1
|
Yan WL, Shen KY, Tien CY, Chen YA, Liu SJ. Recent progress in GM-CSF-based cancer immunotherapy. Immunotherapy 2017; 9:347-360. [PMID: 28303764 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2016-0141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy is a growing field. GM-CSF, a potent cytokine promoting the differentiation of myeloid cells, can also be used as an immunostimulatory adjuvant to elicit antitumor immunity. Additionally, GM-CSF is essential for the differentiation of dendritic cells, which are responsible for processing and presenting tumor antigens for the priming of antitumor cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Some strategies have been developed for GM-CSF-based cancer immunotherapy in clinical practice: GM-CSF monotherapy, GM-CSF-secreting cancer cell vaccines, GM-CSF-fused tumor-associated antigen protein-based vaccines, GM-CSF-based DNA vaccines and GM-CSF combination therapy. GM-CSF also contributes to the regulation of immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment. This review provides recommendations regarding GM-CSF-based cancer immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Lun Yan
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.,National Institute of Infectious Diseases & Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, No. 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 350, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Yin Shen
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases & Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, No. 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 350, Taiwan.,Graduate Instituteof Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Yuan Tien
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.,National Institute of Infectious Diseases & Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, No. 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 350, Taiwan
| | - Yu-An Chen
- Graduate Instituteof Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Jen Liu
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.,National Institute of Infectious Diseases & Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, No. 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County 350, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Abstract
Immunotherapy is an evolving modality in the treatment of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Vaccinations with patient-specific tumor-derived antigens have been developed to strengthen immune response to tumor. The success of rituximab, a monoclonal antibody for CD20 on malignant B-cells, fueled further immunotherapy research. The power of the immune system to fight hematologic malignancies is seen in allogeneic stem cell transplant, where donor T cells attack residual malignant cells in the recipient. Now, three innovative therapeutic immunotherapy classes (I) adoptive cellular therapy; (II) immune-checkpoint inhibitors; and (III) novel antibody therapies show promising results in non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Genetically engineered T cells, CAR T cells, obtained remissions in lymphomas refractory to conventional chemotherapy. Immune-checkpoint inhibitors, such as nivolumab and pembrolizumab revolutionized the treatment of many solid tumors, and unprecedented results are now reported in relapsed/refractory lymphoma. Building on the success of rituximab, additional therapeutic monoclonal antibodies were developed for lymphoma treatment. Antibodies have recently been further engineered with multiple binding sites to directly engage both tumor and T cells. There are exciting early clinical trial results for the first bispecific T-cell engager (BiTE), blinatumomab, as well as promising ongoing studies for dual antibody molecules, Dual-Affinity Re-Targeting (DART) proteins. This review highlights these three immunotherapy classes for relapsed/refractory non-Hodgkin lymphomas and discusses the mechanism of action, clinical efficacy, and toxicities of each.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Allyson Pishko
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine and Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sunita D Nasta
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine and Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lapenta C, Donati S, Spadaro F, Castaldo P, Belardelli F, Cox MC, Santini SM. NK Cell Activation in the Antitumor Response Induced by IFN-α Dendritic Cells Loaded with Apoptotic Cells from Follicular Lymphoma Patients. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:795-806. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
4
|
Allegra A, Russo S, Gerace D, Calabrò L, Maisano V, Innao V, Musolino C. Vaccination strategies in lymphoproliferative disorders: Failures and successes. Leuk Res 2015; 39:1006-19. [PMID: 26298174 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 08/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Anti-tumor vaccines in lymphoproliferative disorders hold out the prospect of effective tumor therapies with minimal side effects. The addition of immunotherapy to old and new chemotherapy regimens has improved both response rates and disease-free survival, leading in many cases to an extended overall survival. Ideally, an antigen that is used for vaccination would be specifically expressed in the tumor; it must have an important, causal part in the multifactorial process that leads to cancer, and it must be expressed stably even after it is attacked by the immune system. Immunotherapies, which aim to activate the immune system to kill cancer cells, include strategies to increase the frequency or potency of antitumor T cells, to overcome suppressive factors in the tumor microenvironment, and to reduce T-cell suppression systemically. In this review, we focus on the results of clinical trials of vaccination in lymphoma, and discuss potential strategies to enhance the efficacy of immunotherapy in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Allegra
- Division of Hematology, Department of General Surgery, Oncology and Pathological Anatomy, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.
| | - S Russo
- Division of Hematology, Department of General Surgery, Oncology and Pathological Anatomy, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - D Gerace
- Division of Hematology, Department of General Surgery, Oncology and Pathological Anatomy, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - L Calabrò
- Division of Hematology, Department of General Surgery, Oncology and Pathological Anatomy, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - V Maisano
- Division of Hematology, Department of General Surgery, Oncology and Pathological Anatomy, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - V Innao
- Division of Hematology, Department of General Surgery, Oncology and Pathological Anatomy, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - C Musolino
- Division of Hematology, Department of General Surgery, Oncology and Pathological Anatomy, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Bachireddy P, Burkhardt UE, Rajasagi M, Wu CJ. Haematological malignancies: at the forefront of immunotherapeutic innovation. Nat Rev Cancer 2015; 15:201-15. [PMID: 25786696 PMCID: PMC4511812 DOI: 10.1038/nrc3907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The recent successes of cancer immunotherapies have stimulated interest in the potential widespread application of these approaches; haematological malignancies have provided both initial proofs of concept and an informative testing ground for various immune-based therapeutics. The immune-cell origin of many of the blood malignancies provides a unique opportunity both to understand the mechanisms of cancer immune responsiveness and immune evasion, and to exploit these mechanisms for therapeutic purposes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pavan Bachireddy
- Department of Medical Oncology and the Cancer Vaccine Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ute E. Burkhardt
- Department of Medical Oncology and the Cancer Vaccine Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mohini Rajasagi
- Department of Medical Oncology and the Cancer Vaccine Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Catherine J. Wu
- Department of Medical Oncology and the Cancer Vaccine Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
It has long been understood that the immune system has intrinsic anti-tumour activity in humans, and that a key mechanism of tumour progression is the ability of a tumour to escape this immune surveillance. A number of attempts have been made to harness this anti-tumour immunity in both solid tumour oncology and haematological malignancies with variable success. Examples include the use of allogeneic stem cell transplantation and donor lymphocyte infusion in haematological cancer and vaccine studies in solid tumours. Enhanced signalling of the Programmed cell death-1 (PDCD1, PD-1)/cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA4) 'immune checkpoint' pathway has emerged recently as a critical mechanism by which tumours can escape the natural anti-tumour immune response. As such, novel therapies have been developed to help enhance this natural immunity by switching off the PDCD1/CTLA4 immune checkpoint pathway. The following review will discuss the pathobiology of these pathways and the exciting new data now available in lymphoid malignancies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toby A Eyre
- Department of Haematology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Graham P Collins
- Department of Haematology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, UK
| |
Collapse
|