1
|
Mace EM. Human natural killer cells: Form, function, and development. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2023; 151:371-385. [PMID: 36195172 PMCID: PMC9905317 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2022.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Human natural killer (NK) cells are innate lymphoid cells that mediate important effector functions in the control of viral infection and malignancy. Their ability to distinguish "self" from "nonself" and lyse virally infected and tumorigenic cells through germline-encoded receptors makes them important players in maintaining human health and a powerful tool for immunotherapeutic applications and fighting disease. This review introduces our current understanding of NK cell biology, including key facets of NK cell differentiation and the acquisition and execution of NK cell effector function. Further, it addresses the clinical relevance of NK cells in both primary immunodeficiency and immunotherapy. It is intended to provide an up-to-date and comprehensive overview of this important and interesting innate immune effector cell subset.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily M Mace
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Vrieling H, Kooijman S, de Ridder JW, Thies-Weesie DME, Soema PC, Jiskoot W, van Riet E, Heck AJR, Philipse AP, Kersten GFA, Meiring HD, Pennings JL, Metz B. Activation of Human Monocytes by Colloidal Aluminum Salts. J Pharm Sci 2019; 109:750-760. [PMID: 31449816 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Subunit vaccines often contain colloidal aluminum salt-based adjuvants to activate the innate immune system. These aluminum salts consist of micrometer-sized aggregates. It is well-known that particle size affects the adjuvant effect of particulate adjuvants. In this study, the activation of human monocytes by hexagonal-shaped gibbsite (ø = 210 ± 40 nm) and rod-shaped boehmite (ø = 83 ± 827 nm) was compared with classical aluminum oxyhydroxide adjuvant (alum). To this end, human primary monocytes were cultured in the presence of alum, gibbsite, or boehmite. The transcriptome and proteome of the monocytes were investigated by using quantitative polymerase chain reaction and mass spectrometry. Human monocytic THP-1 cells were used to investigate the effect of the particles on cellular maturation, differentiation, activation, and cytokine secretion, as measured by flow cytometry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Each particle type resulted in a specific gene expression profile. IL-1ß and IL-6 secretion was significantly upregulated by boehmite and alum. Of the 7 surface markers investigated, only CD80 was significantly upregulated by alum and none by gibbsite or boehmite. Gibbsite hardly activated the monocytes. Boehmite activated human primary monocytes equally to alum, but induced a much milder stress-related response. Therefore, boehmite was identified as a promising adjuvant candidate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hilde Vrieling
- Intravacc (Institute for Translational Vaccinology), Bilthoven, the Netherlands; Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Sietske Kooijman
- Intravacc (Institute for Translational Vaccinology), Bilthoven, the Netherlands; Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Science Faculty, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Justin W de Ridder
- Intravacc (Institute for Translational Vaccinology), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Dominique M E Thies-Weesie
- Van 't Hoff Laboratory for Physical and Colloid Chemistry, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Peter C Soema
- Intravacc (Institute for Translational Vaccinology), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Wim Jiskoot
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Elly van Riet
- Intravacc (Institute for Translational Vaccinology), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Albert J R Heck
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Science Faculty, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Netherlands Proteomics Centre, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Albert P Philipse
- Van 't Hoff Laboratory for Physical and Colloid Chemistry, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Gideon F A Kersten
- Intravacc (Institute for Translational Vaccinology), Bilthoven, the Netherlands; Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Hugo D Meiring
- Intravacc (Institute for Translational Vaccinology), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Jeroen L Pennings
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Bernard Metz
- Intravacc (Institute for Translational Vaccinology), Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Viral and Nonviral Engineering of Natural Killer Cells as Emerging Adoptive Cancer Immunotherapies. J Immunol Res 2018; 2018:4054815. [PMID: 30306093 PMCID: PMC6166361 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4054815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are powerful immune effectors whose antitumor activity is regulated through a sophisticated network of activating and inhibitory receptors. As effectors of cancer immunotherapy, NK cells are attractive as they do not attack healthy self-tissues nor do they induce T cell-driven inflammatory cytokine storm, enabling their use as allogeneic adoptive cellular therapies. Clinical responses to adoptive NK-based immunotherapy have been thwarted, however, by the profound immunosuppression induced by the tumor microenvironment, particularly severe in the context of solid tumors. In addition, the short postinfusion persistence of NK cells in vivo has limited their clinical efficacy. Enhancing the antitumor immunity of NK cells through genetic engineering has been fueled by the promise that impaired cytotoxic functionality can be restored or augmented with the use of synthetic genetic approaches. Alongside expressing chimeric antigen receptors to overcome immune escape by cancer cells, enhance their recognition, and mediate their killing, NK cells have been genetically modified to enhance their persistence in vivo by the expression of cytokines such as IL-15, avoid functional and metabolic tumor microenvironment suppression, or improve their homing ability, enabling enhanced targeting of solid tumors. However, NK cells are notoriously adverse to endogenous gene uptake, resulting in low gene uptake and transgene expression with many vector systems. Though viral vectors have achieved the highest gene transfer efficiencies with NK cells, nonviral vectors and gene transfer approaches—electroporation, lipofection, nanoparticles, and trogocytosis—are emerging. And while the use of NK cell lines has achieved improved gene transfer efficiencies particularly with viral vectors, challenges with primary NK cells remain. Here, we discuss the genetic engineering of NK cells as they relate to NK immunobiology within the context of cancer immunotherapy, highlighting the most recent breakthroughs in viral vectors and nonviral approaches aimed at genetic reprogramming of NK cells for improved adoptive immunotherapy of cancer, and, finally, address their clinical status.
Collapse
|