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Iwanowitsch A, Diessner J, Bergmann B, Rudel T. The JMU-SalVac-System: A Novel, Versatile Approach to Oral Live Vaccine Development. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:687. [PMID: 38932416 PMCID: PMC11209359 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12060687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhi Ty21a (Ty21a) is the only licensed oral vaccine against typhoid fever. Due to its excellent safety profile, it has been used as a promising vector strain for the expression of heterologous antigens for mucosal immunization. As the efficacy of any bacterial live vector vaccine correlates with its ability to express and present sufficient antigen, the genes for antigen expression are traditionally located on plasmids with antibiotic resistance genes for stabilization. However, for use in humans, antibiotic selection of plasmids is not applicable, leading to segregational loss of the antigen-producing plasmid. Therefore, we developed an oral Ty21a-based vaccine platform technology, the JMU-SalVac-system (Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg) in which the antigen delivery plasmids (pSalVac-plasmid-series) are stabilized by a ΔtyrS/tyrS+-based balanced-lethal system (BLS). The system is made up of the chromosomal knockout of the essential tyrosyl-tRNA-synthetase gene (tyrS) and the in trans complementation of tyrS on the pSalVac-plasmid. Further novel functional features of the pSalVac-plasmids are the presence of two different expression cassettes for the expression of protein antigens. In this study, we present the construction of vaccine strains with BLS plasmids for antigen expression. The expression of cytosolic and secreted mRFP and cholera toxin subunit B (CTB) proteins as model antigens is used to demonstrate the versatility of the approach. As proof of concept, we show the induction of previously described in vivo inducible promoters cloned into pSalVac-plasmids during infection of primary macrophages and demonstrate the expression of model vaccine antigens in these relevant human target cells. Therefore, antigen delivery strains developed with the JMU-SalVac technology are promising, safe and stable vaccine strains to be used against mucosal infections in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joachim Diessner
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany;
| | - Birgit Bergmann
- Chair of Microbiology, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany;
| | - Thomas Rudel
- Chair of Microbiology, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany;
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Wilde S, Jiang Y, Tafoya AM, Horsman J, Yousif M, Vazquez LA, Roland KL. Salmonella-vectored vaccine delivering three Clostridium perfringens antigens protects poultry against necrotic enteritis. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0197721. [PMID: 30753181 PMCID: PMC6372158 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Necrotic enteritis is an economically important poultry disease caused by the bacterium Clostridium perfringens. There are currently no necrotic enteritis vaccines commercially available for use in broiler birds, the most important target population. Salmonella-vectored vaccines represent a convenient and effective option for controlling this disease. We used a single attenuated Salmonella vaccine strain, engineered to lyse within the host, to deliver up to three C. perfringens antigens. Two of the antigens were toxoids, based on C. perfringens α-toxin and NetB toxin. The third antigen was fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase (Fba), a metabolic enzyme with an unknown role in virulence. Oral immunization with a single Salmonella vaccine strain producing either Fba, α-toxoid and NetB toxoid, or all three antigens, was immunogenic, inducing serum, cellular and mucosal responses against Salmonella and the vectored C. perfringens antigens. All three vaccine strains were partially protective against virulent C. perfringens challenge. The strains delivering Fba only or all three antigens provided the best protection. We also demonstrate that both toxins and Fba are present on the C. perfringens cell surface. The presence of Fba on the cell surface suggests that Fba may function as an adhesin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyra Wilde
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Yanlong Jiang
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Amanda M. Tafoya
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Jamie Horsman
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Miranda Yousif
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Luis Armando Vazquez
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Kenneth L. Roland
- Center for Immunotherapy, Vaccines and Virotherapy, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Clark-Curtiss JE, Curtiss R. Salmonella Vaccines: Conduits for Protective Antigens. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 200:39-48. [PMID: 29255088 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Vaccines afford a better and more cost-effective approach to combatting infectious diseases than continued reliance on antibiotics or antiviral or antiparasite drugs in the current era of increasing incidences of diseases caused by drug-resistant pathogens. Recombinant attenuated Salmonella vaccines (RASVs) have been significantly improved to exhibit the same or better attributes than wild-type parental strains to colonize internal lymphoid tissues and persist there to serve as factories to continuously synthesize and deliver rAgs. Encoded by codon-optimized pathogen genes, Ags are selected to induce protective immunity to infection by that pathogen. After immunization through a mucosal surface, the RASV attributes maximize their abilities to elicit mucosal and systemic Ab responses and cell-mediated immune responses. This article summarizes many of the numerous innovative technologies and discoveries that have resulted in RASV platforms that will enable development of safe efficacious RASVs to protect animals and humans against a diversity of infectious disease agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine E Clark-Curtiss
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610.,Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - Roy Curtiss
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611; and .,Department of Comparative, Diagnostic and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
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Zhang Y, Zhang X, Liao X, Huang X, Cao S, Wen X, Wen Y, Wu R, Liu W. Construction of a bivalent DNA vaccine co-expressing S genes of transmissible gastroenteritis virus and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus delivered by attenuated Salmonella typhimurium. Virus Genes 2016; 52:354-64. [PMID: 26980672 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-016-1316-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) can cause severe diarrhea in newborn piglets and led to significant economic losses. The S proteins are the main structural proteins of PEDV and TGEV capable of inducing neutralizing antibodies in vivo. In this study, a DNA vaccine SL7207 (pVAXD-PS1-TS) co-expressing S proteins of TGEV and PEDV delivered by attenuated Salmonella typhimurium was constructed and its immunogenicity in piglets was investigated. Twenty-day-old piglets were orally immunized with SL7207 (pVAXD-PS1-TS) at a dosage of 1.6 × 10(11) CFU per piglet and then booster immunized with 2.0 × 10(11) CFU after 2 weeks. Humoral immune responses, as reflected by virus neutralizing antibodies and specific IgG and sIgA, and cellular immune responses, as reflected by IFN-γ, IL-4, and lymphocyte proliferation, were evaluated. SL7207 (pVAXD-PS1-TS) simultaneously elicited immune responses against TGEV and PEDV after oral immunization. The immune levels started to increase at 2 weeks after immunization and increased to levels statistically significantly different than controls at 4 weeks post-immunization, peaking at 6 weeks and declined at 8 weeks. The humoral, mucosal, and cellular immune responses induced by SL7207 (pAXD-PS1-TS) were significantly higher than those of the PBS and SL7207 (pVAXD) (p < 0.01). In particular, the levels of IFN-γ and IL-4 were higher than those induced by the single-gene vaccine SL7207 (pVAXD-PS1) (p < 0.05). These results demonstrated that SL7207 (pVAXD-PS1-TS) possess the immunological functions of the two S proteins of TGEV and PEDV, indicating that SL7207 (pVAXD-PS1-TS) is a candidate oral vaccine for TGE and PED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudi Zhang
- Research Center of Swine Disease and Laboratory of Animal Infectious Disease and Microarray, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Xiaohui Zhang
- Research Center of Swine Disease and Laboratory of Animal Infectious Disease and Microarray, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Xiaodan Liao
- Research Center of Swine Disease and Laboratory of Animal Infectious Disease and Microarray, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Xiaobo Huang
- Research Center of Swine Disease and Laboratory of Animal Infectious Disease and Microarray, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
| | - Sanjie Cao
- Research Center of Swine Disease and Laboratory of Animal Infectious Disease and Microarray, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Xintian Wen
- Research Center of Swine Disease and Laboratory of Animal Infectious Disease and Microarray, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yiping Wen
- Research Center of Swine Disease and Laboratory of Animal Infectious Disease and Microarray, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Rui Wu
- Research Center of Swine Disease and Laboratory of Animal Infectious Disease and Microarray, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Wumei Liu
- College of Environmental Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
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Abstract
Three major plague pandemics caused by the gram-negative bacterium Yersinia pestis have killed nearly 200 million people in human history. Due to its extreme virulence and the ease of its transmission, Y. pestis has been used purposefully for biowarfare in the past. Currently, plague epidemics are still breaking out sporadically in most of parts of the world, including the United States. Approximately 2000 cases of plague are reported each year to the World Health Organization. However, the potential use of the bacteria in modern times as an agent of bioterrorism and the emergence of a Y. pestis strain resistant to eight antibiotics bring out severe public health concerns. Therefore, prophylactic vaccination against this disease holds the brightest prospect for its long-term prevention. Here, we summarize the progress of the current vaccine development for counteracting plague.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Sun
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, 110880, Gainesville, FL, 32611-0880, USA.
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Abstract
This chapter reviews papers mostly written since 2005 that report results using live attenuated bacterial vectors to deliver after administration through mucosal surfaces, protective antigens, and DNA vaccines, encoding protective antigens to induce immune responses and/or protective immunity to pathogens that colonize on or invade through mucosal surfaces. Papers that report use of such vaccine vector systems for parenteral vaccination or to deal with nonmucosal pathogens or do not address induction of mucosal antibody and/or cellular immune responses are not reviewed.
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Abstract
Attenuated Salmonella vaccines can be administered orally to deliver recombinant antigens to mucosal surfaces inducing a protective immune response against a variety of targeted pathogens. A number of exciting new approaches and technologies for attenuated Salmonella vaccines have been developed recently. However, a disconnect remains between results obtained with mice in preclinical studies and results obtained in human clinical trials. This is due to an incomplete understanding of Salmonella Typhi interactions with human hosts and inadequate animal models available for study. In this review, the authors describe recent progress in identifying important differences underlying S. Typhi-host interactions, the development of novel approaches to vaccine design and six recent clinical trials evaluating Salmonella-vectored vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth L Roland
- The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, 1001 S. McAllister Avenue, Tempe, AZ 85287-5401, USA
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Wang X, Zhang X, Zhou D, Yang R. Live-attenuatedYersinia pestisvaccines. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 12:677-86. [DOI: 10.1586/erv.13.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Rosenzweig JA, Chopra AK. The future of plague vaccines: hopes raised by a surrogate, live-attenuated recombinant vaccine candidate. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 11:659-61. [DOI: 10.1586/erv.12.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Zhang Q, Wang Q, Tian G, Qi Z, Zhang X, Wu X, Qiu Y, Bi Y, Yang X, Xin Y, He J, Zhou J, Zeng L, Yang R, Wang X. Yersinia pestis biovar Microtus strain 201, an avirulent strain to humans, provides protection against bubonic plague in rhesus macaques. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2013; 10:368-77. [PMID: 24225642 DOI: 10.4161/hv.27060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Yersinia pestis biovar Microtus is considered to be a virulent to larger mammals, including guinea pigs, rabbits and humans. It may be used as live attenuated plague vaccine candidates in terms of its low virulence. However, the Microtus strain's protection against plague has yet to be demonstrated in larger mammals. In this study, we evaluated the protective efficacy of the Microtus strain 201 as a live attenuated plague vaccine candidate. Our results show that this strain is highly attenuated by subcutaneous route, elicits an F1-specific antibody titer similar to the EV and provides a protective efficacy similar to the EV against bubonic plague in Chinese-origin rhesus macaques. The Microtus strain 201 could induce elevated secretion of both Th1-associated cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-2 and TNF-α) and Th2-associated cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, and IL-6), as well as chemokines MCP-1 and IL-8. However, the protected animals developed skin ulcer at challenge site with different severity in most of the immunized and some of the EV-immunized monkeys. Generally, the Microtus strain 201 represented a good plague vaccine candidate based on its ability to generate strong humoral and cell-mediated immune responses as well as its good protection against high dose of subcutaneous virulent Y. pestis challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingwen Zhang
- Anhui Medical University; Hefei, Anhui PR China; Qinghai Institute for Endemic Disease Prevention and Control of Qinghai Province; Xining, PR China
| | - Qiong Wang
- Anhui Medical University; Hefei, Anhui PR China; Laboratory of Analytical Microbiology; State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity; Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology; Beijing, PR China
| | - Guang Tian
- Laboratory of Analytical Microbiology; State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity; Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology; Beijing, PR China
| | - Zhizhen Qi
- Qinghai Institute for Endemic Disease Prevention and Control of Qinghai Province; Xining, PR China
| | - Xuecan Zhang
- Laboratory of Analytical Microbiology; State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity; Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology; Beijing, PR China
| | - Xiaohong Wu
- Laboratory of Analytical Microbiology; State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity; Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology; Beijing, PR China
| | - Yefeng Qiu
- Laboratory Animal Research Center; Academy of Military Medical Science; Beijing; PR China
| | - Yujing Bi
- Laboratory of Analytical Microbiology; State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity; Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology; Beijing, PR China
| | - Xiaoyan Yang
- Qinghai Institute for Endemic Disease Prevention and Control of Qinghai Province; Xining, PR China
| | - Youquan Xin
- Qinghai Institute for Endemic Disease Prevention and Control of Qinghai Province; Xining, PR China
| | - Jian He
- Qinghai Institute for Endemic Disease Prevention and Control of Qinghai Province; Xining, PR China
| | - Jiyuan Zhou
- Laboratory of Analytical Microbiology; State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity; Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology; Beijing, PR China
| | - Lin Zeng
- Laboratory Animal Research Center; Academy of Military Medical Science; Beijing; PR China
| | - Ruifu Yang
- Laboratory of Analytical Microbiology; State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity; Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology; Beijing, PR China
| | - Xiaoyi Wang
- Anhui Medical University; Hefei, Anhui PR China; Laboratory of Analytical Microbiology; State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity; Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology; Beijing, PR China
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Seref O, Brooks JP, Fong SS. Decomposition of flux distributions into metabolic pathways. IEEE/ACM TRANSACTIONS ON COMPUTATIONAL BIOLOGY AND BIOINFORMATICS 2013; 10:984-993. [PMID: 24334391 DOI: 10.1109/tcbb.2013.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Genome-scale reconstructions are often used for studying relationships between fundamental components of a metabolic system. In this study, we develop a novel computational method for analyzing predicted flux distributions for metabolic reconstructions. Because chemical reactions may have multiple reactants and products, a directed hypergraph where hyperarcs may have multiple tail vertices and head vertices is a more appropriate representation of the metabolic network than a conventional network. We use this view to represent predicted flux distributions by maximum generalized flows on hypergraphs. We then demonstrate that the generalized hyperflow problem may be transformed to an equivalent network flow problem with side constraints. This transformation allows a flux to be decomposed into chains of reactions. Subsequent analysis of these chains helps to characterize active pathways in a flux distribution. Such characterizations facilitate comparisons of flux distributions for different environmental conditions. The proposed method is applied to compare predicted flux distributions for Salmonella typhimurium to study changes in metabolism that cause enhanced virulence during a space flight. The differences between flux distributions corresponding to normal and enhanced virulence states confirm previous observations concerning infection mechanisms and suggest new pathways for exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onur Seref
- Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg
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New technologies in developing recombinant attenuated Salmonella vaccine vectors. Microb Pathog 2012; 58:17-28. [PMID: 23142647 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2012.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Revised: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 10/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant attenuated Salmonella vaccine (RASV) vectors producing recombinant gene-encoded protective antigens should have special traits. These features ensure that the vaccines survive stresses encountered in the gastrointestinal tract following oral vaccination to colonize lymphoid tissues without causing disease symptoms and to result in induction of long-lasting protective immune responses. We recently described ways to achieve these goals by using regulated delayed in vivo attenuation and regulated delayed in vivo antigen synthesis, enabling RASVs to efficiently colonize effector lymphoid tissues and to serve as factories to synthesize protective antigens that induce higher protective immune responses. We also developed some additional new strategies to increase vaccine safety and efficiency. Modification of lipid A can reduce the inflammatory responses without compromising the vaccine efficiency. Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) from Salmonella-containing heterologous protective antigens can be used to increase vaccine efficiency. A dual-plasmid system, possessing Asd+ and DadB+ selection markers, each specifying a different protective antigen, can be used to develop multivalent live vaccines. These new technologies have been adopted to develop a novel, low-cost RASV synthesizing multiple protective pneumococcal protein antigens that could be safe for newborns/infants and induce protective immunity to diverse Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes after oral immunization.
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