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Maleknia M, Ahmadirad N, Golab F, Katebi Y, Haj Mohamad Ebrahim Ketabforoush A. DNA Methylation in Cancer: Epigenetic View of Dietary and Lifestyle Factors. Epigenet Insights 2023; 16:25168657231199893. [PMID: 37720354 PMCID: PMC10504848 DOI: 10.1177/25168657231199893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Alterations in DNA methylation play an important role in cancer development and progression. Dietary nutrients and lifestyle behaviors can influence DNA methylation patterns and thereby modulate cancer risk. Introduction To comprehensively review available evidence on how dietary and lifestyle factors impact DNA methylation and contribute to carcinogenesis through epigenetic mechanisms. Materials and methods A literature search was conducted using PubMed to identify relevant studies published between 2005 and 2022 that examined relationships between dietary/lifestyle factors and DNA methylation in cancer. Studies investigating the effects of dietary components (eg, micronutrients, phytochemicals), physical activity, smoking, and obesity on global and gene-specific DNA methylation changes in animal and human cancer models were included. Data on specific dietary/lifestyle exposures, cancer types, DNA methylation targets and underlying mechanisms were extracted. Results Multiple dietary and lifestyle factors were found to influence DNA methylation patterns through effects on DNA methyltransferase activity, methyl donor availability, and generation of oxidative stress. Altered methylation of specific genes regulating cell proliferation, apoptosis, and inflammation were linked to cancer development and progression. Conclusion Dietary and lifestyle interventions aimed at modulating DNA methylation have potential for both cancer prevention and treatment through epigenetic mechanisms. Further research is needed to identify actionable targets for nutrition and lifestyle-based epigenetic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Maleknia
- Noorgene Genetic & Clinical Laboratory, Molecular Research Center, Ahvaz, Iran
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nooshin Ahmadirad
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Golab
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yasmina Katebi
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Liu F, Zhou H, Peng Y, Qiao Y, Wang P, Si C, Wang X, Gong J, Chen K, Song F. Plasma One-Carbon Metabolism-Related Micronutrients and the Risk of Breast Cancer: Involvement of DNA Methylation. Nutrients 2023; 15:3621. [PMID: 37630812 PMCID: PMC10458034 DOI: 10.3390/nu15163621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Findings of epidemiologic studies focusing on the association between one-carbon metabolism-related micronutrients and breast cancer risk, along with the involvement of DNA methylation, have been inconsistent and incomprehensive. We conducted a case-control study in China including 107 paired participants and comprehensively detected 12 plasma one-carbon metabolism-related micronutrients. Genomic DNA methylation was measured using an 850 K chip and differential methylation probes (DMPs) were identified. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to estimate the associations between plasma micronutrients and the odds of breast cancer. The mediation of selected DMPs in micronutrient breast cancer associations was examined using mediation analyses. An inverse association of plasma folate, methionine cycling-related micronutrients (methionine, S-adenosylmethionine, and S-adenosylhomocysteine), and all micronutrients in the choline metabolism and enzymatic factor groups, and a positive association of methionine cycling-related cysteine with breast cancer risk were observed. Nine micronutrients (methionine, cysteine, SAM, folate, choline, betaine, P5P, vitamins B2, and B12) were related to global or probe-specific methylation levels (p < 0.05). The selected DMPs mediated the micronutrient breast cancer associations with an average mediation proportion of 36.43%. This study depicted comprehensive associations between circulating one-carbon metabolism-related micronutrients and breast cancer risk mediated by DNA methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Kexin Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cancer Epidemiology, Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Major Diseases in the Population, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300060, China; (F.L.); (H.Z.); (Y.P.); (Y.Q.); (P.W.); (C.S.); (X.W.); (J.G.)
| | - Fangfang Song
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cancer Epidemiology, Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Major Diseases in the Population, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300060, China; (F.L.); (H.Z.); (Y.P.); (Y.Q.); (P.W.); (C.S.); (X.W.); (J.G.)
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Parada H, Sahrai L, Wolff MS, Santella RM, Chen J, Neugut AI, Teitelbaum SL. Urinary parabens and breast cancer risk: Modification by LINE-1 and LUMA global DNA methylation, and associations with breast cancer defined by tumor promoter methylation status. Mol Carcinog 2022; 61:1002-1015. [PMID: 35975911 PMCID: PMC9588525 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Parabens are a group of alkyl esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid added to consumer products to prevent the growth of harmful bacteria and molds. Parabens are hypothesized to increase the risk of breast cancer (BC); however, no study has examined the interactions between parabens, global DNA methylation (DNAm), and BC risk. We examined the modifying effects of DNAm on the associations between parabens and BC, and whether parabens were associated with BC defined by tumor promoter methylation status. Participants included 708 cases and 598 controls from the Long Island Breast Cancer Study Project. Methylparaben (MPB), propylparaben, and butylparaben levels were measured in spot urine samples. Global DNAm was measured by analysis of long interspersed elementes-1 (LINE-1) and the luminometric methylation assay (LUMA). The promoter methylation status of 13 genes was measured in tumor samples from 509 cases. We used logistic regression to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the associations between parabens and BC stratified by LINE-1/LUMA, and between parabens and gene-specific promoter methylation-defined BC. Outcome heterogeneity was evaluated using ratios of ORs (RORs). We assessed the joint effects of the multiple parabens using quantile g-computation. The highest versus lowest tertile of MPB and a one-quantile increase in all parabens were associated with ORs of 1.46 (95% CI = 0.96-2.23) and 1.32 (95% CI = 1.02-1.71), respectively, among women with hypomethylated LINE-1. A one-ln unit increase in MPB was associated with a 25% increase in the odds of hypomethylated (vs. hypermethylated) CCND2 promoter-defined BC (ROR = 1.25, 95% CI = 1.06-1.48), and a one-quantile increase in all parabens was associated with a 55% increase in the odds of hypomethylated (vs. hypermethylated) CCND2 promoter-defined BC (ROR = 1.55, 95% CI = 1.04-2.32). Exposure to parabens may increase the risk of BC among women with hypomethylated global DNAm and may increase the risk of tumors with gene-specific hypomethylated promoter regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humberto Parada
- School of Public Health, Division of Epidemiology and BiostatisticsSan Diego State UniversitySan DiegoCaliforniaUSA,UC San Diego Moores Cancer CenterLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Leili Sahrai
- School of Public Health, Division of Epidemiology and BiostatisticsSan Diego State UniversitySan DiegoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Mary S. Wolff
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public HealthIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Regina M. Santella
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public HealthColumbia UniversityNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Jia Chen
- UC San Diego Moores Cancer CenterLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Alfred I. Neugut
- Department of Medicine and Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Vagelos College of Physicians and SurgeonsColumbia UniversityNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Susan L. Teitelbaum
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public HealthIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNew YorkUSA
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Maugeri A, Barchitta M. How Dietary Factors Affect DNA Methylation: Lesson from Epidemiological Studies. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2020; 56:E374. [PMID: 32722411 PMCID: PMC7466216 DOI: 10.3390/medicina56080374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decades, DNA methylation has been proposed as a molecular mechanism underlying the positive or negative effects of diet on human health. Despite the number of studies on this topic is rapidly increasing, the relationship between dietary factors, changes in DNA methylation and health outcomes remains unclear. In this review, we summarize the literature from observational studies (cross-sectional, retrospective, or prospective) which examined the association of dietary factors (nutrients, foods, and dietary patterns) with DNA methylation markers among diseased or healthy people during the lifetime. Next, we discuss the methodological pitfalls by examining strengths and limitations of published studies. Finally, we close with a discussion on future challenges of this field of research, raising the need for large-size prospective studies evaluating the association between diet and DNA methylation in health and diseases for appropriate public health strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Maugeri
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies “GF Ingrassia”, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy;
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McCullough LE, Collin LJ, Conway K, White AJ, Cho YH, Shantakumar S, Terry MB, Teitelbaum SL, Neugut AI, Santella RM, Chen J, Gammon MD. Reproductive characteristics are associated with gene-specific promoter methylation status in breast cancer. BMC Cancer 2019; 19:926. [PMID: 31533668 PMCID: PMC6749688 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-019-6120-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reproductive characteristics are well-established risk factors for breast cancer, but the underlying mechanisms are not fully resolved. We hypothesized that altered DNA methylation, measured in tumor tissue, could act in concert with reproductive factors to impact breast carcinogenesis. METHODS Among a population-based sample of women newly diagnosed with first primary breast cancer, reproductive history was assessed using a life-course calendar approach in an interviewer-administered questionnaire. Methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction and Methyl Light assays were used to assess gene promotor methylation status (methylated vs. unmethylated) for 13 breast cancer-related genes in archived breast tumor tissue. We used case-case unconditional logistic regression to estimate adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for associations with age at menarche and parity (among 855 women), and age at first birth and lactation (among a subset of 736 parous women) in association with methylation status. RESULTS Age at first birth > 27 years, compared with < 23 years, was associated with lower odds of methylation of CDH1 (OR = 0.44, 95% CI = 0.20-0.99) and TWIST1 (OR = 0.48, 95% CI = 0.28-0.82), and higher odds of methylation of BRCA1 (OR = 1.63, 95% CI = 1.14-2.35). Any vs. no lactation was associated with higher odds of methylation of the PGR gene promoter (OR = 1.59, 95% CI = 1.01-2.49). No associations were noted for parity and methylation in any of the genes assayed. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that age at first birth, lactation and, perhaps age at menarche, are associated with gene promoter methylation in breast cancer, and should be confirmed in larger studies with robust gene coverage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lindsay J Collin
- Department of Epidemiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Kathleen Conway
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Alexandra J White
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Science, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Yoon Hee Cho
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, 59812, USA
| | - Sumitra Shantakumar
- Epidemiology, Real World Evidence and Digital Platforms, Glaxosmithkline, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mary Beth Terry
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Susan L Teitelbaum
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Alfred I Neugut
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA.,Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Regina M Santella
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Jia Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.,Department of Oncological Science, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Marilie D Gammon
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
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Active and secondhand smoke exposure throughout life and DNA methylation in breast tumors. Cancer Causes Control 2019; 30:53-62. [PMID: 30617699 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-018-1102-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Tobacco smoke exposure has been associated with altered DNA methylation. However, there is a paucity of information regarding tobacco smoke exposure and DNA methylation of breast tumors. METHODS We conducted a case-only analysis using breast tumor tissue from 493 postmenopausal and 225 premenopausal cases in the Western New York Exposures and Breast Cancer (WEB) study. Methylation of nine genes (SFN, SCGB3A1, RARB, GSTP1, CDKN2A, CCND2, BRCA1, FHIT, and SYK) was measured with pyrosequencing. Participants reported their secondhand smoke (SHS) and active smoking exposure for seven time periods. Unconditional logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (OR) of having methylation higher than the median. RESULTS SHS exposure was associated with tumor DNA methylation among postmenopausal but not premenopausal women. Active smoking at certain ages was associated with increased methylation of GSTP1, FHIT, and CDKN2A and decreased methylation of SCGB3A1 and BRCA1 among both pre- and postmenopausal women. CONCLUSION Exposure to tobacco smoke may contribute to breast carcinogenesis via alterations in DNA methylation. Further studies in a larger panel of genes are warranted.
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Callahan CL, Bonner MR, Nie J, Han D, Wang Y, Tao MH, Shields PG, Marian C, Eng KH, Trevisan M, Beyea J, Freudenheim JL. Lifetime exposure to ambient air pollution and methylation of tumor suppressor genes in breast tumors. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 161:418-424. [PMID: 29197760 PMCID: PMC5747980 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously reported increased risk of breast cancer associated with early life exposure to two measures of air pollution exposure, total suspended particulates (TSP) and traffic emissions (TE), possible proxies for exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Exposure to PAHs has been shown to be associated with aberrant patterns of DNA methylation in peripheral blood of healthy individuals. Exposure to PAHs and methylation in breast tumor tissue has received little attention. We examined the association of early life exposure to TSP and TE with patterns of DNA methylation in breast tumors. METHODS We conducted a study of women enrolled in the Western New York Exposures and Breast Cancer (WEB) Study. Methylation of nine genes (SFN, SCGB3A1, RARB, GSTP1, CDKN2A CCND2, BRCA1, FHIT, and SYK) was assessed using bisulfite-based pyrosequencing. TSP exposure at each woman's home address at birth, menarche, and when she had her first child was estimated. TE exposure was modeled for each woman's residence at menarche, her first birth, and twenty and ten years prior to diagnosis. Unconditional logistic regression was employed to estimate odds ratios (OR) of having methylation greater than the median value, adjusting for age, secondhand smoke exposure before age 20, current smoking status, and estrogen receptor status. RESULTS Exposure to higher TSP at a woman's first birth was associated with lower methylation of SCGB3A1 (OR = 0.48, 95% CI: 0.23-0.99) and higher methylation of SYK (OR = 1.86, 95% CI: 1.03-3.35). TE at menarche was associated with increased methylation of SYK (OR = 2.37, 95% CI: 1.05-5.33). TE at first birth and ten years prior to diagnosis was associated with decreased methylation of CCND2 (OR ten years prior to diagnosis=0.48, 95% CI: 0.26-0.89). Although these associations were nominally significant, none were significant after adjustment for multiple comparisons (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS We observed suggestive evidence that exposure to ambient air pollution throughout life, measured as TSP and TE, may be associated with DNA methylation of some tumor suppressor genes in breast tumor tissue. Future studies with a larger sample size that assess methylation of more sites are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine L Callahan
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States.
| | - Matthew R Bonner
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Jing Nie
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Daikwon Han
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Texas A&M Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Youjin Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Meng-Hua Tao
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, United States
| | - Peter G Shields
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, College of Medicine and The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Catalin Marian
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, College of Medicine and The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, United States; Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of Medicine an Pharmacy Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Kevin H Eng
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | | | - Jan Beyea
- Consulting in the Public Interest, Lambertville, NJ, United States
| | - Jo L Freudenheim
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
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Impact of Natural Compounds on DNA Methylation Levels of the Tumor Suppressor Gene RASSF1A in Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18102160. [PMID: 29039788 PMCID: PMC5666841 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18102160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic inactivation of tumor suppressor genes (TSG) is a fundamental event in the pathogenesis of human cancer. This silencing is accomplished by aberrant chromatin modifications including DNA hypermethylation of the gene promoter. One of the most frequently hypermethylated TSG in human cancer is the Ras Association Domain Family 1A (RASSF1A) gene. Aberrant methylation of RASSF1A has been reported in melanoma, sarcoma and carcinoma of different tissues. RASSF1A hypermethylation has been correlated with tumor progression and poor prognosis. Reactivation of epigenetically silenced TSG has been suggested as a therapy in cancer treatment. In particular, natural compounds isolated from herbal extracts have been tested for their capacity to induce RASSF1A in cancer cells, through demethylation. Here, we review the treatment of cancer cells with natural supplements (e.g., methyl donors, vitamins and polyphenols) that have been utilized to revert or prevent the epigenetic silencing of RASSF1A. Moreover, we specify pathways that were involved in RASSF1A reactivation. Several of these compounds (e.g., reseveratol and curcumin) act by inhibiting the activity or expression of DNA methyltransferases and reactive RASSF1A in cancer. Thus natural compounds could serve as important agents in tumor prevention or cancer therapy. However, the exact epigenetic reactivation mechanism is still under investigation.
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Moradi Sarabi M, Ghareghani P, Khademi F, Zal F. Oral Contraceptive Use May Modulate Global Genomic DNA Methylation and Promoter Methylation of APC1 and ESR1. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2017; 18:2361-2366. [PMID: 28950679 PMCID: PMC5720637 DOI: 10.22034/apjcp.2017.18.9.2361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: There are challenging reports in the public health sphere regarding associations between oral contraceptive (OC) use and cancer risk. Methods: To evaluate possible effects of OCs on cancer susceptibility, we quantified of global 5-methyl cytosine (5-mC) levels and assessed methylation patterns of CpG islands of two key tumor suppressor genes, APC1 and ESR1, in serum of users by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and methylation specific PCR methods, respectively. Results: Our results indicated that OCs significantly decrease the level of global DNA methylation in users relative to control non-users. However, our data revealed no significant differences between CpG island methylation patterns for ESR1 and APC1 in healthy control and OC-treated women. However, we did find a trend for hypermethylation of both tumor suppressor genes in OC users. Conclusion: Our data suggest that the level of 5-mC but not individual CpG island patterns is significantly influenced by OCs in our cross-section of adult users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Moradi Sarabi
- Biochemistry and Genetics Department, Faculty of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran.
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MTHFR Gene Polymorphism-Mutations and Air Pollution as Risk Factors for Breast Cancer: A Metaprediction Study. Nurs Res 2017; 66:152-163. [PMID: 28114181 PMCID: PMC5345887 DOI: 10.1097/nnr.0000000000000206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background The methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene (MTHFR) is one of the most investigated genes associated with breast cancer for its role in epigenetic pathways. Objectives The objectives of this metaprediction study were to examine the polymorphism-mutation risk subtypes of MTHFR and air pollution as contributing factors for breast cancer. Methods For triangulation purposes in metapredictive analyses, we used a recursive partition tree, nonlinear association curve fit, and heat maps for data visualization, in addition to the conventional comparison procedure and pooled analyses. Results We included 36,683 breast cancer cases and 40,689 controls across 82 studies for MTHFR 677 and 23,252 cases and 27,094 controls across 50 studies for MTHFR 1298. MTHFR 677 TT was a risk genotype for breast cancer (p = .0004) and in the East Asian subgroup (p = .005). On global maps, the most polymorphism-mutations on MTHFR 677 TT were found in the Middle East, Europe, Asia, and the Americas, whereas the most mutations on MTHFR 1298 CC were located in Europe and the Middle East for the control group. The geographic information system maps further revealed that MTHFR 677 TT mutations yielded a higher risk of breast cancer for Australia, East Asia, the Middle East, South Europe, Morocco, and the Americas and that MTHFR 1298 CC mutations yielded a higher risk in Asia, the Middle East, South Europe, and South America. Metapredictive analysis revealed that air pollution level was significantly associated with MTHFR 677 TT polymorphism-mutation genotype. Discussion We present the most comprehensive analyses to date of MTHFR polymorphism-mutations and breast cancer risk. Future nursing studies are needed to investigate the health impact on breast cancer of epigenetics and air pollution across populations.
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McCullough LE, Chen J, Cho YH, Khankari NK, Bradshaw PT, White AJ, Teitelbaum SL, Terry MB, Neugut AI, Hibshoosh H, Santella RM, Gammon MD. Modification of the association between recreational physical activity and survival after breast cancer by promoter methylation in breast cancer-related genes. Breast Cancer Res 2017; 19:19. [PMID: 28222775 PMCID: PMC5319077 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-017-0811-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mechanisms underlying the inverse association between physical activity and survival after breast cancer are unresolved, but DNA methylation may play a role. We hypothesized that promoter methylation of breast cancer-related genes, as well as global methylation, may modify the association between prediagnostic recreational physical activity (RPA) and breast cancer mortality. Methods Using a population-based sample of 1254 women diagnosed with first primary breast cancer, we examined modification of the RPA-mortality association by gene-specific promoter methylation and global methylation. Average lifetime RPA was assessed from menarche to diagnosis through structured in-home interviews. Promoter methylation of 13 breast cancer-related genes was evaluated in archived tumor by methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction and MethyLight assay. Global methylation in white blood cell DNA was determined at long interspersed nucleotide element 1 and by the luminometric methylation assay. After approximately 15 years of follow-up, 486 patients had died, and 186 of the deaths were breast cancer-related. We used Cox proportional hazards regression to estimate HRs and 95% CIs as well as likelihood ratio tests to assess multiplicative interactions. Results All-cause mortality was lower only among physically active women with methylated promoter of APC (HR 0.60, 95% CI 0.40–0.80), CCND2 (HR 0.56, 95% CI 0.32–0.99), HIN (HR 0.55, 95% CI 0.38–0.80), and TWIST1 (HR 0.28, 95% CI 0.14–0.56) in tumors, but not among those with unmethylated tumors (significant interaction p < 0.05). We found no interaction between RPA and global methylation. Conclusions The improved survival after breast cancer that is associated with RPA may be more pronounced in women with promoter tumor methylation in biologically plausible genes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13058-017-0811-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jia Chen
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.,Department of Oncological Science, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Yoon Hee Cho
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, 59812, USA
| | - Nikhil K Khankari
- Division of Epidemiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37203, USA
| | - Patrick T Bradshaw
- Division of Epidemiology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Alexandra J White
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Science, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Susan L Teitelbaum
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Mary Beth Terry
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Alfred I Neugut
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA.,Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Hanina Hibshoosh
- Department of Pathology, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Regina M Santella
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Marilie D Gammon
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
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Callahan CL, Wang Y, Marian C, Weng DY, Eng KH, Tao MH, Ambrosone CB, Nie J, Trevisan M, Smiraglia D, Edge SB, Shields PG, Freudenheim JL. DNA methylation and breast tumor clinicopathological features: The Western New York Exposures and Breast Cancer (WEB) study. Epigenetics 2016; 11:643-652. [PMID: 27245195 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2016.1192735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the association between methylation of 9 genes, SCGB3A1, GSTP1, RARB, SYK, FHIT, CDKN2A, CCND2, BRCA1, and SFN in tumor samples from 720 breast cancer cases with clinicopathological features of the tumors and survival. Logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (OR) of methylation and Cox proportional hazards models to estimate hazard ratios (HR) between methylation and breast cancer related mortality. Estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) positivity were associated with increased SCGB3A1 methylation among pre- and post-menopausal cases. Among premenopausal women, compared with Stage 0 cases, cases of invasive cancer were more likely to have increased methylation of RARB (Stage I OR = 4.7, 95% CI: 1.1-19.0; Stage IIA/IIB OR = 9.7, 95% CI: 2.4-39.9; Stage III/IV OR = 5.6, 95% CI: 1.1-29.4) and lower methylation of FHIT (Stage I OR = 0.2, 95% CI: 0.1-0.9; Stage IIA/IIB OR = 0.2, 95% CI: 0.1-0.8; Stage III/IV OR = 0.6, 95% CI: 0.1-3.4). Among postmenopausal women, methylation of SYK was associated with increased tumor size (OR = 1.7, 95% CI: 1.0-2.7) and higher nuclear grade (OR = 2.0, 95% CI 1.2-3.6). Associations between methylation and breast cancer related mortality were observed among pre- but not post-menopausal women. Methylation of SCGB3A1 was associated with reduced risk of death from breast cancer (HR = 0.41, 95% CI: 0.17-0.99) as was BRCA1 (HR = 0.41, 95% CI: 0.16-0.97). CCND2 methylation was associated with increased risk of breast cancer mortality (HR = 3.4, 95% CI: 1.1-10.5). We observed differences in methylation associated with tumor characteristics; methylation of these genes was also associated with breast cancer survival among premenopausal cases. Understanding of the associations of DNA methylation with other clinicopathological features may have implications for prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine L Callahan
- a Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health , School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo , Buffalo , NY , USA
| | - Youjin Wang
- a Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health , School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo , Buffalo , NY , USA
| | - Catalin Marian
- b Division of Cancer Prevention and Control , College of Medicine and The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center , Columbus , OH , USA.,c Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology , University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara , Timisoara , Romania
| | - Daniel Y Weng
- b Division of Cancer Prevention and Control , College of Medicine and The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center , Columbus , OH , USA
| | - Kevin H Eng
- d Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics , Roswell Park Cancer Institute , Buffalo , NY , USA
| | - Meng-Hua Tao
- e Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology , University of North Texas Health Science Center , Fort Worth , TX , USA
| | - Christine B Ambrosone
- f Department of Cancer Prevention and Control , Roswell Park Cancer Institute , Buffalo , NY , USA
| | - Jing Nie
- a Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health , School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo , Buffalo , NY , USA
| | | | - Dominic Smiraglia
- h Department of Cancer Genetics , Roswell Park Cancer Institute , Buffalo , NY , USA
| | - Stephen B Edge
- i Department of Healthcare Outcomes and Policy , Roswell Park Cancer Institute , Buffalo , NY , USA
| | - Peter G Shields
- b Division of Cancer Prevention and Control , College of Medicine and The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center , Columbus , OH , USA
| | - Jo L Freudenheim
- a Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health , School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo , Buffalo , NY , USA
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13
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White AJ, Chen J, Teitelbaum SL, McCullough LE, Xu X, Hee Cho Y, Conway K, Beyea J, Stellman SD, Steck SE, Mordukhovich I, Eng SM, Beth Terry M, Engel LS, Hatch M, Neugut AI, Hibshoosh H, Santella RM, Gammon MD. Sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are associated with gene-specific promoter methylation in women with breast cancer. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2016; 145:93-100. [PMID: 26671626 PMCID: PMC4706465 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2015.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tobacco smoke, diet and indoor/outdoor air pollution, all major sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), have been associated with breast cancer. Aberrant methylation may be an early event in carcinogenesis, but whether PAHs influence the epigenome is unclear, particularly in breast tissue where methylation may be most relevant. We aimed to evaluate the role of methylation in the association between PAHs and breast cancer. METHODS In a population-based case-control study, we measured promoter methylation of 13 breast cancer-related genes in breast tumor tissue (n=765-851 cases) and global methylation in peripheral blood (1055 cases/1101 controls). PAH sources (current active smoking, residential environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), vehicular traffic, synthetic log burning, and grilled/smoked meat intake) were evaluated separately. Logistic regression was used to estimate adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS When comparing methylated versus unmethylated genes, synthetic log use was associated with increased ORs for CDH1 (OR=2.26, 95%CI=1.06-4.79), HIN1 (OR=2.14, 95%CI=1.34-3.42) and RARβ (OR=1.80, 95%CI=1.16-2.78) and decreased ORs for BRCA1 (OR=0.44, 95%CI=0.30-0.66). Residential ETS was associated with decreased ORs for ESR1 (OR=0.74, 95%CI=0.56-0.99) and CCND2 methylation (OR=0.65, 95%CI=0.44-0.96). Current smoking and vehicular traffic were associated with decreased ORs for DAPK (OR=0.53, 95%CI=0.28-0.99) and increased ORs for TWIST1 methylation (OR=2.79, 95%CI=1.24-6.30), respectively. In controls, synthetic log use was inversely associated with LINE-1 (OR=0.59, 95%CI=0.41-0.86). DISCUSSION PAH sources were associated with hypo- and hypermethylation at multiple promoter regions in breast tumors and LINE-1 hypomethylation in blood of controls. Methylation may be a potential biologic mechanism for the associations between PAHs and breast cancer incidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra J White
- Department of Epidemiology University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - Jia Chen
- Departments of Preventive Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Departments of Oncological Science, New York, NY, USA; Departments of Pediatrics, Ichan School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Lauren E McCullough
- Department of Epidemiology University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Xinran Xu
- Departments of Preventive Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Departments of Biometrics, Roche Product Development in Asia-Pacific, Shanghai, China
| | - Yoon Hee Cho
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Kathleen Conway
- Department of Epidemiology University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jan Beyea
- Department of Consulting in the Public Interest (CIPI), Lambertville, NJ, USA
| | | | - Susan E Steck
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Irina Mordukhovich
- Department of Epidemiology University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Sybil M Eng
- Departments of Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mary Beth Terry
- Departments of Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lawrence S Engel
- Department of Epidemiology University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Maureen Hatch
- Departments of Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Radiation Epidemiology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alfred I Neugut
- Departments of Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA; Departments of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hanina Hibshoosh
- Departments of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Regina M Santella
- Departments of Environmental Health Sciences; Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Marilie D Gammon
- Department of Epidemiology University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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14
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White AJ, Chen J, McCullough LE, Xu X, Cho YH, Teitelbaum SL, Neugut AI, Terry MB, Hibshoosh H, Santella RM, Gammon MD. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)-DNA adducts and breast cancer: modification by gene promoter methylation in a population-based study. Cancer Causes Control 2015; 26:1791-802. [PMID: 26407953 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-015-0672-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)-DNA adducts have been associated with breast cancer incidence. Aberrant changes in DNA methylation may be an early event in carcinogenesis. However, possible relations between PAH-DNA adducts, methylation, and breast cancer are unknown. The objectives of this study were to (1) assess associations between PAH-DNA adducts, and breast cancer, stratified by DNA methylation markers and (2) examine interactions between adducts and DNA methylation in association with breast cancer and tumor subtype. METHODS In a population-based case-control study, promoter methylation of 13 breast cancer-related genes was measured in tumor tissue (n = 765-851 cases). Blood DNA from breast cancer cases (n = 873) and controls (n = 941) was used to assess PAH-DNA adducts and global methylation. Logistic regression was used to estimate adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI); and the ratio of the OR (ROR) was used to assess heterogeneity. RESULTS Women with detectable PAH-DNA adducts and methylated RARβ (ROR 2.69, 95% CI 1.02-7.12; p for interaction = 0.03) or APC (ROR 1.76, 95% CI 0.87-3.58; p for interaction = 0.09) genes were more likely to have hormone receptor-positive tumors than other subtypes. Interactions with other methylation markers were not apparent (p ≥ 0.10). The association between adducts and breast cancer did not vary by methylation status of the tumor nor did adducts associate with global methylation in the controls. CONCLUSIONS Gene-specific methylation of RARβ, and perhaps APC, may interact with PAH-DNA adducts to increase risk of hormone receptor-positive breast cancer. There was little evidence that adducts were associated with or interacted with other methylation markers of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra J White
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, CB#7435, McGavran-Greenberg Hall, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7435, USA.
| | - Jia Chen
- Departments of Preventive Medicine, Ichan School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Departments of Oncological Science, Ichan School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Departments of Pediatrics, Ichan School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lauren E McCullough
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, CB#7435, McGavran-Greenberg Hall, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7435, USA
| | - Xinran Xu
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital of Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yoon Hee Cho
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Susan L Teitelbaum
- Departments of Preventive Medicine, Ichan School of Medicine at Mt. Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alfred I Neugut
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mary Beth Terry
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Regina M Santella
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Marilie D Gammon
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, CB#7435, McGavran-Greenberg Hall, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7435, USA
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Pirouzpanah S, Taleban FA, Mehdipour P, Atri M. Association of folate and other one-carbon related nutrients with hypermethylation status and expression of RARB, BRCA1, and RASSF1A genes in breast cancer patients. J Mol Med (Berl) 2015; 93:917-34. [PMID: 25805039 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-015-1268-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Dietary methyl group donors could influence the hypermethylation status of certain putative genes. The present study explored the possible associations of dietary intake of one-carbon metabolism-related nutrients with promoter hypermethylation status and expression of retinoic acid receptor-beta (RARB), breast cancer-1 (BRCA1), and Ras association domain family-1, isoform A (RASSF1A) genes in Iranian women with breast cancer (BC). The hypermethylation status was investigated in 146 dissected BC tissue samples using methylation-specific PCR. The expression level was evaluated by real-time RT-PCR. Dietary nutrients were estimated using a validated 136-item food frequency questionnaire. Expression levels of the genes were associated with the unmethylated status of related promoters (p < 0.05). The crude dietary folate and adjusted cobalamin intakes were inversely associated with methylated RARB and BRCA1. Low intake of residual folate and cobalamin was correlated with the methylated status of RARB for subjects at <48 years of age, and folate alone was linked to BRCA1 at >48 years of age. High dietary intake of riboflavin and pyridoxine was the only determinant of the methylated promoter of RARB at odds ratios (ORs) of 4.15 (95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.28-13.50) and 2.53 (95 % CI 1.14-3.83) in multivariate models, respectively. One-carbon nutrients most often correlated inversely with the methylation-influenced expression of RARB. Although high folate intake increased the chance of unmethylation-dependent overexpression of BRCA1 3-fold, cobalamin and methionine were inversely linked to methylation-mediated expression. Nutritional epigenomics less actively influenced RASSF1A. These findings provide new insights into and a basic understanding of the selective contributions of individual B vitamins on hypermethylation and methylation-related expression of RARB and BRCA1 in BC. KEY MESSAGE Hypermethylation at promoters of RARB, BRCA1, and RASSF1A is associated with reduced transcript levels of the respective gene in primary breast cancer tissue samples. Dietary folate and cobalamin intake is inversely associated with methylated RARB and BRCA1. High dietary intake of riboflavin and pyridoxine is associated with increased methylation in the RARB promoter. There is evidence for the age-dependent effects of nutrient intake on promoter methylation status. Bioavailability to the pool of nutrients might determine selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Pirouzpanah
- Department of Biochemistry and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, 5166614711, Iran,
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McCullough LE, Chen J, White AJ, Xu X, Cho YH, Bradshaw PT, Eng SM, Teitelbaum SL, Terry MB, Garbowski G, Neugut AI, Hibshoosh H, Santella RM, Gammon MD. Gene-Specific Promoter Methylation Status in Hormone-Receptor-Positive Breast Cancer Associates with Postmenopausal Body Size and Recreational Physical Activity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 2. [PMID: 26005715 DOI: 10.23937/2378-3419/2/1/1013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Breast cancer, the leading cancer diagnosis among American women, is positively associated with postmenopausal obesity and little or no recreational physical activity (RPA). However, the underlying mechanisms of these associations remain unresolved. Aberrant changes in DNA methylation may represent an early event in carcinogenesis, but few studies have investigated associations between obesity/RPA and gene methylation, particularly in postmenopausal breast tumors where these lifestyle factors are most relevant. METHODS We used case-case unconditional logistic regression to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the associations between body mass index (BMI=weight [kg]/height [m2]) in the year prior to diagnosis, or RPA (average hours/week), and methylation status (methylated vs. unmethylated) of 13 breast cancer-related genes in 532 postmenopausal breast tumor samples from the Long Island Breast Cancer Study Project. We also explored whether the association between BMI/RPA and estrogen/progesterone-receptor status (ER+PR+ vs. all others) was differential with respect to gene methylation status. Methylation-specific PCR and the MethyLight assay were used to assess gene methylation. RESULTS BMI 25-29.9kg/m2, and perhaps BMI≥30kg/m2, was associated with methylated HIN1 in breast tumor tissue. Cases with BMI≥30kg/m2 were more likely to have ER+PR+ breast tumors in the presence of unmethylated ESR1 (OR=2.63, 95% CI 1.32-5.25) and women with high RPA were more likely to have ER+PR+ breast tumors with methylated GSTP1 (OR=2.33, 95% CI 0.79-6.84). DISCUSSION While biologically plausible, our findings that BMI is associated with methylated HIN1 and BMI/RPA are associated with ER+PR+ breast tumors in the presence of unmethylated ESR1 and methylated GSTP1, respectively, warrant further investigation. Future studies would benefit from enrolling greater numbers of postmenopausal women and examining a larger panel of breast cancer-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E McCullough
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Jia Chen
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; New York, NY, 10016, USA ; Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; New York, NY, 10016, USA ; Department of Oncological Science, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Alexandra J White
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Xinran Xu
- Research Center for Translational Medicine; Shanghai East Hospital of Tongji University School of Medicine; Shanghai, China
| | - Yoon Hee Cho
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University; New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Patrick T Bradshaw
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Sybil M Eng
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University; New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Susan L Teitelbaum
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Mary Beth Terry
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University; New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Gail Garbowski
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University; New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Alfred I Neugut
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University; New York, NY, 10027, USA ; Department of Medicine, Columbia University; New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Hanina Hibshoosh
- Department of Pathology, Columbia University; New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Regina M Santella
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University; New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Marilie D Gammon
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
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