authors contributed equally
| | - StJohn Townsend
- Institute of Healthy Ageing and Department of Genetics, Evolution & Environment, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
- The Francis Crick Institute, Molecular Biology of Metabolism Laboratory, London, NW1 1AT, UK
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Michal Malecki
- Institute of Healthy Ageing and Department of Genetics, Evolution & Environment, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
- Current address: Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Poland
| | - Stephan Kamrad
- Institute of Healthy Ageing and Department of Genetics, Evolution & Environment, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
- The Francis Crick Institute, Molecular Biology of Metabolism Laboratory, London, NW1 1AT, UK
- Current address: Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Department of Biochemistry, Germany
| | - María Rodríguez-López
- Institute of Healthy Ageing and Department of Genetics, Evolution & Environment, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Olivia Hillson
- Institute of Healthy Ageing and Department of Genetics, Evolution & Environment, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Cristina Cotobal
- Institute of Healthy Ageing and Department of Genetics, Evolution & Environment, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Markus Ralser
- The Francis Crick Institute, Molecular Biology of Metabolism Laboratory, London, NW1 1AT, UK
- Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Department of Biochemistry, Germany
| | - Jürg Bähler
- Institute of Healthy Ageing and Department of Genetics, Evolution & Environment, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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6
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Fritsche E, Haarmann-Stemmann T, Kapr J, Galanjuk S, Hartmann J, Mertens PR, Kämpfer AAM, Schins RPF, Tigges J, Koch K. Stem Cells for Next Level Toxicity Testing in the 21st Century. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2006252. [PMID: 33354870 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202006252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The call for a paradigm change in toxicology from the United States National Research Council in 2007 initiates awareness for the invention and use of human-relevant alternative methods for toxicological hazard assessment. Simple 2D in vitro systems may serve as first screening tools, however, recent developments infer the need for more complex, multicellular organotypic models, which are superior in mimicking the complexity of human organs. In this review article most critical organs for toxicity assessment, i.e., skin, brain, thyroid system, lung, heart, liver, kidney, and intestine are discussed with regards to their functions in health and disease. Embracing the manifold modes-of-action how xenobiotic compounds can interfere with physiological organ functions and cause toxicity, the need for translation of such multifaceted organ features into the dish seems obvious. Currently used in vitro methods for toxicological applications and ongoing developments not yet arrived in toxicity testing are discussed, especially highlighting the potential of models based on embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells of human origin. Finally, the application of innovative technologies like organs-on-a-chip and genome editing point toward a toxicological paradigm change moves into action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Fritsche
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
- Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
| | | | - Julia Kapr
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
| | - Saskia Galanjuk
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
| | - Julia Hartmann
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
| | - Peter R Mertens
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, 39106, Germany
| | - Angela A M Kämpfer
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
| | - Roel P F Schins
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
| | - Julia Tigges
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
| | - Katharina Koch
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
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7
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Poojary R, Kumar NA, Kumarchandra R, Sanjeev G, Shivananda Pai D, Vinodini NA, Bhagyalakshmi K. Assessment of monoamine neurotransmitters in the cortex and cerebellum of gamma-irradiated mice: A neuromodulatory role of Cynodon dactylon. J Carcinog 2020; 19:6. [PMID: 33033462 PMCID: PMC7511894 DOI: 10.4103/jcar.jcar_13_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Radiation is an important tool in the diagnostic and curative treatment of many cancers. Ionizing radiation induces many biochemical changes in the cells. The present study was designed to estimate the level of neurotransmitters in the distinct brain tissue of Swiss albino mice before exposing gamma radiation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The mice were treated with 0.25 and 1 g/kg body weight of Cynodon dactylon extract (CDE) via oral gavage for 7 days and subjected to 5 Gy of gamma radiation. The estimation of monoamines was performed in the cortex and cerebellum separately. RESULTS: Mice exposed to a sublethal dose 5 Gy of gamma radiation causes a significant decrease in dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, and serotonin levels compared to normal. The mice treated with 0.25 and 1 g/kg body weight of CDE via oral gavage for 7 days showed significant improvement in the level of monoamine neurotransmitters in both the cortex and cerebellum homogenate. CONCLUSION: Oral administration of antioxidant-rich C. dactylon has shown a neuromodulatory effect against radiation-induced depletion of neurotransmitters in the brain tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roopesh Poojary
- Department of Physiology, Kasturba Medical College Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Nayanatara Arun Kumar
- Department of Physiology, Kasturba Medical College Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Reshma Kumarchandra
- Department of Biochemistry, Kasturba Medical College Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Ganesh Sanjeev
- Microtron Centre, Department of Studies in Physics, Mangalore University, Mangalagangotri, Karnataka, India
| | - D Shivananda Pai
- Department of Neurology, Kasturba Medical College Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - N A Vinodini
- Department of Physiology, Kasturba Medical College Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - K Bhagyalakshmi
- Department of Physiology, Kasturba Medical College Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
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Maugein A, Diedisheim M, Bailly K, Scharfmann R, Albagli O. The RB gene family controls the maturation state of the EndoC-βH2 human pancreatic β-cells. Differentiation 2020; 113:1-9. [PMID: 32120156 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2020.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The functional maturation of human pancreatic β-cells remains poorly understood. EndoC-βH2 is a human β-cell line with a reversible immortalized phenotype. Removal of the two oncogenes, SV40LT and hTERT introduced for its propagation, stops proliferation, triggers cell size increase and senescence, promotes mitochondrial activity and amplifies several β-cell traits and functions. Overall, these events recapitulate several aspects of functional β-cell maturation. We report here that selective depletion of SV40LT, but not of hTERT, is sufficient to revert EndoC-βH2 immortalization. SV40LT inhibits the activity of the RB family members and of P53. In EndoC-βH2 cells, the knock-down of RB itself, and, to a lesser extent, of its relative P130, precludes most events triggered by SV40LT depletion. In contrast, the knock-down of P53 does not prevent reversion of immortalization. Thus, an increase in RB and P130 activity, but not in P53 activity, is required for functional maturation of EndoC-βH2 cells upon SV40LT-depletion. In addition, RB and/or P130 depletion in SV40LT-expressing EndoC-βH2 cells decreases cell size, stimulates proliferation, and decreases the expression of key β-cell genes. Thus, despite SV40LT expression, EndoC-βH2 cells have a residual RB activity, which when suppressed reverts them to a more immature phenotype. These results show that the expression and activity levels of RB family members, especially RB itself, regulate the maturation state of EndoC-βH2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Maugein
- Paris University, Institut Cochin, INSERM, U1016, CNRS, UMR8104, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Marc Diedisheim
- Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Diabetology Department, Paris University, Cochin Hospital, and INSERM, UMRS 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris University, 75006, Paris, France
| | - Karine Bailly
- Paris University, Institut Cochin, INSERM, U1016, CNRS, UMR8104, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Raphaël Scharfmann
- Paris University, Institut Cochin, INSERM, U1016, CNRS, UMR8104, 75014, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Albagli
- Paris University, Institut Cochin, INSERM, U1016, CNRS, UMR8104, 75014, Paris, France.
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Alquezar C, Felix JB, McCandlish E, Buckley BT, Caparros-Lefebvre D, Karch CM, Golbe LI, Kao AW. Heavy metals contaminating the environment of a progressive supranuclear palsy cluster induce tau accumulation and cell death in cultured neurons. Sci Rep 2020; 10:569. [PMID: 31953414 PMCID: PMC6969162 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56930-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the presence of intracellular aggregates of tau protein and neuronal loss leading to cognitive and motor impairment. Occurrence is mostly sporadic, but rare family clusters have been described. Although the etiopathology of PSP is unknown, mutations in the MAPT/tau gene and exposure to environmental toxins can increase the risk of PSP. Here, we used cell models to investigate the potential neurotoxic effects of heavy metals enriched in a highly industrialized region in France with a cluster of sporadic PSP cases. We found that iPSC-derived iNeurons from a MAPT mutation carrier tend to be more sensitive to cell death induced by chromium (Cr) and nickel (Ni) exposure than an isogenic control line. We hypothesize that genetic variations may predispose to neurodegeneration induced by those heavy metals. Furthermore, using an SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell line, we showed that both heavy metals induce cell death by an apoptotic mechanism. Interestingly, Cr and Ni treatments increased total and phosphorylated tau levels in both cell types, implicating Cr and Ni exposure in tau pathology. Overall, this study suggests that chromium and nickel could contribute to the pathophysiology of tauopathies such as PSP by promoting tau accumulation and neuronal cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Alquezar
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California, 94158, USA
| | - Jessica B Felix
- Graduate Program, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
| | - Elizabeth McCandlish
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute (EOHSI), Rutgers University, 170, Frelinghuysen Road Piscataway NJ, 08854, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Brian T Buckley
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute (EOHSI), Rutgers University, 170, Frelinghuysen Road Piscataway NJ, 08854, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | | | - Celeste M Karch
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Lawrence I Golbe
- Division of Movement Disorders. Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
| | - Aimee W Kao
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California, 94158, USA.
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Vascular smooth muscle cell senescence and age-related diseases: State of the art. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2019; 1865:1810-1821. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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11
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Xiao C, Qiu S, Li X, Luo DJ, Liu GP. EDTP/MTMR14: A novel target for improved survivorship to prolonged anoxia and cellular protein aggregates. Neurosci Lett 2019; 705:151-158. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2019.04.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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12
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Wu S, FitzGerald KT, Giordano J. On the Viability and Potential Value of Stem Cells for Repair and Treatment of Central Neurotrauma: Overview and Speculations. Front Neurol 2018; 9:602. [PMID: 30150968 PMCID: PMC6099099 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Central neurotrauma, such as spinal cord injury or traumatic brain injury, can damage critical axonal pathways and neurons and lead to partial to complete loss of neural function that is difficult to address in the mature central nervous system. Improvement and innovation in the development, manufacture, and delivery of stem-cell based therapies, as well as the continued exploration of newer forms of stem cells, have allowed the professional and public spheres to resolve technical and ethical questions that previously hindered stem cell research for central nervous system injury. Recent in vitro and in vivo models have demonstrated the potential that reprogrammed autologous stem cells, in particular, have to restore functionality and induce regeneration-while potentially mitigating technical issues of immunogenicity, rejection, and ethical issues of embryonic derivation. These newer stem-cell based approaches are not, however, without concerns and problems of safety, efficacy, use and distribution. This review is an assessment of the current state of the science, the potential solutions that have been and are currently being explored, and the problems and questions that arise from what appears to be a promising way forward (i.e., autologous stem cell-based therapies)-for the purpose of advancing the research for much-needed therapeutic interventions for central neurotrauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Wu
- Pellegrino Center for Clinical Bioethics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Kevin T. FitzGerald
- Pellegrino Center for Clinical Bioethics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
| | - James Giordano
- Pellegrino Center for Clinical Bioethics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
- Departments of Neurology and Biochemistry, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
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Biswas J, Gupta S, Verma DK, Singh S. Streptozotocin alters glucose transport, connexin expression and endoplasmic reticulum functions in neurons and astrocytes. Neuroscience 2017; 356:151-166. [PMID: 28527957 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The study was undertaken to explore the cell-specific streptozotocin (STZ)-induced mechanistic alterations. STZ-induced rodent model is a well-established experimental model of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and in our previous studies we have established it as an in vitro screening model of AD by employing N2A neuronal cells. Therefore, STZ was selected in the present study to understand the STZ-induced cell-specific alterations by utilizing neuronal N2A and astrocytes C6 cells. Both neuronal and astrocyte cells were treated with STZ at 10, 50, 100 and 1000μM concentrations for 48h. STZ exposure caused significant decline in cellular viability and augmented cytotoxicity of cells involving astrocytes activation. STZ treatment also disrupted the energy metabolism by altered glucose uptake and its transport in both cells as reflected with decreased expression of glucose transporters (GLUT) 1/3. The consequent decrease in ATP level and decreased mitochondrial membrane potential was also observed in both the cells. STZ caused increased intracellular calcium which could cause the initiation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Significant upregulation of ER stress-related markers were observed in both cells after STZ treatment. The cellular communication of astrocytes and neurons was altered as reflected by increased expression of connexin 43 along with DNA fragmentation. STZ-induced apoptotic death was evaluated by elevated expression of caspase-3 and PI/Hoechst staining of cells. In conclusion, study showed that STZ exert alike biochemical alterations, ER stress and cellular apoptosis in both neuronal and astrocyte cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyshree Biswas
- Toxicology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Sonam Gupta
- Toxicology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Dinesh Kumar Verma
- Toxicology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Sarika Singh
- Toxicology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226031, India.
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14
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Silva-Santiago E, Rivera-Mulia JC, Aranda-Anzaldo A. The Set of Structural DNA-Nuclear Matrix Interactions in Neurons Is Cell-Type Specific and Rather Independent of Functional Constraints. J Cell Biochem 2017; 118:2151-2160. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Evangelina Silva-Santiago
- Facultad de Medicina, Laboratorio de Biología Molecular y Neurociencias; Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México; Toluca 50180 Edo. Méx. Mexico
| | - Juan Carlos Rivera-Mulia
- Facultad de Medicina, Laboratorio de Biología Molecular y Neurociencias; Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México; Toluca 50180 Edo. Méx. Mexico
| | - Armando Aranda-Anzaldo
- Facultad de Medicina, Laboratorio de Biología Molecular y Neurociencias; Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México; Toluca 50180 Edo. Méx. Mexico
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15
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Aranda-Anzaldo A. The interphase mammalian chromosome as a structural system based on tensegrity. J Theor Biol 2016; 393:51-9. [PMID: 26780650 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2016.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2015] [Revised: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Each mammalian chromosome is constituted by a DNA fiber of macroscopic length that needs to be fitted in a microscopic nucleus. The DNA fiber is subjected at physiological temperature to random thermal bending and looping that must be constrained so as achieve structural stability thus avoiding spontaneous rupturing of the fiber. Standard textbooks assume that chromatin proteins are primarily responsible for the packaging of DNA and so of its protection against spontaneous breakage. Yet the dynamic nature of the interactions between chromatin proteins and DNA is unlikely to provide the necessary long-term structural stability for the chromosomal DNA. On the other hand, longstanding evidence indicates that stable interactions between DNA and constituents of a nuclear compartment commonly known as the nuclear matrix organize the chromosomal DNA as a series of topologically constrained, supercoiled loops during interphase. This results in a primary level of DNA condensation and packaging within the nucleus, as well as in protection against spontaneous DNA breakage, independently of chromatin proteins which nevertheless increase and dynamically modulate the degree of DNA packaging and its role in the regulation of DNA function. Thus current evidence, presented hereunder, supports a model for the organization of the interphase chromosome as resilient system that satisfies the principles of structural tensegrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armando Aranda-Anzaldo
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular y Neurociencias, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Tollocan y Jesús Carranza s/n, Toluca, 50180 Edo. Méx., México.
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The higher-order structure in the cells nucleus as the structural basis of the post-mitotic state. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 114:137-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2014.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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