1
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Evaluation of Blood-CSF Barrier Transport by Quantitative Real Time Fluorescence Microscopy. Pharm Res 2022; 39:1469-1480. [PMID: 35411508 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-022-03251-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Transporters at the blood-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barrier (BCSFB) play active roles in removing drugs and toxins from the CSF. The goal of this study is to develop a fluorescence microscopy approach to quantitatively study the transepithelial transport processes at the murine BCSFB in real time. METHODS Choroid plexus (CP) tissues were isolated from mouse lateral ventricles and incubated with anionic (fluorescein-methotrexate, 8-fluorescein-cAMP) or cationic (IDT307) fluorescent probes. The CSF-to-blood transport was imaged and quantified using compartmental segmentation and digital image analysis. Real time images were captured and analyzed to obtain kinetic information and identify the rate-limiting step. The effect of transporter inhibitors was also evaluated. RESULTS The transport processes of fluorescent probes can be captured and analyzed digitally. The intra- and inter- animal variability were 20.4% and 25.7%, respectively. Real time analysis showed distinct transport kinetics and rate-limiting step for anionic and cationic probes. A CP efflux index was proposed to distinguish between transepithelial flux and intracellular accumulation. Rifampin and MK571 decreased the overall transepithelial transport of anionic probes by more than 90%, indicating a possible involvement of organic anion transporting polypeptides (Oatps) and multidrug resistance-associated proteins (Mrps). CONCLUSIONS A CP isolation method was described, and a quantitative fluorescence imaging approach was developed to evaluate CSF-to-blood transport in mouse CP. The method is consistent, reproducible, and capable of tracking real time transepithelial transport with temporal and spatial resolution. The approach can be used to evaluate transport mechanisms, assess tissue drug accumulation, and assay potential drug-drug interactions at the BCSFB.
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2
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Dunn KW, Molitoris BA, Dagher PC. The Indiana O'Brien Center for Advanced Renal Microscopic Analysis. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2021; 320:F671-F682. [PMID: 33682441 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00007.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Indiana O'Brien Center for Advanced Microscopic Analysis is a National Institutes of Health (NIH) P30-funded research center dedicated to the development and dissemination of advanced methods of optical microscopy to support renal researchers throughout the world. The Indiana O'Brien Center was founded in 2002 as an NIH P-50 project with the original goal of helping researchers realize the potential of intravital multiphoton microscopy as a tool for understanding renal physiology and pathophysiology. The center has since expanded into the development and implementation of large-scale, high-content tissue cytometry. The advanced imaging capabilities of the center are made available to renal researchers worldwide via collaborations and a unique fellowship program. Center outreach is accomplished through an enrichment core that oversees a seminar series, an informational website, and a biennial workshop featuring hands-on training from members of the Indiana O'Brien Center and imaging experts from around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth W Dunn
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Bruce A Molitoris
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Pierre C Dagher
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
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3
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Ho H, Dahmen U, Hunter P. An in silico rat liver atlas. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin 2020; 23:597-600. [PMID: 32310673 DOI: 10.1080/10255842.2020.1754404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Numerous hepatic function, disease and pharmacological experiments are performed on rat livers. Many of these experiments rely on an accurate understanding of the rat liver anatomy. In this short paper, we present an in silico rat liver atlas which is constructed from the micro-CT images of explanted rat livers. The atlas consists of the parametric mesh for four liver lobes and a paracaval portion. 1D and 3D cubic Hermite mesh are used to represent the rat liver vessels and lobes, respectively. We discuss potential applications that can be performed from the in silico atlas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harvey Ho
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Uta Dahmen
- Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, Jena University, Germany
| | - Peter Hunter
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, New Zealand
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4
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Dunn KW, Martinez MM, Wang Z, Mang HE, Clendenon SG, Sluka JP, Glazier JA, Klaunig JE. Mitochondrial depolarization and repolarization in the early stages of acetaminophen hepatotoxicity in mice. Toxicology 2020; 439:152464. [PMID: 32315716 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2020.152464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial injury and depolarization are primary events in acetaminophen hepatotoxicity. Previous studies have shown that restoration of mitochondrial function in surviving hepatocytes, which is critical to recovery, is at least partially accomplished via biogenesis of new mitochondria. However, other studies indicate that mitochondria also have the potential to spontaneously repolarize. Although repolarization was previously observed only at a sub-hepatotoxic dose of acetaminophen, we postulated that mitochondrial repolarization in hepatocytes outside the centrilobular regions of necrosis might contribute to recovery of mitochondrial function following acetaminophen-induced injury. Our studies utilized longitudinal intravital microscopy of millimeter-scale regions of the mouse liver to characterize the spatio-temporal relationship between mitochondrial polarization and necrosis early in acetaminophen-induced liver injury. Treatment of male C57BL/6J mice with a single intraperitoneal 250 mg/kg dose of acetaminophen resulted in hepatotoxicity that was apparent histologically within 2 h of treatment, leading to 20 and 60-fold increases in serum aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase, respectively, within 6 h. Intravital microscopy of the livers of mice injected with rhodamine123, TexasRed-dextran, propidium iodide and Hoechst 33342 detected centrilobular foci of necrosis within extended regions of mitochondrial depolarization within 2 h of acetaminophen treatment. Although regions of necrosis were more apparent 6 h after acetaminophen treatment, the vast majority of hepatocytes with depolarized mitochondria did not progress to necrosis, but rather recovered mitochondrial polarization within 6 h. Recovery of mitochondrial function following acetaminophen hepatotoxicity thus involves not only biogenesis of new mitochondria, but also repolarization of existing mitochondria. These studies also revealed a spatial distribution of necrosis and mitochondrial depolarization whose single-cell granularity is inconsistent with the hypothesis that communication between neighboring cells plays an important role in the propagation of necrosis during the early stages of APAP hepatotoxicity. Small islands of healthy, intact cells were frequently found surrounded by necrotic cells, and small islands of necrotic cells were frequently found surrounded by healthy, intact cells. Time-series studies demonstrated that these "islands", consisting in some cases of single cells, are persistent; over a period of hours, injury does not spread from individual necrotic cells to their neighbors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth W Dunn
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
| | | | - Zemin Wang
- School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Henry E Mang
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Sherry G Clendenon
- Biocomplexity Institute, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA; Department of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - James P Sluka
- Biocomplexity Institute, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA; Department of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - James A Glazier
- Biocomplexity Institute, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA; Department of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - James E Klaunig
- School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
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5
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Lin H, Fan T, Sui J, Wang G, Chen J, Zhuo S, Zhang H. Recent advances in multiphoton microscopy combined with nanomaterials in the field of disease evolution and clinical applications to liver cancer. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:19619-19635. [PMID: 31599299 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr04902a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Multiphoton microscopy (MPM) is expected to become a powerful clinical tool, with its unique advantages of being label-free, high resolution, deep imaging depth, low light photobleaching and low phototoxicity. Nanomaterials, with excellent physical and chemical properties, are biocompatible and easy to prepare and functionalize. The addition of nanomaterials exactly compensates for some defects of MPM, such as the weak endogenous signal strength, limited imaging materials, insufficient imaging depth and lack of therapeutic effects. Therefore, combining MPM with nanomaterials is a promising biomedical imaging method. Here, we mainly review the principle of MPM and its application in liver cancer, especially in disease evolution and clinical applications, including monitoring tumor progression, diagnosing tumor occurrence, detecting tumor metastasis, and evaluating cancer therapy response. Then, we introduce the latest advances in the combination of MPM with nanomaterials, including the MPM imaging of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and carbon dots (CDs). Finally, we also propose the main challenges and future research directions of MPM technology in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxin Lin
- Fujian Normal University, Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Photonics Technology, Fuzhou, 350007, China.
| | - Taojian Fan
- Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory of Phosphorene and Optoelectronics and Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China.
| | - Jian Sui
- Department of Gastrointestinal surgery, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fuzhou, 350000, China
| | - Guangxing Wang
- Fujian Normal University, Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Photonics Technology, Fuzhou, 350007, China.
| | - Jianxin Chen
- Fujian Normal University, Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Photonics Technology, Fuzhou, 350007, China.
| | - Shuangmu Zhuo
- Fujian Normal University, Key Laboratory of OptoElectronic Science and Technology for Medicine of Ministry of Education, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Photonics Technology, Fuzhou, 350007, China.
| | - Han Zhang
- Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory of Phosphorene and Optoelectronics and Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China.
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6
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Tavakoli M, Tsekouras K, Day R, Dunn KW, Pressé S. Quantitative Kinetic Models from Intravital Microscopy: A Case Study Using Hepatic Transport. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:7302-7312. [PMID: 31298856 PMCID: PMC6857640 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b04729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The liver performs critical physiological functions, including metabolizing and removing substances, such as toxins and drugs, from the bloodstream. Hepatotoxicity itself is intimately linked to abnormal hepatic transport, and hepatotoxicity remains the primary reason drugs in development fail and approved drugs are withdrawn from the market. For this reason, we propose to analyze, across liver compartments, the transport kinetics of fluorescein-a fluorescent marker used as a proxy for drug molecules-using intravital microscopy data. To resolve the transport kinetics quantitatively from fluorescence data, we account for the effect that different liver compartments (with different chemical properties) have on fluorescein's emission rate. To do so, we develop ordinary differential equation transport models from the data where the kinetics is related to the observable fluorescence levels by "measurement parameters" that vary across different liver compartments. On account of the steep non-linearities in the kinetics and stochasticity inherent to the model, we infer kinetic and measurement parameters by generalizing the method of parameter cascades. For this application, the method of parameter cascades ensures fast and precise parameter estimates from noisy time traces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meysam Tavakoli
- Department of Physics, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
| | | | - Richard Day
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
| | - Kenneth W. Dunn
- Department of Medicine and Biochemistry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
| | - Steve Pressé
- Center for Biological Physics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
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7
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Clendenon SG, Fu X, Von Hoene RA, Clendenon JL, Sluka JP, Winfree S, Mang H, Martinez M, Filson AJ, Klaunig JE, Glazier JA, Dunn KW. A simple automated method for continuous fieldwise measurement of microvascular hemodynamics. Microvasc Res 2018; 123:7-13. [PMID: 30502365 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2018.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Microvascular perfusion dynamics are vital to physiological function and are frequently dysregulated in injury and disease. Typically studies measure microvascular flow in a few selected vascular segments over limited time, failing to capture spatial and temporal variability. To quantify microvascular flow in a more complete and unbiased way we developed STAFF (Spatial Temporal Analysis of Fieldwise Flow), a macro for FIJI open-source image analysis software. Using high-speed microvascular flow movies, STAFF generates kymographs for every time interval for every vascular segment, calculates flow velocities from red blood cell shadow angles, and outputs the data as color-coded velocity map movies and spreadsheets. In untreated mice, analyses demonstrated profound variation even between adjacent sinusoids over seconds. In acetaminophen-treated mice we detected flow reduction localized to pericentral regions. STAFF is a powerful new tool capable of providing novel insights by enabling measurement of the complex spatiotemporal dynamics of microvascular flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherry G Clendenon
- Biocomplexity Institute, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA; Department of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Xiao Fu
- Biocomplexity Institute, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA; Department of Physics, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Robert A Von Hoene
- Biocomplexity Institute, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA; Department of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | | | - James P Sluka
- Biocomplexity Institute, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA; Department of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Seth Winfree
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Henry Mang
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | - Adele J Filson
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - James E Klaunig
- School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - James A Glazier
- Biocomplexity Institute, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA; Department of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Kenneth W Dunn
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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8
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Ryan J, Morgan RE, Chen Y, Volak LP, Dunn RT, Dunn KW. Intravital Multiphoton Microscopy with Fluorescent Bile Salts in Rats as an In Vivo Biomarker for Hepatobiliary Transport Inhibition. Drug Metab Dispos 2018; 46:704-718. [PMID: 29467212 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.117.079277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The bile salt export pump (BSEP) is expressed at the canalicular domain of hepatocytes, where it mediates the elimination of monovalent bile salts into the bile. Inhibition of BSEP is considered a susceptibility factor for drug-induced liver injury that often goes undetected during nonclinical testing. Although in vitro assays exist for screening BSEP inhibition, a reliable and specific method for confirming Bsep inhibition in vivo would be a valuable follow up to a BSEP screening strategy, helping to put a translatable context around in vitro inhibition data, incorporating processes such as metabolism, protein binding, and other exposure properties that are lacking in most in vitro BSEP models. Here, we describe studies in which methods of quantitative intravital microscopy were used to identify dose-dependent effects of two known BSEP/Bsep inhibitors, 2-[4-[4-(butylcarbamoyl)-2-[(2,4-dichlorophenyl)sulfonylamino]phenoxy]-3-methoxyphenyl]acetic acid (AMG-009) and bosentan, on hepatocellular transport of the fluorescent bile salts cholylglycyl amidofluorescein and cholyl-lysyl-fluorescein in rats. Results of these studies demonstrate that the intravital microscopy approach is capable of detecting Bsep inhibition at drug doses well below those found to increase serum bile acid levels, and also indicate that basolateral efflux transporters play a significant role in preventing cytosolic accumulation of bile acids under conditions of Bsep inhibition in rats. Studies of this kind can both improve our understanding of exposures needed to inhibit Bsep in vivo and provide unique insights into drug effects in ways that can improve our ability interpret animal studies for the prediction of human drug hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Ryan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana (J.R., K.W.D.); Department of Comparative Biology and Safety Sciences, Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (R.E.M., Y.C., L.P.V., R.T.D.)
| | - Ryan E Morgan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana (J.R., K.W.D.); Department of Comparative Biology and Safety Sciences, Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (R.E.M., Y.C., L.P.V., R.T.D.)
| | - Yuan Chen
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana (J.R., K.W.D.); Department of Comparative Biology and Safety Sciences, Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (R.E.M., Y.C., L.P.V., R.T.D.)
| | - Laurie P Volak
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana (J.R., K.W.D.); Department of Comparative Biology and Safety Sciences, Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (R.E.M., Y.C., L.P.V., R.T.D.)
| | - Robert T Dunn
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana (J.R., K.W.D.); Department of Comparative Biology and Safety Sciences, Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (R.E.M., Y.C., L.P.V., R.T.D.)
| | - Kenneth W Dunn
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana (J.R., K.W.D.); Department of Comparative Biology and Safety Sciences, Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California (R.E.M., Y.C., L.P.V., R.T.D.)
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9
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Surgical preparation of rats and mice for intravital microscopic imaging of abdominal organs. Methods 2017; 128:129-138. [PMID: 28698070 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Intravital microscopy is a powerful research tool that can provide insight into cellular and subcellular events that take place in organs in the body. However, meaningful results can only be obtained from animals whose physiology is preserved during the process of microscopy. Here I discuss the importance of preserving the overall state of health of the animal, methods of anesthesia, surgical techniques for intravital microscopy of various abdominal organs, methods to maintain and monitor the physiology of the animal during microscopy and associated peri- and post-operative recovery considerations.
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10
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Dunn KW, Ryan JC. Using quantitative intravital multiphoton microscopy to dissect hepatic transport in rats. Methods 2017; 128:40-51. [PMID: 28434905 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2017.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic solute transport is a complex process whose disruption is associated with liver disease and drug-induced liver injury. Intravital multiphoton fluorescence excitation microscopy provides the spatial and temporal resolution necessary to characterize hepatic transport at the level of individual hepatocytes in vivo and thus to identify the mechanisms and cellular consequences of cholestasis. Here we present an overview of the use of fluorescence microscopy for studies of hepatic transport in living animals, and describe how we have combined methods of intravital microscopy and digital image analysis to dissect the effects of drugs and pathological conditions on the function of hepatic transporters in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth W Dunn
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States.
| | - Jennifer C Ryan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States
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11
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Meyer K, Ostrenko O, Bourantas G, Morales-Navarrete H, Porat-Shliom N, Segovia-Miranda F, Nonaka H, Ghaemi A, Verbavatz JM, Brusch L, Sbalzarini I, Kalaidzidis Y, Weigert R, Zerial M. A Predictive 3D Multi-Scale Model of Biliary Fluid Dynamics in the Liver Lobule. Cell Syst 2017; 4:277-290.e9. [PMID: 28330614 DOI: 10.1016/j.cels.2017.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Bile, the central metabolic product of the liver, is transported by the bile canaliculi network. The impairment of bile flow in cholestatic liver diseases has urged a demand for insights into its regulation. Here, we developed a predictive 3D multi-scale model that simulates fluid dynamic properties successively from the subcellular to the tissue level. The model integrates the structure of the bile canalicular network in the mouse liver lobule, as determined by high-resolution confocal and serial block-face scanning electron microscopy, with measurements of bile transport by intravital microscopy. The combined experiment-theory approach revealed spatial heterogeneities of biliary geometry and hepatocyte transport activity. Based on this, our model predicts gradients of bile velocity and pressure in the liver lobule. Validation of the model predictions by pharmacological inhibition of Rho kinase demonstrated a requirement of canaliculi contractility for bile flow in vivo. Our model can be applied to functionally characterize liver diseases and quantitatively estimate biliary transport upon drug-induced liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirstin Meyer
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Saxony 01307, Germany
| | - Oleksandr Ostrenko
- Center for Information Services and High Performance Computing, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Saxony 01062, Germany; Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Saxony 01062, Germany
| | - Georgios Bourantas
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Saxony 01307, Germany; Faculty of Science, Technology and Communication, University of Luxembourg, 1359 Luxembourg, Luxembourg; Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Saxony 01062, Germany
| | | | - Natalie Porat-Shliom
- Intracellular Membrane Trafficking Unit, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Fabian Segovia-Miranda
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Saxony 01307, Germany
| | - Hidenori Nonaka
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Saxony 01307, Germany
| | - Ali Ghaemi
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Saxony 01307, Germany
| | - Jean-Marc Verbavatz
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Saxony 01307, Germany
| | - Lutz Brusch
- Center for Information Services and High Performance Computing, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Saxony 01062, Germany; Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Saxony 01062, Germany
| | - Ivo Sbalzarini
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Saxony 01307, Germany; Faculty of Computer Science, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Saxony 01187, Germany; Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Saxony 01062, Germany
| | - Yannis Kalaidzidis
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Saxony 01307, Germany; Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Roberto Weigert
- Intracellular Membrane Trafficking Unit, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Marino Zerial
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Saxony 01307, Germany; Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Saxony 01062, Germany.
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12
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Day RN, Tao W, Dunn KW. A simple approach for measuring FRET in fluorescent biosensors using two-photon microscopy. Nat Protoc 2016; 11:2066-80. [DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2016.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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13
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Nickel S, Clerkin CG, Selo MA, Ehrhardt C. Transport mechanisms at the pulmonary mucosa: implications for drug delivery. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2016; 13:667-90. [DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2016.1140144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Nickel
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Caoimhe G. Clerkin
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mohammed Ali Selo
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Kufa University, Al-Najaf, Iraq
| | - Carsten Ehrhardt
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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14
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Ryan JC, Dunn KW, Decker BS. Effects of chronic kidney disease on liver transport: quantitative intravital microscopy of fluorescein transport in the rat liver. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2014; 307:R1488-92. [PMID: 25339682 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00371.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Clinical studies indicate that hepatic drug transport may be altered in chronic kidney disease (CKD). Uremic solutes associated with CKD have been found to alter the expression and/or activity of hepatocyte transporters in experimental animals and in cultured cells. However, given the complexity and adaptability of hepatic transport, it is not clear whether these changes translate into significant alterations in hepatic transport in vivo. To directly measure the effect of CKD on hepatocyte transport in vivo, we conducted quantitative intravital microscopy of transport of the fluorescent organic anion fluorescein in the livers of rats following 5/6th nephrectomy, an established model of CKD. Our quantitative analysis of fluorescein transport showed that the rate of hepatocyte uptake was reduced by ∼20% in 5/6th nephrectomized rats, consistent with previous observations of Oatp downregulation. However, the overall rate of transport into bile canaliculi was unaffected, suggesting compensatory changes in Mrp2-mediated secretion. Our study suggests that uremia resulting from 5/6th nephrectomy does not significantly impact the overall hepatic clearance of an Oatp substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer C Ryan
- Division of Nephrology, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana; and Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Kenneth W Dunn
- Division of Nephrology, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana; and Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Brian S Decker
- Division of Nephrology, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana; and Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana
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15
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Cabrera M, Frevert U. Novel in vivo imaging techniques for the liver microvasculature. INTRAVITAL 2014. [DOI: 10.4161/intv.23423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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16
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Dunn KW, Lorenz KS, Salama P, Delp EJ. IMART software for correction of motion artifacts in images collected in intravital microscopy. INTRAVITAL 2014; 3:e28210. [PMID: 26090271 PMCID: PMC4469201 DOI: 10.4161/intv.28210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Intravital microscopy is a uniquely powerful tool, providing the ability to characterize cell and organ physiology in the natural context of the intact, living animal. With the recent development of high-resolution microscopy techniques such as confocal and multiphoton microscopy, intravital microscopy can now characterize structures at subcellular resolution and capture events at sub-second temporal resolution. However, realizing the potential for high resolution requires remarkable stability in the tissue. Whereas the rigid structure of the skull facilitates high-resolution imaging of the brain, organs of the viscera are free to move with respiration and heartbeat, requiring additional apparatus for immobilization. In our experience, these methods are variably effective, so that many studies are compromised by residual motion artifacts. Here we demonstrate the use of IMART, a software tool for removing motion artifacts from intravital microscopy images collected in time series or in three dimensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth W Dunn
- Division of Nephrology; School of Medicine; Indiana University; Indianapolis, IN USA
| | - Kevin S Lorenz
- Video and Image Processing Laboratory; School of Electrical and Computer Engineering; Purdue University; West Lafayette, IN USA
| | - Paul Salama
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering; Indiana University; Indianapolis, IN USA
| | - Edward J Delp
- Video and Image Processing Laboratory; School of Electrical and Computer Engineering; Purdue University; West Lafayette, IN USA
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17
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Frevert U, Nacer A, Cabrera M, Movila A, Leberl M. Imaging Plasmodium immunobiology in the liver, brain, and lung. Parasitol Int 2013; 63:171-86. [PMID: 24076429 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2013.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2012] [Revised: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum malaria is responsible for the deaths of over half a million African children annually. Until a decade ago, dynamic analysis of the malaria parasite was limited to in vitro systems with the typical limitations associated with 2D monocultures or entirely artificial surfaces. Due to extremely low parasite densities, the liver was considered a black box in terms of Plasmodium sporozoite invasion, liver stage development, and merozoite release into the blood. Further, nothing was known about the behavior of blood stage parasites in organs such as the brain where clinical signs manifest and the ensuing immune response of the host that may ultimately result in a fatal outcome. The advent of fluorescent parasites, advances in imaging technology, and availability of an ever-increasing number of cellular and molecular probes have helped illuminate many steps along the pathogenetic cascade of this deadly tropical parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ute Frevert
- Division of Medical Parasitology, Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, 341 E 25 Street, New York, NY 10010, USA.
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18
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Weigert R, Porat-Shliom N, Amornphimoltham P. Imaging cell biology in live animals: ready for prime time. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 201:969-79. [PMID: 23798727 PMCID: PMC3691462 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201212130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Time-lapse fluorescence microscopy is one of the main tools used to image subcellular structures in living cells. Yet for decades it has been applied primarily to in vitro model systems. Thanks to the most recent advancements in intravital microscopy, this approach has finally been extended to live rodents. This represents a major breakthrough that will provide unprecedented new opportunities to study mammalian cell biology in vivo and has already provided new insight in the fields of neurobiology, immunology, and cancer biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Weigert
- Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Fluorescein derivatives in intravital fluorescence imaging. Cells 2013; 2:591-606. [PMID: 24709799 PMCID: PMC3972669 DOI: 10.3390/cells2030591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Revised: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Intravital fluorescence microscopy enables the direct imaging of fluorophores in vivo and advanced techniques such as fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM) enable the simultaneous detection of multiple fluorophores. Consequently, it is now possible to record distribution and metabolism of a chemical in vivo and to optimise the delivery of fluorophores in vivo. Recent clinical applications with fluorescein and other intravital fluorescent stains have occurred in neurosurgery, dermatology [including photodynamic therapy (PDT)] and endomicroscopy. Potential uses have been identified in periodontal disease, skin graft and cancer surgery. Animal studies have demonstrated that diseased tissue can be specifically stained with fluorophore conjugates. This review focuses on the fluorescein derived fluorophores in common clinical use and provides examples of novel applications from studies in tissue samples.
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Weiss M, Liu X, Thorling CA, Roberts MS. Functional characterization of hepatic transporters using intravital microscopy. Eur J Pharm Sci 2013; 49:845-9. [PMID: 23791640 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2013.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Revised: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 06/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A better understanding of the role of hepatic transporters in drug elimination is of crucial importance for drug development and therapy. This study examined the usefulness of intravital microscopy to quantitatively evaluate the function of hepatic transporters in the exposed liver of anesthetized rats. In one experiment the function of the organic anion transporting polypeptide (Oatp) in sinusoidal uptake was investigated by administering an Oatp inhibitor, rifampicin, prior to the probe substrate Na-fluorescein. In another experiment, rhodamine 123 was used to quantify the biliary canalicular transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp, Abcb1a/b) with cyclosporin A as an inhibitor of P-gp activity. Calibrated fluorescence intensity time curves measured in sinusoids and hepatocytes together with cumulative biliary excretion data from control and inhibitor treated animals were analyzed with a three-compartment model. A robust parameter estimation was achieved using nonlinear mixed effects modeling. Rifampicin reduced the hepatic uptake clearance of Na-fluorescein to 25% of the control (p<0.05) without affecting other parameters. In the presence of cyclosporin A, biliary excretion of rhodamine 123 decreased to 7% of the control (p<0.01). The novelty of this approach is that it allows a quantitative evaluation of transporter function in the in vivo rat liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Weiss
- Therapeutics Research Centre, School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia.
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