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Javid H, Hashemian P, Yazdani S, Sharbaf Mashhad A, Karimi-Shahri M. The role of heat shock proteins in metastatic colorectal cancer: A review. J Cell Biochem 2022; 123:1704-1735. [PMID: 36063530 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.30326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are a large molecular chaperone family classified by their molecular weights, including HSP27, HSP40, HSP60, HSP70, HSP90, and HSP110. HSPs are likely to have antiapoptotic properties and participate actively in various processes such as tumor cell proliferation, invasion, metastases, and death. In this review, we discuss comprehensively the functions of HSPs associated with the progression of colorectal cancer (CRC) and metastasis and resistance to cancer therapy. Taken together, HSPs have numerous clinical applications as biomarkers for cancer diagnosis and prognosis and potential therapeutic targets for CRC and its related metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Javid
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Varastegan Institute for Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Pedram Hashemian
- Jahad Daneshgahi Research Committee, Jahad Daneshgahi Institute, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Shaghayegh Yazdani
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Alireza Sharbaf Mashhad
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mehdi Karimi-Shahri
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
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2
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Ding N, Luo H, Peng T, Zhang T, Li M, Deng Y, He Y. Bioinformatics analysis on differentially expressed genes between colorectal adenoma and colorectal adenocarcinoma. Scott Med J 2022; 67:178-188. [PMID: 36031809 DOI: 10.1177/00369330221122306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal adenoma (CRA) is the main cause of the progression of Colorectal adenocarcinoma (COAD). Therefore, it is very important to accurately reveal its developmental mechanism. METHODS Differential expression genes (DEGs) in three microarray datasets were screened using GEO and GEO2R. R packages were used for gene ontology (GO) functional annotation and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) path enrichment analysis. Hub genes screened by STRING, Cytoscape and CytoHubba were used. R was used for DEGs of hub genes, and Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis (GEPIA2) database was used for prognostic Analysis. R-packet were used to analyze tumor pathology, tumour, lymph-nodes, and metastases (TNM) staging, enrichment, immune invasion and prognosis. RESULTS Among the 66 genes, including 36 up-regulated and 30 down-regulated genes. Survival analysis showed that COL1A1, COL5A2, COL5A1 and secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) were associated with disease-free survival in patients. The four genes were related to tumor pathological stage, TNM stage and immune invasion. COL1A1 and COL5A2 were highly expressed in chromatin modification and cellular senescence. Low expression of COL5A1 and SPARC was significantly enriched in neutrophil degranulation and Wp VegfavegFR2 signaling pathways. CONCLUSIONS Obviously, these four key genes can serve as important targets for early diagnosis, treatment, immunity and prognosis of CRA to COAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Ding
- 118393Graduate School, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, P.R. China
| | - Hongbiao Luo
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha, P.R. China.,Department of Anorectal Surgery, 56696Chenzhou NO. 1 People's Hospital, Chenzhou, PR China
| | - Tianshu Peng
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, P.R. China
| | - Tao Zhang
- 118393Graduate School, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, P.R. China
| | - Menglei Li
- 118393Graduate School, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, P.R. China
| | - Yu Deng
- 118393Graduate School, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, P.R. China
| | - Yongheng He
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changsha, P.R. China
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3
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Carriere P, Calvo N, Novoa Díaz MB, Lopez-Moncada F, Herrera A, Torres MJ, Alonso E, Gandini NA, Gigola G, Contreras HR, Gentili C. Role of SPARC in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition induced by PTHrP in human colon cancer cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 530:111253. [PMID: 33781836 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP) exerts its effects on cells derived from colorectal cancer (CRC) and tumor microenvironment and is involved in processes requiring the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Here, we report that PTHrP modulates factors expression and morphological changes associated with EMT in HCT116 cells from CRC. PTHrP increased the protein expression of SPARC, a factor involved in EMT, in HCT116 cells but not in Caco-2 cells also from CRC but with less aggressiveness. PTHrP also increased SPARC expression and its subsequent release from endothelial HMEC-1 cells. The conditioned media of PTHrP-treated HMEC-1 cells induced early changes related to EMT in HCT116 cells. Moreover, SPARC treatment on HCT116 cells potentiated PTHrP modulation in E-cadherin expression and cell migration. In vivo PTHrP also increased SPARC expression and decreased E-cadherin expression. These results suggest a novel PTHrP action on CRC progression involving the microenvironment in the modulation of events associated with EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Carriere
- Department of Biology, Biochemistry and Pharmacy-INBIOSUR, National University of the South, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Natalia Calvo
- Department of Biology, Biochemistry and Pharmacy-INBIOSUR, National University of the South, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - María Belén Novoa Díaz
- Department of Biology, Biochemistry and Pharmacy-INBIOSUR, National University of the South, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Fernanda Lopez-Moncada
- Department of Basic and Clinic Oncology. Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Chile
| | - Alexander Herrera
- Department of Basic and Clinic Oncology. Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Chile
| | - María José Torres
- Department of Basic and Clinic Oncology. Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Chile
| | | | | | - Graciela Gigola
- Department of Biology, Biochemistry and Pharmacy-INBIOSUR, National University of the South, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Hector R Contreras
- Department of Basic and Clinic Oncology. Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Chile
| | - Claudia Gentili
- Department of Biology, Biochemistry and Pharmacy-INBIOSUR, National University of the South, Bahía Blanca, Argentina.
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4
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SPARC correlates with unfavorable outcome and promotes tumor growth in lung squamous cell carcinoma. Exp Mol Pathol 2019; 110:104276. [PMID: 31233732 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2019.104276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) plays a crucial role in the malignant progression of a number of human cancers. However, the roles of SPARC in lung squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) remain elusive. In this present study, we first detected SPARC expression and investigated the relationship between SPARC expression and the clinicopathological attributes of LSCC patients. Then we constructed SPARC-overexpression model in LSCC cell line to explore the characteristics of SPARC in LSCC development both in vitro and in vivo. The data demonstrated a remarkably higher level of SPARC in LSCC tissues than in corresponding non-cancerous tissues and elevated SPARC expression was significantly correlated with poor outcome in LSCC patients. Moreover, a serial of phenotypic experiments indicated that SPARC overexpression substantially facilitated the growth and inhibited the apoptosis in LSCC cells and xenografts. Taken together, our results suggest that SPARC is a novel prognostic marker for LSCC prognosis and SPARC significantly promotes LSCC tumorigenesis. Targeting SPARC may provide a novel therapeutic strategy for LSCC management.
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5
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Kurtul N, Taşdemir EA, Ünal D, İzmirli M, Eroglu C. SPARC: As a prognostic biomarker in rectal cancer patients treated with chemo-radiotherapy. Cancer Biomark 2018; 18:459-466. [PMID: 28009327 DOI: 10.3233/cbm-161733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study is to search the prognostic value of SPARC expression in rectum cancer cases receiving postoperative radiotherapy. METHODS Forty three rectal cancer patients are recruited to this retrospective study. All patients received postoperative radiotherapy which the median dose was 5040 cGy and concomitant chemotherapy. Samples taken from their paraffin blocks were examined with immunohistochemical procedures. RESULTS When the association between SPARC expression and the clinicopathological feature was examined, there was a significant association between age and expression levels. Overall survival of patients with low expression was found to be 67 months whereas the overall survival of the patients with high expression was 32 months and the difference was statistically significant. Time to local recurrence of patients with low expression was found to be 74 months whereas time to local recurrence of the patients with high expression was 31 months. Progression free survival of the patients with low expression and high expression were 67 months and 32 months, respectively. In multivariate Cox regression analyses, high expression of SPARC was found to be associated with a statistically significant shorter overall survival and progression free survival. CONCLUSIONS High expression of SPARC is related to worse prognosis in rectal cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neslihan Kurtul
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sütçü İmam, Kahramanmaras, Turkey
| | | | - Dilek Ünal
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Kayseri Research Hospital, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Mustafa İzmirli
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sütçü İmam, Kahramanmaras, Turkey
| | - Celalettin Eroglu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Erciyes, Kayseri, Turkey
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6
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Aberrant expression of long noncoding RNAs in colorectal cancer with liver metastasis. Tumour Biol 2015; 36:8747-54. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3627-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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7
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Stromal expression of heat-shock protein 27 is associated with worse clinical outcome in patients with colorectal cancer lung metastases. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120724. [PMID: 25793600 PMCID: PMC4368667 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pulmonary metastases are common in patients with primary colorectal cancer (CRC). Heat-shock protein 27 (Hsp27) is upregulated in activated fibroblasts during wound healing and systemically elevated in various diseases. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are also thought to play a role as prognostic and predictive markers in various malignancies including CRC. Surprisingly, the expression of Hsp27 has never been assessed in CAFs. Therefore we aimed to investigate the expression level of Hsp27 in CAFs and its clinical implications in patients with CRC lung metastases. Methods FFPE tissue samples from 51 pulmonary metastases (PMs) and 33 paired primary tumors were evaluated for alpha-SMA, CD31, Hsp27 and vimentin expression by immunohistochemistry and correlated with clinicopathological variables. 25 liver metastases served as control group. Moreover, serum samples (n=10) before and after pulmonary metastasectomy were assessed for circulating phospho-Hsp27 and total Hsp27 by ELISA. Results Stromal expression of Hsp27 was observed in all PM and showed strong correlation with alpha-SMA (P<0.001) and vimentin (P<0.001). Strong stromal Hsp27 was associated with higher microvessel density in primary CRC and PM. Moreover, high stromal Hsp27 and αSMA expression were associated with decreased recurrence-free survival after pulmonary metastasectomy (P=0.018 and P=0.008, respectively) and overall survival (P=0.031 and P=0.017, respectively). Serum levels of phospho- and total Hsp27 dropped after metastasectomy to levels comparable to healthy controls. Conclusions Herein we describe for the first time that Hsp27 is highly expressed in tumor stroma of CRC. Stromal α-SMA and Hsp27 expressions correlate with the clinical outcome after pulmonary metastasectomy. Moreover, serum Hsp27 might pose a future marker for metastatic disease in CRC.
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Differential survival trends of stage II colorectal cancer patients relate to promoter methylation status of PCDH10, SPARC, and UCHL1. Mod Pathol 2014; 27:906-15. [PMID: 24309322 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2013.204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Surgical excision of colorectal cancer at early clinical stages is highly effective, but 20-30% of patients relapse. Therefore, it is of clinical relevance to identify patients at high risk for recurrence, who would benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy. The objective of this study was to identify prognostic and/or predictive methylation markers in stage II colorectal cancer patients. Therefore, we selected six gene promoters (FZD9, PCDH10 (protocadherin 10), SFRP2, SPARC (secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine), UCHL1 (ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase 1), and WIF1) for methylation analysis in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded primary tumor samples of colorectal cancer patients (n=143) who were enrolled in a prospective randomized phase III trial of the Austrian Breast and Colorectal cancer Study Group. Patients were randomized to adjuvant chemotherapy with 5-fluorouracil and leucovorin or surveillance only. Survival analyses revealed that combined evaluation of three promoters (PCDH10, SPARC, and UCHL1) showed differential effects with regard to disease-free survival and overall survival in the two treatment groups (significance level 0.007). In the chemotherapy arm, a statistically insignificant trend for patients without methylation toward longer survival was observed (P=0.069 for disease-free survival and P=0.139 for overall survival). Contrary, patients in the surveillance arm without methylation in their gene promoters had shorter disease-free survival and overall survival (P=0.031 for disease-free survival and P=0.003 for overall survival), indicating a prognostic effect of methylation in this group (test for interaction, P=0.006 for disease-free survival and P=0.018 for overall survival). These results indicate that promoter methylation status of PCDH10, SPARC, and UCHL1 may be used both as prognostic and predictive molecular marker for colorectal cancer patients and, therefore, may facilitate treatment decisions for stage II colorectal cancer.
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9
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Arrigo AP, Gibert B. HspB1, HspB5 and HspB4 in Human Cancers: Potent Oncogenic Role of Some of Their Client Proteins. Cancers (Basel) 2014; 6:333-65. [PMID: 24514166 PMCID: PMC3980596 DOI: 10.3390/cancers6010333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Revised: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human small heat shock proteins are molecular chaperones that regulate fundamental cellular processes in normal unstressed cells as well as in many cancer cells where they are over-expressed. These proteins are characterized by cell physiology dependent changes in their oligomerization and phosphorylation status. These structural changes allow them to interact with many different client proteins that subsequently display modified activity and/or half-life. Nowdays, the protein interactomes of small Hsps are under intense investigations and will represent, when completed, key parameters to elaborate therapeutic strategies aimed at modulating the functions of these chaperones. Here, we have analyzed the potential pro-cancerous roles of several client proteins that have been described so far to interact with HspB1 (Hsp27) and its close members HspB5 (αB-crystallin) and HspB4 (αA-crystallin).
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Affiliation(s)
- André-Patrick Arrigo
- Apoptosis, Cancer and Development Laboratory, Lyon Cancer Research Center, INSERM U1052-CNRS UMR5286, Claude Bernard University Lyon 1, Lyon 69008, France.
| | - Benjamin Gibert
- Apoptosis, Cancer and Development Laboratory, Lyon Cancer Research Center, INSERM U1052-CNRS UMR5286, Claude Bernard University Lyon 1, Lyon 69008, France.
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10
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Coppedè F, Lopomo A, Spisni R, Migliore L. Genetic and epigenetic biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of colorectal cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:943-56. [PMID: 24574767 PMCID: PMC3921546 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i4.943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Revised: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common cancer worldwide and results from the accumulation of mutations and epimutations in colonic mucosa cells ultimately leading to cell proliferation and metastasis. Unfortunately, CRC prognosis is still poor and the search of novel diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers is highly desired to prevent CRC-related deaths. The present article aims to summarize the most recent findings concerning the use of either genetic or epigenetic (mainly related to DNA methylation) biomarkers for CRC diagnosis, prognosis, and response to treatment. Recent large-scale DNA methylation studies suggest that CRC can be divided into several subtypes according to the frequency of DNA methylation and those of mutations in key CRC genes, and that this is reflected by different prognostic outcomes. Increasing evidence suggests that the analysis of DNA methylation in blood or fecal specimens could represent a valuable non-invasive diagnostic tool for CRC. Moreover, a broad spectrum of studies indicates that the inter-individual response to chemotherapeutic treatments depends on both epigenetic modifications and genetic mutations occurring in colorectal cancer cells, thereby opening the way for a personalized medicine. Overall, combining genetic and epigenetic data might represent the most promising tool for a proper diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic approach.
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11
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Ng L, Poon RTP, Pang R. Biomarkers for predicting future metastasis of human gastrointestinal tumors. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 70:3631-56. [PMID: 23370778 PMCID: PMC11113832 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1266-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2012] [Revised: 01/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The recent advances in surgery and radiation therapy have significantly improved the prognosis of patients with primary cancer, and the major challenge of cancer treatment now is metastatic disease development. The 5-year survival rate of cancer patients who have distant metastasis at diagnosis is extremely low, suggesting that prediction and early detection of metastasis would definitely improve their prognosis because suitable patient therapeutic management and treatment strategy can be provided. Cancer cells from a primary site give rise to a metastatic tumor via a number of steps which require the involvement and altered expression of many regulators. These regulators may serve as biomarkers for predicting metastasis. Over the past few years, numerous regulators have been found correlating with metastasis. In this review, we summarize the findings of a number of potential biomarkers that are involved in cadherin-catenin interaction, integrin signaling, PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling and cancer stem cell identification in gastrointestinal cancers. We will also discuss how certain biomarkers are associated with the tumor microenvironment that favors cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lui Ng
- Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong, 102 Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, China,
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12
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Sato Y, Marzese DM, Ohta K, Huang SK, Sim MS, Chong K, Hoon DSB. Epigenetic regulation of REG1A and chemosensitivity of cutaneous melanoma. Epigenetics 2013; 8:1043-52. [PMID: 23903855 DOI: 10.4161/epi.25810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Regenerating gene 1A (REG1A) plays an important role in tissue regeneration and in cell proliferation in epithelium origin tumors; however, its role in melanoma has not been explored in details. The objective of this study was to identify whether REG1A is expressed in cutaneous melanoma and if REG1A expression status can predict prognosis in cutaneous melanoma patients with metastasis. We also determined whether epigenetic regulation of the promoter region regulates REG1A expression. AJCC stage III cutaneous melanoma specimens with clinically well annotated stage III lymph node melanoma metastasis tissue microarray were assessed by IHC. MALDI-TOF-mass spectrometry and HM450K array were used to identify REG1A promoter region CpG site methylation. Chemotherapeutic agent response by melanoma cells as related to REG1A protein expression was assessed. Post-surgery melanoma patients followed by adjuvant chemotherapy with high REG1A expression had a significantly better prognosis (disease-specific survival) compared with patients with low REG1A expression (log rank test; p = 0.0013). The demethylating reagent 5-Aza-2'-deoxycytidine activated REG1A promoter region resulting in enhanced REG1A mRNA and protein expression in melanoma cell lines. Promoter region CpG methylation was shown to regulate REG1A expression in melanoma cells. Moreover, melanoma lines with high REG1A mRNA expression were more susceptible to Dacarbazine and Cisplatin, as compared with those with low REG1A mRNA expression. In conclusion, REG1A expression status may be useful as a biomarker in melanoma patients for sensitivity to these chemotherapeutic agents. The epigenetic regulation of the REG1A promoter region may offer a potential therapeutic approach to improve chemotherapy for metastatic melanoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Sato
- Department of Molecular Oncology; John Wayne Cancer Institute; Santa Monica, CA USA
| | - Diego M Marzese
- Department of Molecular Oncology; John Wayne Cancer Institute; Santa Monica, CA USA
| | - Katsuya Ohta
- Department of Molecular Oncology; John Wayne Cancer Institute; Santa Monica, CA USA
| | - Sharon K Huang
- Department of Molecular Oncology; John Wayne Cancer Institute; Santa Monica, CA USA
| | - Myung Shin Sim
- Division of Biostatistics; John Wayne Cancer Institute; Santa Monica, CA USA
| | - Kelly Chong
- Department of Molecular Oncology; John Wayne Cancer Institute; Santa Monica, CA USA
| | - Dave S B Hoon
- Department of Molecular Oncology; John Wayne Cancer Institute; Santa Monica, CA USA
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Wang J, Chong KK, Nakamura Y, Nguyen L, Huang SK, Kuo C, Zhang W, Yu H, Morton DL, Hoon DSB. B7-H3 associated with tumor progression and epigenetic regulatory activity in cutaneous melanoma. J Invest Dermatol 2013; 133:2050-8. [PMID: 23474948 PMCID: PMC3760237 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2013.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2012] [Revised: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
B7-H3, a cell surface transmembrane glycoprotein, was assessed for its functional and prognostic role in cutaneous melanoma progression. B7-H3 expression in melanoma cells was shown to be related to specific downstream signal transduction events as well as associated with functional epigenetic activity. B7-H3 expression and prognostic utility was shown by RT-qPCR and IHC analysis on individual melanoma specimens and then verified in clinically annotated melanoma stage III and stage IV metastasis tissue microarrays in a double blind study. B7-H3 mRNA expression was shown to be significantly increased with stage of melanoma(P<0.0001) and significantly associated with melanoma-specific survival(MSS) in both stage III(P<0.0001) and stage IV(P<0.012) melanoma patients. B7-H3 expression was related to migration and invasion; overexpression B7-H3 increased migration and invasion while knockdown of B7-H3 reduced cell migration and invasion. MiR-29c expression was shown to inversely regulate B7-H3 expression. Furthermore, we demonstrated that melanoma B7-H3 expression was correlated to p-STAT3 activity level in melanoma tissues and cell lines. These studies demonstrate that B7-H3 is a significant factor in melanoma progression, and events of metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhua Wang
- Department of Molecular Oncology, John Wayne Cancer Institute (JWCI), Santa Monica, California 90404, USA
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Said N, Frierson HF, Sanchez-Carbayo M, Brekken RA, Theodorescu D. Loss of SPARC in bladder cancer enhances carcinogenesis and progression. J Clin Invest 2013; 123:751-66. [PMID: 23321672 DOI: 10.1172/jci64782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 11/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) has been implicated in multiple aspects of human cancer. However, its role in bladder carcinogenesis and metastasis are unclear,with some studies suggesting it may be a promoter and others arguing the opposite. Using a chemical carcinogenesis model in Sparc-deficient mice and their wild-type littermates, we found that loss of SPARC accelerated the development of urothelial preneoplasia (atypia and dysplasia), neoplasia, and metastasis and was associated with decreased survival. SPARC reduced carcinogen-induced inflammation and accumulation of reactive oxygen species as well as urothelial cell proliferation. Loss of SPARC was associated with an inflammatory phenotype of tumor-associated macrophages and fibroblasts, with concomitant increased activation of urothelial and stromal NF-κB and AP1 in vivo and in vitro. Syngeneic spontaneous and experimental metastasis models revealed that tumor- and stroma-derived SPARC reduced tumor growth and metastasis through inhibition of cancer-associated inflammation and lung colonization. In human bladder tumor tissues, the frequency and intensity of SPARC expression were inversely correlated with disease-specific survival. These results indicate that SPARC is produced by benign and malignant compartments of bladder carcinomas where it functions to suppress bladder carcinogenesis, progression, and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neveen Said
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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15
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Viana LDS, Affonso RJ, Silva SRM, Denadai MVA, Matos D, Salinas de Souza C, Waisberg J. Relationship between the Expression of the Extracellular Matrix Genes SPARC, SPP1, FN1, ITGA5 and ITGAV and Clinicopathological Parameters of Tumor Progression and Colorectal Cancer Dissemination. Oncology 2013; 84:81-91. [DOI: 10.1159/000343436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2012] [Accepted: 09/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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16
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Shinojima T, Yu Q, Huang SK, Li M, Mizuno R, Liu ET, Hoon DSB, Lessard L. Heterogeneous epigenetic regulation of TIMP3 in prostate cancer. Epigenetics 2012; 7:1279-89. [PMID: 23023649 DOI: 10.4161/epi.22333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-3 (TIMP3) is a tumor suppressor gene frequently downregulated in prostate cancer. The mechanisms involved in TIMP3 transcriptional repression are not fully understood, but evidence suggests that promoter hypermethylation may not be the predominant epigenetic alteration in prostate cancer. To clarify this issue, we examined the contribution of both CpG site promoter methylation and histone modifications on TIMP3 downregulation. Using publicly available data sets, we confirmed that TIMP3 mRNA expression is decreased in prostate tumors relative to normal glands. Immunohistochemical analysis also showed decreased TIMP3 levels in high-grade primary tumors, but promoter hypermethylation was only detected in 6 of 28 (21%) high-grade specimens. Similarly, in prostate cancer cells, TIMP3 hypermethylation was only observed in DU145 cells. Treatment of DU145 cells with 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-Aza-CdR) restored TIMP3 expression, and this was significantly amplified by co-treating the cells with the HDAC inhibitor trichostatin A (TSA). Alternatively, in cells that did not exhibit aberrant TIMP3 methylation (LNCaP and PC3), TIMP3 expression could be upregulated by the combination of histone methylation inhibitor 3-Deazaneplanocin A (DZNep) and TSA. This reversal of transcriptional repression was associated with decreased H3K27me3 and increased H3K9ac histone marks at the TIMP3 promoter, as demonstrated by chromatin immunoprecipitation. Collectively, these results indicate that histone modifications can contribute to TIMP3 repression in the absence of promoter hypermethylation, and suggest that the combination of histone modifying agents could restore TIMP3 expression in prostate tumors harboring aberrant histone modifications at the TIMP3 promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiaki Shinojima
- Department of Molecular Oncology, John Wayne Cancer Institute at St John's Health Center, Santa Monica, CA, USA
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Ciocca DR, Arrigo AP, Calderwood SK. Heat shock proteins and heat shock factor 1 in carcinogenesis and tumor development: an update. Arch Toxicol 2012; 87:19-48. [PMID: 22885793 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-012-0918-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (HSP) are a subset of the molecular chaperones, best known for their rapid and abundant induction by stress. HSP genes are activated at the transcriptional level by heat shock transcription factor 1 (HSF1). During the progression of many types of cancer, this heat shock transcriptional regulon becomes co-opted by mechanisms that are currently unclear, although evidently triggered in the emerging tumor cell. Concerted activation of HSF1 and the accumulation of HSPs then participate in many of the traits that permit the malignant phenotype. Thus, cancers of many histologies exhibit activated HSF1 and increased HSP levels that may help to deter tumor suppression and evade therapy in the clinic. We review here the extensive work that has been carried out and is still in progress aimed at (1) understanding the oncogenic mechanisms by which HSP genes are switched on, (2) determining the roles of HSF1/HSP in malignant transformation and (3) discovering approaches to therapy based on disrupting the influence of the HSF1-controlled transcriptome in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Ciocca
- Oncology Laboratory, Institute of Experimental Medicine and Biology of Cuyo (IMBECU), Scientific and Technological Center (CCT), CONICET, 5500 Mendoza, Argentina.
| | - Andre Patrick Arrigo
- Apoptosis Cancer and Development, Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), UMR INSERM 1052-CNRS 5286, Claude Bernard University, Lyon-1, Cheney A Building, Centre Regional Léon Bérard, 28, rue Laennec 69008 LYON, France. ;
| | - Stuart K Calderwood
- Molecular and Cellular Radiation Oncology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA02215
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Epigenetic Regulation of Cancer Stem Cell Genes in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2012; 181:257-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2012.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2011] [Revised: 02/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Zhang Y, Yang B, Du Z, Bai T, Gao YT, Wang YJ, Lou C, Wang FM, Bai Y. Aberrant methylation of SPARC in human hepatocellular carcinoma and its clinical implication. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18:2043-52. [PMID: 22563191 PMCID: PMC3342602 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i17.2043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2011] [Revised: 11/25/2011] [Accepted: 02/27/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the methylation status of secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and evaluate its clinical implication.
METHODS: The methylation status of SPARC was analyzed in one HCC cell line (SMMC-7721) and 60 pairs of HCC and corresponding nontumorous tissues by methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction and bisulfite sequencing. The expression of SPARC mRNA and protein were examined by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry, respectively. The correlations between the methylation status and the gene expression, the clinicopathological parameters, as well as the prognosis after surgery were analyzed.
RESULTS: In the SMMC-7721 cell line, the loss of SPARC expression was correlated with the aberrant methylation and could be reactivated by the demethylating agent 5-aza-2’-deoxycytidine. Methylation frequency of SPARC in HCC was significantly higher than that in the corresponding nontumorous tissues (45/60 vs 7/60, P < 0.001), and it was correlated with the pathological classification (P = 0.019). The downregulation of the SPARC mRNA expression in HCC was correlated with the SPARC methylation (P = 0.040). The patients with methylated SPARC had a poorer overall survival than those without methylated SPARC (28.0 mo vs 41.0 mo, P = 0.043).
CONCLUSION: Aberrant methylation is an important mechanism for SPARC inactivation in HCC and SPARC methylation may be a promising biomarker for the diagnosis and prognosis of HCC.
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Hoshimoto S, Kuo CT, Chong KK, Takeshima TL, Takei Y, Li MW, Huang SK, Sim MS, Morton DL, Hoon DSB. AIM1 and LINE-1 epigenetic aberrations in tumor and serum relate to melanoma progression and disease outcome. J Invest Dermatol 2012; 132:1689-97. [PMID: 22402438 PMCID: PMC3352986 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2012.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Aberrations in the methylation status of non-coding genomic repeat DNA sequences and specific gene promoter region are important epigenetic events in melanoma progression. Promoter methylation status in LINE-1 and Absent in melanoma-1(AIM1;6q21) associated with melanoma progression and disease outcome was assessed. LINE-1 and AIM1 methylation status was assessed in paraffin-embedded archival tissues(PEAT)(n=133) and melanoma patients’ serum(n=56). LINE-1 U-Index(hypomethylation) and AIM1 were analyzed in microdissected melanoma PEAT sections. The LINE-1 U-Index of melanoma(n=100) was significantly higher than that of normal skin(n=14) and nevi(n=12)(P=0.0004). LINE-1 U-Index level was elevated with increasing AJCC stage(P<0.0001). AIM1 promoter hypermethylation was found in higher frequency(P=0.005) in metastatic melanoma(65%) than in primary melanomas(38%). When analyzed, high LINE-1 U-Index and/or AIM1 methylation in melanomas were associated with disease-free survival(DFS) and overall survival(OS) in Stage I/II patients (P=0.017, 0.027; respectively). In multivariate analysis, melanoma AIM1 methylation status was a significant prognostic factor of OS(P=0.032). Furthermore, serum unmethylated LINE-1 was at higher levels in both stage III(n=20) and stage IV(n=36) patients compared to healthy donors(n=14)(P=0.022). Circulating methylated AIM1 was detected in patients’ serum and was predictive of OS in Stage IV patients (P=0.009). LINE-1 hypomethylation and AIM1 hypermethylation have prognostic utility in both melanoma patients’ tumors and serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sojun Hoshimoto
- Department of Molecular Oncology, John Wayne Cancer Institute at Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, California 90404, USA
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Coppedè F. Epigenetic biomarkers of colorectal cancer: Focus on DNA methylation. Cancer Lett 2011; 342:238-47. [PMID: 22202641 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2011.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2011] [Revised: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 12/17/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The original theory of the multi-step process of colorectal cancer (CRC), suggesting that the disease resulted from the accumulation of mutations in oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes in colonic mucosa cells, has been largely revised following the observation that epigenetic modifications of several genes occur in the average CRC genome. Therefore, the current opinion is that CRCs are the consequence of the accumulation of both mutations and epigenetic modifications of several genes. This mini-review article focuses on DNA methylation biomarkers in CRC. Recent large-scale DNA methylation studies suggest that CRCs can be divided into at least three-four subtypes according to the frequency of DNA methylation and those of mutations in key CRC genes. Despite hundreds of genes might be epigenetically modified in CRC cells, there is interest in the identification of DNA methylation biomarkers to be used for CRC diagnosis, progression, tendency to tissue invasion and metastasis, prognosis, and response to chemotherapeutic agents. Moreover, DNA methylation largely depends on one-carbon metabolism, the metabolic pathway required for the production of S-adenosylmethionine, the major intracellular methylating agent. Complex interactions are emerging among dietary one-carbon nutrients (folates, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, methionine, and others), their metabolic genes, CRC risk, and DNA methylation profiles in CRC. Moreover, active research is also focused on the possible contribution of folic acid dietary fortification during pregnancy and the possible methylation of CRC-related genes in the offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Coppedè
- Department (DAI) of Neuroscience, Pisa University Hospital (AOUP), Italy; Faculty of Medicine, University of Pisa, Italy.
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